Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SCALP”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Subcutaneous necrobiotic granulomas of the scalp.

Nine biopsy specimens taken from the scalps of five children and four adults with subcutaneous necrobiotic granulomas were reviewed. This histopathologic features were similar in both groups. Four of the five children presented clinically with multiple, firm, bound-down subcutaneous nodules limited to the scalp but no associated systemic disease. In addition to the scalp nodules, one child had typical cutaneous lesions of granuloma annulare over the acral areas. Two of the adult patients, however, had severe rheumatoid arthritis with multiple rheumatoid nodules on the arms in addition to the scalp nodules; one of them had rheumatoid vasculitis. Another adult patient had allergic granulomatosis,and one had granuloma annulare lesions involving the scalp, face, and left ankle. Excision biopsy specimens should be taken in all patients--both children and adults--with multiple, deep, bound-down nodules of the scalp. If the specimen shows subcutaneous necrobiotic granuloma, probably no treatment is indicated in children because, in our experience, there is no associated systemic disease. However, in the adult patient with similar scalp lesions, the possibility of systemic disease should be explored.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Predictive value of pulse oximetry and fetal scalp blood pH in the case of meconium-stained amniotic fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the predictive value of intrapartum fetal pulse oximetry to that of fetal scalp blood pH for an abnormal neonatal outcome in the case of thick meconium. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective multicenter observational study was performed from June 1994 to November 1995. Fetal oxygen saturation was monitored using a Nellcor N-400 fetal pulse oximeter in case of abnormal FHR. The last readings of fetal oxygen saturation and fetal scalp blood pH before birth were used to assess the ability of both techniques to predict an abnormal neonatal status. RESULTS: At a 30% cutoff, the negative predictive value of fetal oxygen saturation was not altered in case of meconium when compared to clear amniotic fluid (79 and 83%, respectively). Fetal scalp blood pH at a 7.20 threshold had a poor negative predictive value in case of meconium when compared to clear amniotic fluid (56% versus 88%, respectively). The receiver operator characteristic curve showed similar performance of fetal scalp blood pH and pulse oximetry in cases with clear amniotic fluid. In cases with meconium, the performance of fetal scalp blood pH was poor, whereas that of pulse oximetry remained unchanged. In three cases with meconium below the vocal cords, a drop in fetal oxygen saturation was observed during labor whereas fetal scalp blood pH remained within normal values. CONCLUSION: The predictive value of fetal scalp blood pH is poor in case of meconium, whereas the predictive value of pulse oximetry seems to be unchanged in this situation.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed2001

Scalp electrode impedance, infection risk, and EEG data quality.

OBJECTIVES: Breaking the skin when applying scalp electroencephalographic (EEG) electrodes creates the risk of infection from blood-born pathogens such as HIV, Hepatitis-C, and Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease. Modern engineering principles suggest that excellent EEG signals can be collected with high scalp impedance ( approximately 40 kOmega) without scalp abrasion. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of electrode-scalp impedance on EEG data quality. METHODS: The first section of the paper reviews electrophysiological recording with modern high input-impedance differential amplifiers and subject isolation, and explains how scalp-electrode impedance influences EEG signal amplitude and power line noise. The second section of the paper presents an experimental study of EEG data quality as a function of scalp-electrode impedance for the standard frequency bands in EEG and event-related potential (ERP) recordings and for 60 Hz noise. RESULTS: There was no significant amplitude change in any EEG frequency bands as scalp-electrode impedance increased from less than 10 kOmega (abraded skin) to 40 kOmega (intact skin). 60 Hz was nearly independent of impedance mismatch, suggesting that capacitively coupled noise appearing differentially across mismatched electrode impedances did not contribute substantially to the observed 60 Hz noise levels. CONCLUSIONS: With modern high input-impedance amplifiers and accurate digital filters for power line noise, high-quality EEG can be recorded without skin abrasion.

Artifacts↗
PubMed2002

Scalp-recorded Bereitschaftspotential is the result of the activity of cortical and subcortical generators--a hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE: The source of scalp-recorded Bereitschaftspotential (BP) remains a subject of ongoing discussion. This paper presents arguments in favour of the hypothesis that explains scalp-recorded BP as the result of the activity of both cortical and subcortical BP generators. METHODS: Intracranial recordings of BP were performed, mostly with depth electrodes in epilepsy surgery candidates. In some patients undergoing intracranial exploration, an electrode may have had contacts in the subcortical structures. RESULTS: BP is generated in several cortical and subcortical structures that are known to be directly or indirectly linked with motor control. Cortical sources of BP were displayed contralaterally to the movement in the primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex, and bilaterally in the supplementary motor area (SMA), in the preSMA, and in the cingulate. A few other generators may be revealed in structures that have not yet been sufficiently explored. Subcortical generators of BP were found in the putamen, pallidum, caudate, and in the thalamus. In earlier recordings, BP was described rostrally to the thalamic region and in the brainstem, i.e. in the pes peripedunculi, nucleus peripeduncularis, pulvinar, and medial geniculate. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations do not explain the generation of scalp-recorded BP by the contribution of either cortical or subcortical sources alone. Intracranial cortical recordings contradict a wide distribution of scalp-recorded BP. Widely synchronised cerebral electromagnetic activity can be recorded on the scalp. We presume that in the case of BP, the weak deep dipoles might reach the scalp, as they are produced by a relatively huge mass of subcortical neuronal tissue. We strongly suspect that scalp-recorded BP represents a summation of potentials that are generated simultaneously in several cortical as well as in several subcortical structures.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1998

Androgen-dependent beard dermal papilla cells secrete autocrine growth factor(s) in response to testosterone unlike scalp cells.

Androgens stimulate many hair follicles, e.g., beard, but may cause regression on the scalp; occipital areas are considered androgen independent. The mesenchyme-derived dermal papilla that regulates the hair follicle is considered the site of androgen action. Because hair size has been clearly related to dermal papilla size, one of the key functions androgens must regulate is the size of the dermal papilla. This implies that androgens stimulate dermal papilla cells to divide or to secrete autocrine mitogenic factors. As physiologic levels of androgens do not stimulate mitogenesis in cultured dermal papilla cells, this study was designed to determine whether dermal papilla cells cultured from human hair follicles with different responses to androgens in vivo, i.e., androgen-dependent beard and androgen-independent nonbalding scalp, produce soluble autocrine mitogenic factors and, if so, whether either cell type altered their secretion in response to testosterone in vitro. Conditioned medium was prepared by incubating individual primary lines of cells for 24 h with, and without, testosterone (10(-10)-10(-5) M). All conditioned media significantly increased [3H] thymidine incorporation by other dermal papilla cells; trypsin treatment significantly reduced the effect. Although both beard and scalp cell conditioned media had a similar stimulatory potential, beard cells incorporated approximately double the [3H]thymidine of scalp cells, in both types of media. Physiologic levels of testosterone increased mitogenic factor production by beard, but not scalp cells; only beard cells responded to these factor(s). Testosterone added after conditioning had no effect, indicating stimulation was not a synergistic effect of testosterone and conditioned medium. Thus, both beard and scalp cells release similar autocrine growth factor(s), but their response to these factor(s) is determined by their in vivo origin. Testosterone in vitro stimulates secretion of an autocrine growth factor(s) by beard, but not scalp cells, to which only beard cells are able to respond, reflecting the responses to androgens in vivo. These factors may be involved in the key increase of dermal papilla size necessary for androgen-induced changes in hair size.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Heat flux measurements of the fetal scalp and cardiotocography in predicting acidosis states sub partu--a comparison of 2 methods].

Although the efficacy of electronic foetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring and intermittent scalp blood sampling is well established, these methods still result in a considerable number of false positive and negative predictions. Consequently, methods, which improve the accuracy of prediction, are still under study. Heat flux measurements from the foetal scalp have been shown to relate to the metabolic condition of the foetus during delivery. In this study, we investigated the predictive power of measuring scalp heat flux and monitoring the FHR electronically, and the combination of both. In 136 foetuses the scalp heat flux was measured by means of a heat flux transducer, 2.5 cm in diameter, attached to the foetal scalp after the cervix had dilated to greater than 2.5 cm. Heat flux was regarded as abnormal, if the heat flux was less than 10 w/m2 or greater than 21 w/m2, or fell by more than 20% of its initial value during the last 30 min before delivery. FHR tracings were considered abnormal, if they resulted in therapeutic consequences like oxygen mask for the mother, scalp blood sampling or immediate operative delivery. Foetuses were considered acidotic, if their pH in the arterial cord blood was less than 7.20. Accuracy of prediction was described by appropriate parameters. The scalp heat flux method resulted in a higher specificity (80.4% vs. 72.5%), positive predictive value (59.2% vs. 51.7%), and overall accuracy (82% vs. 77%) than FHR monitoring. Sensitivity of FHR monitoring was slightly higher than the one of heat flux method (88.2% vs 85.3%). Combining both methods resulted in a sensitivity of 100% thus detecting all acidotic foetuses, but specificity fell to 62%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acidosis↗
PubMed2000

Assessment of fetal scalp oxygen saturation determination in the sheep by transmission pulse oximetry.

OBJECTIVE: Electronic fetal heart rate monitoring has an unacceptable false-positive nonreassuring rate, which results in an excess of operative interventions. As a more objective measure of fetal oxygenation, fetal scalp pulse oximetry has been used to assess fetal blood oxygen saturation (SO (2)). The current devices use reflectance oximetry, which has inherent limitations. These include varying depths of signal penetration, variation with position, and potential for optical interference. In this study we evaluated a newly developed transmission pulse oximetry device consisting of transmitter and receiver diodes mounted within the coil of a standard scalp electrode (Spiral O(2)CTG; Respironics Inc, Marietta, Ga). STUDY DESIGN: Six pregnant ewes at 127 to 135 days' gestation (term, 145 days' gestation) were anesthetized, intubated, and prepared with a femoral artery catheter. Fetuses were prepared with brachial artery and jugular vein catheters. Maternal inspired oxygen fraction was titrated from 21% to 3%. Oximetry O(2)CTG devices were positioned on the fetal scalp, and recordings were compared with directly determined fetal arterial pH, PO (2), and SO (2) values. RESULTS: Maternal SaO (2) and PaO (2) ranged from 102% to 16% and 110 to 18 mm Hg, respectively. Fetal SaO (2) and PaO (2) ranged from 76% to 12% and 28 to 8 mm Hg, respectively. There was excellent correlation between direct fetal SaO (2) and scalp SO (2) (r (2) = 0.90; scalp SO (2) = 0.79 SaO (2) + 6.89). With an SaO (2) of <30% as the cutoff point for assessment of fetal compromise, scalp SO (2) measurements had a 94% +/- 10% specificity and a 94% +/- 10% positive predictive value. CONCLUSION: (1) Preliminary studies of the Spiral O(2)CTG sensor demonstrated high correlation of scalp SO (2) with fetal SaO (2). (2) Although potential inaccuracies remain, transmission oximetry may offer potential advantages in consistency, ease of application, and technology with respect to the current reflection oximeter devices.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Scalp autografts and hair transfer to the face in the burned child.

Hair transfer from split-thickness skin grafts harvested from the scalp is not a widely reported problem. The authors present their experience with hair transfer from scalp autografts in a pediatric burn population, with particular emphasis on hair transfer to the face. They retrospectively reviewed 3307 acute and reconstructive pediatric burn admissions over a 4-year period at a single institution and identified 109 cases in which the scalp had been used as a donor site and in which the patient survived the acute burn period. Data from 73 male and 36 female patients were analyzed with respect to age, race, sex, percent total body surface area burned, graft thickness, number of scalp harvests and time between harvests, and presence of donor site alopecia. Eighteen of the 109 patients had noticeable hair growth from their scalp grafts (17 percent). Fourteen of 18 cases of hair growth involved face or neck grafts (13 percent); the remaining 4 patients had hair growth elsewhere on the body. There was no difference between the two groups (hair growth versus no hair growth) when compared by age, sex, or graft thickness. There was a correlation between larger burn size and greater incidence of hair growth. Those who had multiple harvests of the same scalp donor site were more than twice as likely to have hair transfer (9 of 34 versus 9 of 75 patients), although time between harvests was not a significant variable. Caucasian children represented 77 percent of the study population yet 100 percent of the cases of problem hair growth. Thirty-three percent of the hair growth group (6 of 18 patients) and 4 percent of the remaining patients (4 of 91) had some degree of donor site alopecia. The scalp is a reliable and valuable donor site for skin grafting in children, particularly for facial burns. The authors note a moderate incidence of hair transfer (17 percent) and propose both suggestions for prevention and recommendations for management.

Burns↗
PubMed2004

Psychological sequelae of failed scalp replantation.

Published reports of avulsed scalp replant attempts have been promising. Numerous case reports and published series have demonstrated a greater than 90 percent replantation success rate. However, there exists a paucity of articles on the management of patients following failed scalp replantation attempts. The authors recognize numerous stressors that affect these patients, including the inciting traumatic event, hospitalizations, multiple surgical interventions, postsurgical therapies, and disfigurement caused by non-hair-bearing scalp. Thus, as part of the medical management for scalp replant patients, one must address the psychological factors surrounding the medical management. Over the past 25 years, the authors have experienced four cases of scalp replant failures, each posing an opportunity to examine the postoperative course of these patients. Symptoms ranging from mild anxiety to depressive symptoms have been observed in all of these patients. In fact, patient symptoms often satisfied the criteria for major depressive disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. The authors recognize the importance of informing patients and their families of the immediate and potential long-term complications following an unsuccessful scalp replant attempt. The authors advise that all patients be provided immediate psychiatric evaluation and, if necessary, counseling and medication therapy, regardless of scalp replantation outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Simple approach to the radiated scalp wound using INTEGRA skin substitute.

The chronic irradiated scalp wound remains one of the most difficult reconstructions for the plastic surgeon. With its inherent radiodermatitis and poor healing potential, chronic ulcers down to bone will result if coverage cannot be achieved. Reconstructive procedures as simple as a skin graft have a high complication rate in the irradiated wound and often fail. Local tissue transfer also has a high failure and complication rate because of the decreased vascularity of the wound bed and radiation damage to the surrounding scalp tissue, limiting its manipulation. The authors report two cases using a simple method with INTEGRA bilaminate skin substitute (Integra Life Sciences, Plainsboro, NJ) for repair of difficult wounds of the radiated scalp. Case one involves a patient with nonhealing radiation ulcers that had failed local wound care, hyperbaric oxygen, and split-thickness skin grafting. Case two involves a patient with extensive squamous cell cancer of the scalp that recurred despite total scalp radiation, requiring resection of more than 50% of the total surface area of the scalp. Both these patients were successfully treated using INTEGRA artificial skin substitute (Integra Life Sciences). This simple method using INTEGRA (Integra Life Sciences) resulted in complete healing of the radiated scalp wound and an acceptable, functional, and cosmetic outcome with minimal morbidity to the patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Basal cell carcinoma of scalp in patients with history of childhood therapeutic radiation: a retrospective study and comparison to nonirradiated patients.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human malignant neoplasm. Some patients with scalp BCC have had a history of childhood scalp radiation for the treatment of tinea capitis. It is not clear whether BCC in these cases has a more aggressive nature and requires a more aggressive resection. We performed a retrospective study to compare BCC tumor specification and treatment results between irradiated and nonirradiated patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1995 to 2005, a total of 74 patients were diagnosed with scalp BCC. Thirty-eight patients (group A) had a history of childhood radiation to the scalp for the treatment of tinea capitis, and the other 36 (group B) did not. We compared these 2 groups in 16 different parameters, which included general information (age, sex), disease history (time interval from onset of lesion to the first office visit, number of admissions, total length of hospital stay), tumor specifications (number of primary lesions, invasion depth, histologic subtypes, location), surgical history (number of operations in our center and other hospitals, type of surgical treatment, margins of resection), recurrences, new lesions, and metastasis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS: No significant difference in gender and age was observed between the 2 groups (P = 0.06 and P = 0.35, respectively). Patients in group A had a longer history of scalp lesions (P = 0.001). They also had more hospital admissions (P = 0.008) and operations (P = 0.01) in our center, with a longer period of hospitalization (P = 0.01). Mean number of primary lesions, the location of tumor, and the depth of invasion did not differ significantly between the 2 groups (P = 0.34, P = 0.78, and P = 0.73, respectively). There was no meaningful difference in safe resection margin for the first lesion between the 2 groups (P = 0.27); however, the number of recurrent lesions was significantly higher in group A (P = 0.003). Also, need for more aggressive resection and more complicated reconstruction was more in group A patients (P = 0.01 and P = 0.015, respectively). Only in group A new lesions and metastasis were found. CONCLUSION: BCC in irradiated scalp has a more aggressive behavior and may need a more aggressive surgical resection. Also, these patients should be under close observation because there is a higher chance for tumor recurrence and also new lesions occurring elsewhere in the scalp.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

A case of pustular ulcerative dermatosis of the scalp associated with ulcerative skin lesions on the scrotum.

A 79-year-old man developed pustules, erosions, and ulcer with severe pain on the parietal regions of the scalp and the scrotum. In another hospital, mycobacterium was detected from the pustules of the scalp at Gaffky scale 1, and this patient was referred to our clinic. In our hospital, repeated cultures of the pus from the skin lesions of the scalp were negative for mycobacterium. Biopsy specimens obtained from the skin lesions on the scalp disclosed ulcerative granulation with infiltration of inflammatory cells. Antibiotics and antituberculotic agents were ineffective. In contrast, the ulcerative skin lesions on the scalp and scrotum responded well to topical and systemic glucocorticosteroids. Although this patient developed pustular ulcerative skin lesions not only on the scalp but also on the scrotum, we considered this case to be pustular ulcerative dermatosis of the scalp developing ulcerative skin lesions on the scrotum.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1994

Scalp lifting. Anatomic and technical considerations.

BACKGROUND: Extensive scalp lifting, though offering the potential for tremendous benefit to the patient with extensive male-pattern alopecia, has not been widely accepted or understood. OBJECTIVE: The anatomic and technical features of extensive scalp lifting are discussed. METHODS: The performance of extensive scalp lift surgery must be preceded by a thorough understanding of the specific goals, anatomic considerations, surgical techniques, and specific methods for successful completion of this operation. A knowledge of preoperative preparation, anesthesia, intraoperative methods, undermining, hemostasis, means of scalp advancement, and proper closure are essential for minimizing side effects and complications of this beneficial procedure. One must understand the dynamics of scalp stretching and lifting in order to achieve optimum removal of baldness and to successfully predict the outcome of the operation. CONCLUSION: Present and future advantages of scalp lifting over traditional scalp reduction have been enumerated and discussed.

Alopecia↗
PubMed1995

A scalp garment for prestretching prior to alopecia-reducing procedures.

BACKGROUND: This article demonstrates a scalp stretching device that improves scalp laxity prior to alopecia reducing procedures. This device replaces the former use of vigorous, preoperative scalp stretching exercises. OBJECTIVE: To improve scalp laxity prior to alopecia-reducing procedures by using a device rather than vigorous prestretching exercises, which are physically fatiguing. METHOD: A scalp stretching device was developed that uses the principle of cyclic loading in the immediate preoperative period and the principle of biologic creep during the month prior to the procedure. This device is simply applied by patients at home for 30 minutes per day starting 30 days before an alopecia-reducing procedure. RESULTS: The device demonstrates ease of use for the patients and does not require any physical activity on their part. It accomplishes the same improvement in laxity that prestretching exercises formerly achieved. CONCLUSION: The scalp stretching garment introduced improves the laxity of the scalp prior to alopecia-reducing procedures with no physical exertion being required by the patient.

Alopecia↗
PubMed2004

Squamous cell carcinoma of the scalp after radiotherapy for tinea capitis.

BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy for tinea capitis was widely used in the 1930s and 1940s. There is a fourfold increase in the risk for developing nonmelanoma skin cancer in the scalp. Excision of lesions is challenging, as tissue around the wound is atrophic and susceptible to ischemia. OBJECTIVE: To discuss the risk of skin cancer in the older patient who received scalp radiotherapy in childhood and options for scalp reconstruction after excision. METHODS: A woman developed squamous cell carcinoma on the scalp 67 years after radiotherapy for tinea capitis. RESULTS: The large excision defect was successfully grafted, avoiding the need for complex scalp reconstruction. CONCLUSION: Patients who received scalp radiotherapy in childhood are at increased risk of developing nonmelanoma skin cancer. The unique anatomy of scalp tissue makes it difficult to close excisional defects. Skin grafting often fails, and complex flaps or the importation of vascularized tissue may be required.

Aged↗
PubMed2007

Videocapillaroscopy in the differential diagnosis between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp.

BACKGROUND: Videocapillaroscopy (VCP) can be used to explore microcirculatory modifications in skin diseases. Psoriasis shows specific capillary alterations reflecting typical histopathological changes. OBJECTIVE: To compare capillary morphology, distribution and density in psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp for differential diagnosis. METHODS: VCP was performed on histology-confirmed scalp lesions of 30 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis, 30 age- and sex-matched patients with seborrheic dermatitis and 30 healthy subjects. The morphology, mean density per mm(2) and mean diameter of capillary loops was measured. RESULTS: Scalp psoriasis exhibited homogeneously tortuous and dilated capillaries (bushy pattern), with a 73 +/- 17 mum (mean +/- standard deviation) diameter of capillary bushes. In contrast, scalp seborrheic dermatitis presented a multiform pattern, with mildly tortuous capillary loops and isolated dilated capillaries, but a substantial preservation of local microangioarchitecture. Mean diameter of capillary bush was significantly lower (27 +/- 4 microm; p < 0.001) and similar to that of the scalp of healthy subjects (21 +/- 5 microm). Capillary loop density was similar in patients with psoriasis (23 +/- 5/mm(2)) seborrheic dermatitis (24 +/- 2/mm(2)) and healthy scalp skin (24 +/- 3/mm(2)). CONCLUSION: VCP could be a useful noninvasive approach for differentiating between psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis, especially when the scalp is the only affected site.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Continuous measurement of scalp tissue oxygen tension and carotid arterial oxygen tension in the fetal lamb.

Scalp tissue PO2, carotid arterial PO2 fetal heart rate were continuously measured in the anaesthetized fetal lamb in utero while variations in oxygen supply were brought about. In some experiments the transcutaneously measured fetal scalp PO2 was recorded in addition. Scalp tissue PO2 was measured using specially designed miniature needle-type oxygen electrode, incorporated in an easily applicable spiral scalp electrode as commonly used for fetal heart rate monitoring. The measurements showed that fetal carotid arterial hypoxaemia is always nearly immediately followed by fetal scalp tissue hypoxia, and that the recovery of scalp tissue PO2 after a hypoxic period has a remarkably varying time course. Fetal heart rate usually decreased during hypoxia, but in some instances it did not change or even increased, demonstrating that heart rate is not always a reliable indicator of fetal hypoxia. PO2 values obtained with the transcutaneous method were higher than those with the needle electrode, because of the effect of the heating system of the transcutaneous electrode on tissue blood flow and haemoglobin oxygen affinity. It would seem that during hypoxaemia the decrease in scalp tissue PO2 is poossibly the combined result of the fall in arterial PO2 and a concomitant decrease in blood flow through the skin.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Scalp to meningeal arterial anastomosis in the parietal foramen.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the parietal foramen and to determine whether it is the site of an anastomosis between the meningeal and scalp arteries. METHODS: Forty parietal regions from 20 adult cadavers, in which the arteries were perfused with colored latex, were examined for this study. The scalp was separated from the parietal foramen, and the vasculature in the foramen and adjacent scalp and dura were examined using x3 magnification. The scalp arteries that anastomosed with the meningeal arteries through the parietal foramen were followed into the dura after craniotomy. RESULTS: Parietal foramen was found in 20 of the 40 (50%) parietal regions. They were present bilaterally in eight heads and unilaterally in four. Every parietal foramen transmitted an anastomosis between the middle meningeal and scalp arteries. In 11 (55%) of the 20 foramina found in this study, the superficial temporal and occipital artery formed an anastomosis in the galea and pericranial layer that sent a branch through the parietal foramen to anastomose with parietal branches of the middle meningeal artery. In the remaining nine (45%) sides, the middle meningeal artery had a connection through the foramen with a small pericranial artery. CONCLUSION: Every parietal foramen was the site of a connection between the middle meningeal and scalp arteries. The scalp end of the anastomosis most commonly arose in an anastomosis between the superficial temporal and occipital arteries. This anastomosis may be involved in several pathologies.

Arteriovenous Anastomosis↗