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PubMed1998

The relevance of self-concepts discriminating in long-term incarcerated sex offenders.

Lack of self-esteem and assertiveness have been thought to play an important role in the etiology and maintenance of sex offending behavior and to be significantly related to the number of previous convictions or violence of the assault. We, therefore, analysed self-concepts of 53 long-term incarcerated sex offenders to research the correlation between concepts of self-esteem, assertiveness, feelings towards others and relationships and the degree of violence of the last offense and risk of reoffense. We also investigated the relationship of previous convictions and duration of incarceration with the offenders' self-concepts and the influence of psychotherapeutic intervention on the offenders' self-concepts.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Academic achievement as a function of specific and global measures of self-concept.

This study examined the correlations between academic achievement and factor specific, as well as global, measures of self-concept for 314 fourth and sixth grade boys and girls divided into grade level groups with and without Spanish surnames. The Primary Self-Concept Inventory was used to measure self-concept on six scales: physical size, emotional state, peer acceptance, helpfulness, success, and student-self. A global self-concept score was derived by totaling the scores on the six scales. Achievement was measured as total score on the Comprehensive Tests of Basic Skills. The two specific measures of self-concept that were most reflective of school performance, success and student-self, tended to show low positive correlations with achievement. The remaining specific measures, as well as the global measure, tended to show no relationship to achievement. These results suggest that an area specific model of self-concept is more useful than a global or undifferentiated model. Further, the low correlations between school related self-concept and achievement suggest that, as a group, students frequently have rather inaccurate academic self-concepts.

Achievement↗
PubMed1989

Cross-cultural relationships between self-concept and body image in high school-age boys.

The relationship between self-concept and body image was investigated through a secondary analysis of data from a sample of 1,200 high school male students from 30 language/culture communities (Osgood, May, & Myron, 1975). Subjects rated adjectives pertaining to self-concept and body image using 7-step semantic differential bipolar scales. Adjectives were related to the dimensions of Evaluation, Potency, and Activity. Correlation, factor analysis, and multiple regression were utilized to examine multivariate relationships among self-concept dimensions and body-image dimensions. Significant positive correlations were found between self-concept and body image. In addition, significant positive relationships were found when self-concept factors were regressed on the body-image factor (R2 = .49 to .57, p less than or equal to .001) for Activity and Potency. Results support the existence of a strong positive relationship between self-concept and body image across the 30 cultures involved. Findings have important implications for nursing in assessment and interventions with clients who have deficits in either self-concept or body image.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[Development of a scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers].

Recently, the rate of cesarean section in Korea has been increasing. The results of several previous studies in foreign countries on the emotional responses of cesarean section mothers showed that they might experience difficulties in the mother-infant interaction due to fatigue, lack of early mother-infant interaction, disappointments, anger, feelings of loss of control, and other factors. Human behavior is said to be determined by one's self concept, and self concept is influenced by both internal and external environmental factors. A scale to measure the self concept of cesarean section mothers was needed in order to identify those who might have difficulties in the mother-infant interactions in future. The purposes of this study were to develop a measuring scale, and to test its reliability and validity. The process of this study was as follows. A structured interview was done with 50 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers to find their state of emotional reaction after giving birth to their babies. Based on the results of the interviews, a 50 items Likert scale was developed. The self concept of 268 cesarean section and vaginal delivery mothers who were hospitalized at six hospital in seoul were measured, during the period between Feb. 1 and April 30. Reviewing the discriminating power of each item by means of crosstabulation, ten items were selected for the final scale. The reliability and validity of this ten item scale were tested by Cronbach's alpha and t-test, using spss pc + package. The results of this study and recommendation are as follows. 1. The ten selected items were as follows. I feel pains in my breast. (-) I have a good appetite now. (+) I feel pains in my flank. (-) I feel fine now. (+) My body seems to have returned to its prepregnant state. (+) Thinking of the delivery process, I feel sorry. (-) I want to hold my baby in my arms. (+) I want to keep my own life, even if I became a mother. (-) I want to delegate the care of the baby to my mother/mother in law. (-) I think baby is my alter ege. (+) 2. The reliability of this scale was tested by Cronbach's alpha, and the coefficient of this scale was .8066. 3. The construct validity of this scale was tested by means of known group methods. The value of self concept for cesarean section mother was significantly lower than for vaginal delivery mothers (t = -5.51, df = 266, p = 0.007).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1996

The influence of bilateral orchiectomy on self-concept: a pilot study.

This pilot study was designed to explore self-concept alterations in a group of patients undergoing bilateral orchiectomy for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale was used to measure pre- and postoperative self-concept group scores. Also, the group of orchiectomy patients was compared to a group of patients undergoing a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for cancer and another group undergoing a TURP for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). The results provide no evidence to suggest that surgical removal of both testicles in a group of males has a significant effect on self-concept or its indices when compared to a group of men who underwent a TURP, where both groups also were diagnosed with cancer. For the group of males who underwent bilateral orchiectomy, no significant differences were detected between the pre- and postoperative total self-concept scores. However, statistically significant differences did exist between the group's pre- and postoperative physical self scores and identity scores.

Humans↗
PubMed1985

Gender as a determinant of some Nigerian adolescents' self-concepts.

A review of some theories of sex identification in relation to self-concept was attempted. A self-concept scale (Semantic differential) was administered on 264 boys and 108 girls. The ages range between 15.5 and 17.0 years with a mean of 16.7 years. The subjects were all Nigerians. It was found that the boys had significantly (P less than 0.001) more positive self-concepts than the girls on all the six self-concept areas. The results were discussed in the light of psychological, physiological and social differences of the two groups. The socio-cultural environment of the sample was taken into consideration in discussing the results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The association between global self-esteem, physical self-concept and actual vs ideal body size rating in Chinese primary school children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the discrepancy between actual and ideal body size rating is related to Chinese children's global self-esteem and global physical self-concept. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of school children who completed questionnaires related to global self-esteem, global physical self-concept, and actual vs ideal body size. SUBJECTS: A total of 386 Chinese children (44% girls and 56% boys) aged 7-13 y from a primary school in Hong Kong, China. MEASUREMENTS: Global self-esteem and physical self-concept were measured using the physical self-descriptive questionnaire. Actual vs ideal body size discrepancy was established using the silhouette matching task. RESULTS: No significant relationship was found between global self-esteem and actual-ideal body size discrepancy of children. Global physical self-concept had a moderate negative correlation (r=-0.12) with the body size discrepancy score and the discrepancy score explained very limited variance (R(2)=0.015; F(1, 296)=4.51; P<0.05) in global physical self-concept. Three body size discrepancy groups (none, positive, and negative) were examined to see if there were any significant differences in global self-esteem, global physical self-concept, and specific dimensions of physical self-concept. A significant overall difference was found between groups for global physical self-concept (F=3.73, P<0.05) and the physical self-concept subscales of physical activity (F=3.25, P<0.05), body fat (F=61.26, P<0.001), and strength (F=5.26, P<0.01). Boys scored significantly higher than girls on global physical self-concept-especially in the sport competence, strength, and endurance subscales. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the actual-ideal body size discrepancy rating of Chinese children was not predictive of global physical self-concept and global self-esteem. These findings are contrary to those reported in Western children, which may mean that culture plays a role in the formation of body attitude.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Physical attractiveness, physical effectiveness, and self-concept in late adolescents.

The differential role of various body attitudes in predicting the self-concepts of late adolescents (124 males and 218 females), enrolled in introductory psychology courses, was assessed. Subjects rated 24 body characteristics in terms of 1) how physically attractive they assumed these parts of their bodies were, and 2) how physically effective they assumed them to be; subjects also responded to a short self-concept scale. In accordance with the theory of Erikson (1968) and of McCandless (1970), it was expected that attractiveness attitudes should contribute more to the self-concepts of females than should effectiveness attitudes, while a reverse pattern of interrelatedness was expected for males. Results indicated a higher correspondence between what are seen as attractive body parts and what are viewed as effective body components for males than for females. Moreover, findings from step-wise multiple regression analyses of each sex group's ratings of the body parts for attractiveness and effectiveness, respectively, each with the criterion variable constituting mean self-concept score, were consistent with expectations. For females, the multiple correlation between attractiveness ratings and self-concept was greater than the multiple correlation between effectiveness ratings and self-concept, and more attractiveness variables than effectiveness variables were significant predictors of self-concept. The converse of these findings were obtained with the males' data. The relevance of these results for theories of personality development were discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Academic self-concept as a predictor of achievement for a sample of elementary school students.

This study examined the relationship of academic self-concept scores of 122 children with their achievement in Grade 6 as compared to general self-concept and locus of control. Academic self-concept correlated significantly higher with teachers' grades and standardized measures of achievement than either general self-concept or locus of control. A multiple regression analysis also confirmed the potential usefulness of academic self-concept for predicting students' achievement. Academic self-concept may be a more useful construct in helping understand students' achievement than frequently administered measures of general self-concept.

Achievement↗
PubMed1979

Body image, self-concept, and the orthodontic patient.

Four major criterion groups--orthodontic retention patients, prospective orthodontic patients, a population sample, and mothers of prospective patients--were established. Appropriate relationships between groups and subgroups were studied with regard to body-image and self-concept satisfaction, to body-image and self-concept importance, and other factors. The findings include the following: 1. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction of importance between prospective orthodontic patients and the population sample. 2. There was no significant difference in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance between prospective orthodontic patients and orthodontic patients in retention. 3. There was a significant difference between prospective orthodontic patients' self-concept importance and their mother's perception of self-concept importance. There teen-agers placed more emphasis on their self-concept than did their mothers. 4. There was no significant difference between any of the groups in body-image and self-concept satisfaction or importance with change in age (11 to 16 years). 5. Girls scored significantly lower in both body-image and self-concept satisfaction than did the boys at these ages (11 to 16 years). 6. Patients with Class III malocclusion scored significantly lower than the other malocclusion groups in all categories of body-image and self-concept satisfaction and importance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Self-concept of children and adolescents with cleft lip and/or palate.

The self-concept of 105 children (8 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 18 years) with cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) was studied using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale and selected demographic and medical variables. Results indicated that most (98%) of children had average or above average self-concept scores. Further analysis, however, demonstrated an interaction between age and gender: adolescent girls experienced a more negative self-concept in comparison to younger girls and adolescent boys experienced a more positive self-concept in comparison to younger boys. In addition, popularity cluster scores for all children were below the mean for the normed population. Because children with CLP have additional difficulties (i.e., facial disfigurement, speech and language deficits, multiple surgeries), professionals should intercede to prevent or interrupt negative psychosocial outcomes, particularly for adolescent girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Adolescent self-concept among Han, Mongolian, and Korean Chinese.

Studies of self-concept have suffered from a lack of both a solid theoretical base and a clear definition of the term. It is not clear whether self-concept is a construct from the cognitive sciences, an active part of personality or of the ego and unconscious, or a physiological process as indicated from neurological research. Nor is it clear whether the psychological construct of self is related to other concepts, such as personal identity, self-esteem, and the ego, as sometimes these refer to the whole person or a structure or element within a person. What is evident is that the majority of researchers continue to assume that self-concept, however defined in theory, is primarily governed by environmental determinants despite abundant evidence from the neurosciences of the strong influence of its genetic heritability. This study assumed a genetic hypothesis, that self-concept is developmental and that adolescent perception of personal, relational, and academic self-identity occurs uniformly across cultures and environmental circumstances. Data were collected using a validated survey instrument, translated into Chinese, from majority and minority adolescents in the People's Republic of China. High similarity was found between the majority and minority adolescents, suggesting developmental propensities in the formation of self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Self-concept and cancer in adults: theoretical and methodological issues.

Research and theory development on the self-concept have increased dramatically over the last decade. Investigators of the psychosocial aspects of cancer have utilized the self-concept as both an independent and dependent variable. This article discusses quantitative adult studies from the self-concept and cancer literature in terms of their correspondence with current conceptualizations of the self-concept in psychology. The wide gap between recent empirical work and self-concept theorizing is discussed and strategies for future investigations of the self-concept/cancer relationship are outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Exploring psychosocial task resolution and self-concept among African-American adolescents.

Developmental task resolution and self-concept of adolescents were examined for a sample of 110 African-American youth. The Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory was used to measure Erikson's stages of psychological development and the Bronstein-Cruz Child/Adolescent Self-concept and Adjustment Scale was used to measure multiple components of the self-concept. Scores for Self-concept and Resolution of Identity stages were highly correlated although scores on Resolution of Identity, commonly seen as the primary psychosocial task of adolescence, were not related to scores on either Emotional Well-being or Family Relations. The results are discussed in terms of improving understanding of relationships between processes in development, identity, and other salient psychosocial variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Influence of self-concept on school adjustment among middle-school students.

The view that children's self-concepts influence their school adjustment and behavior is widely accepted, but the strength of the influence and the contribution of specific self-concept dimensions to children's nonacademic performance in school are uncertain. This issue is important in view of evidence that behavior problems are acute among minority children in inner-city public schools. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between specific self-concept dimensions and school adjustment in three areas: (a) general classroom behavior, (b) group participation, and (c) attitude toward authority, as assessed by teachers. The sample consisted of 142 American middle-school children who attended four inner-city public schools. The results showed that significant bivariate correlations existed between each self-concept dimension on the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and the three behavioral domains studied. Stepwise multiple regression procedures also indicated strong individual and combined predictive power among the self-concept dimensions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Specificity of self-concept disturbances in eating disorders.

OBJECTIVES: The current study examined self-concept deficits among three diagnostic groups of eating-disordered patients, evaluated the relationship between self-concept deficits and depression, and addressed the specificity of self-concept deficits in eating-disordered patients. METHOD: Three groups of eating-disordered patients (anorexia nervosa, N = 33; bulimia nervosa, N = 38; binge eating disorder, N = 28) were first compared to three matched healthy control groups and then to two psychiatric comparison groups (patients with anxiety disorders, N = 37; patients with depressive disorders, N = 37). RESULTS: All three groups of eating-disordered patients displayed lower self-esteem and higher feelings of ineffectiveness compared with the healthy controls, even after controlling for depression. Differences in self-esteem and ineffectiveness were also found between eating-disordered patients and psychiatric controls. However, not all of the differences were significant. In addition, the psychiatric controls also exhibited lower self-esteem than normative samples. DISCUSSION: Findings suggest that self-concept deficits are more pronounced in eating-disordered patients but cannot be regarded as highly specific.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Preliminary evidence for the basis of self-concept in Chinese people with mental illness.

METHOD: The Adult Source of Self-Esteem Inventory (ASSEI) (A.C. Elovson and J.S. Fleming, unpublished manuscript. California: California State University, 1989), open-ended questions on self-evaluation, and interviewing were adopted as the major procedures for identifying the sources and basis of the self-concepts of people with mental illness. One hundred and twenty three Hong Kong Chinese adults with mental illness participated in this study. RESULTS: From the results, the basis of the self-concepts of people with mental illness was explored and compared through probing, comparing, and contrasting their perceptions of different aspects of life. A hierarchical multidimensional self-concept model of the population with mental illness was thus suggested. This model includes five major self-concept factors, named as interpersonal relationship, social integrity, personal competency, personal quality, and external achievement. The self-concept of people with mental illness was also compared to that of people without mental illness. This paper discusses the implications of the findings for psychiatric rehabilitation practice for people with mental illness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The contribution of self-concept in the etiology of adolescent delinquency.

Self-concept was related theoretically with delinquency in the first two decades following World War II. Research in that period produced encouraging results, but only a paucity of empirical work on the relationship between self-concept and delinquency appears to have been done between the mid-1970s and early 1990s. This study utilized the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale to examine 230 adolescents from Australian high schools and from institutions incarcerating young offenders. They were categorized as nondelinquents, noninstitutionalized delinquents, and institutionalized delinquents. Differences were evident in the total and subscale scores of nondelinquents as compared with their delinquent counterparts. The implications of the results in the context of delinquency theories and for dealing with delinquent adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗