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PubMed2001

Recognition memory in normal aging and Parkinson's disease: behavioral and electrophysiologic measures.

To assess effects of normal aging and Parkinson's disease (PD) on recognition memory, we examined the N400 component of event-related potentials (ERPs) and behavioral measures during a recognition memory task in 17 normal young subjects, 17 normal elderly subjects, and 17 patients with PD. To elicit ERPs, some words were repeated immediately after initial presentation (at lag 0), while others were repeated after one intervening word (at lag 1) or at lag 6. Subjects were requested to push a button with the right thumb upon first presentation of a word and with the left thumb upon repeat presentation. Compared to the normal young subjects, normal elderly subjects showed reduced accuracy in recognizing repeated words at lags 1 and 6. Compared to the normal elderly group, PD patients showed decreased accuracy in recognizing lag 6 repetition. N400 amplitude did not differ between the two normal groups, while PD patients showed lower N400 amplitudes than normal elderly subjects. The N400 in the young group showed attenuation for lags 0, 1 and 6 repetitions, while attenuations in the elderly group and the PD group were noted only for lags 0 and 1 repetitions. These data suggest intact immediate but impaired delayed recognition memory in aging and in PD. In addition, recognition memory deficits in PD may result, at least partly from the impairment of context integration process.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perirhinal cortex muscarinic receptor blockade impairs taste recognition memory formation.

The relevance of perirhinal cortical cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission for taste recognition memory and learned taste aversion was assessed by microinfusions of muscarinic (scopolamine), NMDA (AP-5), and AMPA (NBQX) receptor antagonists. Infusions of scopolamine, but not AP5 or NBQX, prevented the consolidation of taste recognition memory using attenuation of neophobia as an index. In addition, learned taste aversion in both short- and long-term memory tests was exclusively impaired by scopolamine. These data provide neurochemical support for the theory that cholinergic activity of the perirhinal cortex participates in the formation of the taste memory trace and that it is independent of the NMDA and AMPA receptor activity. These results support the idea that cholinergic neurotransmission in the perirhinal cortex is also essential for acquisition and consolidation of taste recognition memory.

2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate↗
PubMed1981

Effects of the similarity and dissimilarity between familiarization and test objects on recognition memory in infants following unimodal and bimodal familiarization.

Recognition memory for the shape of an object following unimodal (visual) and bimodal (visual and haptic) familiarization was investigated in 2 experiments. In both experiments, 6-month-old infants were familiarized either unimodally or bimodally with simple objects. In the first experiment the subjects were tested unimodally after familiarization, and in the second the subjects were tested bimodally. Visual recognition memory was only evident when the conditions of familiarization and testing were identical. 2 possible explanations of the data are presented, and the implications of these for the conclusions generated by previous studies are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

The effect of tobacco abstinence on recognition memory, digit span recall, and attentional vigilance.

This article examines the effects of tobacco abstinence on recognition memory, digit span recall, and visual attentional vigilance. The results demonstrated that abstinence impaired recognition memory discrimination (ad libitum d' =.85, abstinent d' =.64), recognition memory hit rates (ad libitum =.60, abstinent =.54), accuracy of target detection in attentional vigilance (ad libitum =.99, abstinent =.97), and speed of target detection in attentional vigilance (ad libitum = 662 ms, abstinent = 687 ms). Abstinence did not impair digit span recall (ad libitum =.55, abstinent =.56). These results are consistent with the hypotheses that tobacco abstinence impairs episodic memory and sustained attention. They also suggest that some, but not necessarily all, short-term memory processes may not be influenced by tobacco abstinence.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of the ApoE epsilon4 allele on recognition memory for olfactory and visual stimuli in patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease, probable Alzheimer's disease, and healthy elderly controls.

Episodic recognition memory for odors, faces, and unfamiliar symbols was assessed in apolipoprotein episilon4 positive and epsilon4 negative individuals with pathologically-confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD), individuals diagnosed with probable AD, and healthy age- and gender-matched controls. The analyses revealed significant differences in performance between the AD patients and nondemented elderly controls based on the presence of the epsilon4 allele and the modality of the stimulus to be remembered. Measures of hits did not discriminate among groups but an analysis of false positive errors revealed significant differences, particularly for olfactory stimuli. Nondemented epsilon4 positive controls committed fewer false positive errors for olfactory stimuli compared to all other groups. In contrast, nondemented epsilon4 positive controls committed false positive errors for olfactory stimuli at rates similar to the AD patients. The performance of epsilon4 positive and epsilon4 negative controls was indistinguishable on the visual recognition memory tasks suggesting the particular vulnerability of olfactory memory to the early neuropathology of AD resulting in false positive errors in recognition memory for olfactory stimuli. The results of the present study offer new insight into how recognition memory is affected by AD, the epsilon4 allele, and the modality of the stimulus to be remembered.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Recognition memory for words and faces following unilateral temporal lobectomy.

The study tested the ability of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (1984) to discriminate between patients with left and right temporal lobe lesions. Forty-seven patients who had undergone unilateral temporal lobectomy (TL) (23 right- and 24 left-sided operations) were tested on the two components of the test, recognition memory for words (RMW) and recognition memory for faces (RMF). The results show that the right TL group were significantly worse than the left TL group on RMF. Conversely, the left TL group were significantly worse on the RMW test, confirming earlier results relating to material-specific deficits in long-term memory following TL. The RMF test was relatively sensitive and specific in detecting significant impairments associated with right TL, but the RMW proved much less sensitive to the effects of left TL. RMW and RMF discrepancy scores were found not to discriminate well between the two groups of patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Altered pathways for auditory discrimination and recognition memory in preterm infants.

Preterm infants are at increased risk for cognitive disorders, including impairments in recognition memory. This study evaluated the effects of extreme prematurity on the neural pathway for auditory recognition memory using event-related potentials (ERPs), a neurophysiological technique widely used in cognitive neuroscience. ERPs were recorded at term postmenstrual age in 35 preterm infants born at less than 32 weeks' gestation (22 males, 13 females; mean birthweight ([BW] 1154g, SD 374g) with normal brain ultrasounds, compared with 40 healthy, term newborns (1 to 3 days of age; 20 males, 20 females; BW 3672g, SD 420g). Because infants must be able to detect and discriminate sounds before recognizing them, two paradigms were used to assess these functions. The first evaluated the detection and discrimination of speech sounds. The second tested recognition of the mother's voice compared with a stranger's. Results showed significantly different patterns of speech sound discrimination in preterm infants compared with term infants. No evidence of maternal voice recognition was elicited from the preterm infants. No specific patterns of auditory detection or discrimination were associated with patterns of recognition memory, suggesting that the function of multiple neural pathways may have been altered in this group of preterm infants. These results provide a functional corroboration of magnetic resonance imaging studies showing effects of prematurity on early brain development, even among preterm infants with normal cranial ultrasonography.

Auditory Cortex↗
PubMed2000

Involvement of single unit activity in inferotemporal and perirhinal cortices in recognition memory of visual objects in the macaque.

Recognizing objects from the past is a vitally important ability for everyday live. The studies of brain mechanisms responsible for visual recognition memory suggest that the modulation of single unit activity in the inferotemporal and perirhinal cortices could be an important part of the neuronal substrate of recognition memory. In this review, I will describe Stimulus Specific Adaptation (SSA)--the reduction in neuronal response to previously viewed objects. The experimental tasks in which SSA is observed will be presented, along with the possibility that SSA may be enhanced by saccadic exploration of visual scene. Next, I will demonstrate that under special circumstances (partially split-brain preparation) monkeys could recognize the re-presentation of visual images without the concomitant appearance of SSA. The most promising alternative candidate for neuronal mechanism involved in recognition memory is delay activity--an increased frequency of cell firing in the time between the initial presentation of an image and its subsequent re-presentation. In order to determine if delay activity is important for recognition we have started to investigate the effects on recognition memory of disrupting delay activity by electrical stimulation. Preliminary results indicate a positive correlation between a reduction in delay activity and a decrease in recognition performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease.

Recognition memory for several types of stimulus material was examined in patients clinically diagnosed as having early Alzheimer's disease and in normal elderly controls. Although performance deficits were demonstrated for verbal and abstract stimuli (geometric shapes and histology slides), memory for faces was relatively intact in the patient group. Patients made more false positive responses than controls, but this could not be accounted for by a general disinhibition of responding. It is suggested that a contextual processing deficit may explain the pattern of false positive responding and this is discussed in relation to previous findings of drug studies in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1986

The effects of physostigmine and scopolamine on recognition memory in monkeys.

The visual recognition of rhesus monkeys was evaluated by means of a delayed nonmatching-to-sample task with trial-unique objects. Each daily session consisted of two lists of 20 objects each, which untreated animals were able to recognize at approximately 75% accuracy. When they were performing at this level reliably, doses of physostigmine (0.32, 1.0, 3.2, 10.0, 32.0, 56.0 micrograms/kg), scopolamine (1.0, 3.2, 5.6, 10.0, 17.8, 32.0 micrograms/kg), or saline were administered 20 min prior to the session. Physostigmine and scopolamine produced dose-related increases and decreases, respectively, in the number of objects correctly remembered. The systematic changes in performance support the view that cholinergic mechanisms contribute to recognition memory and suggest that tasks with trial-unique objects may be particularly useful for studying the mnemonic effects of cholinergic drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The effect of emotional content on visual recognition memory: a PET activation study.

The emotional content of stimuli can enhance memory for those stimuli. This process may occur via an interaction with systems responsible for perception and memory or via the addition of distinct brain regions specialized for emotion which augment mnemonic processing. We performed an 15O PET study to identify neuroanatomical systems which encode visual stimuli with strong negative emotional valence compared to stimuli with neutral valence. Subjects also performed a recognition memory task for these same images, mixed with distracters of similar emotional valence. The experimental design permitted us to independently test effects of emotional content and recognition memory on regional activity. We found activity in the left amygdaloid complex associated with the encoding of emotional stimuli, although this activation appeared early in the scanning session and was not detectable during recognition memory. Visual recognition memory recruited the right middle frontal gyrus and the superior anterior cingulate cortex for both negative and neutral stimuli. An interaction occurred between emotional content and recognition in the lingual gyrus, where greater activation occurred during recognition of negative images compared to recognition of neutral images. Instead of distinct neuroanatomical systems for emotion augmenting memory, we found that emotionally salient stimuli appeared to enhance processing of early sensory input during visual recognition.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampus do not impair social recognition memory in socially housed rats.

Socially housed mice with cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampus do not exhibit social recognition memory 30 min following exposure to a juvenile mouse, however the social recognition memory of singly housed rats is unimpaired. The present study tests the hypothesis that social housing of rats could render social recognition memory hippocampally dependent as seen for mice. Rats were housed with juveniles or with adults. Two social recognition one-animal tests paralleling those used with mice were carried out. Seven social discrimination two-animal tests were also given. Sham operated and hippocampally lesioned rats had normal social memory at 30 min whether socially housed for 24, 48 h, 7 or 8 days prior to testing. These findings support other results indicating the hippocampus proper is not required for normal social memory in rats. In a final experiment, rats socially housed in groups of three since weaning, were tested for 30 min and 24 h social memory. Unlike mice, rats socially housed throughout life exhibited social memory only at 30 min, but not at 24 h. Manipulations that extend social memory in rats may be required to render social memory hippocampally dependent or rats and mice may differ in the neural mediation of social memory.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dissociating state and item components of recognition memory using fMRI.

Cognitive functions such as memory retrieval involve a combination of state- and item-related processes. State-related processes are sustained throughout a task (e.g., "retrieval mode" associated with ongoing goals), whereas item-related processes are transient and allied to individual stimuli (e.g., "retrieval success" associated with the recovery of information from memory). The present study employed a mixed "blocked and event-related" experimental design to identify neural mechanisms that support state- and item-related processes during a recognition memory task. Subjects alternated between blocks of fixation and recognition memory (discriminating between old and new words). Critically, event-related procedures were embedded within the recognition blocks, including the jittering of sequential trials. This design ensures that the temporal profiles of state- and item-related activity differ and consequently renders them separable; without this procedure item-related activity would summate to produce a state-like response. Results suggest three classes of brain region support recognition memory, exhibiting: (1) predominantly transient activity (including regions in medial parietal, lateral parietal, and anterior left frontal cortex) reflecting item-related processing associated with "retrieval success," (2) predominantly sustained activity (including decreased activity in bilateral parahippocampal cortex) reflecting state-related processing associated with "retrieval mode," (3) concurrent sustained and transient activity (including regions in left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral frontal operculum, and medial frontal gyrus), reflecting a combination of state- and item-related processing. The present findings support the idea that recognition memory tasks are dependent upon a combination of state- and item-related processes that have dissociable neural correlates identifiable using fMRI. Moreover, the mixed "blocked and event-related" design employed here provides a general procedure for separating state- and item-related processes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Measuring recognition memory.

Recent years have seen an expanded interest in recognition memory tasks. This resurgence of interest has also renewed concerns with measurement problems. Comparing 4 models of recognition memory, Snodgrass and Corwin (1988) found that measures of bias from the distribution-free (nonparametric) model were inadequate. However, their analysis was based on bias measures that can be shown a priori to be nonindependent of discrimination. This article traces the history of the nonparametric model and develops a better measure of bias. The consequence of developing this better measure is that the nonparametric model deserves serious consideration.

Female↗
PubMed2002

Stimulant medication improves recognition memory in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The effect of stimulant medication on recognition memory was examined in 18 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recognition memory was assessed using a delayed matching-to-sample task at 6 delays ranging from 1 to 32 s. Each child was tested on 2 separate occasions, once 60 to 90 min after taking stimulant medication and the other at least 18 hr after taking medication. Children performed significantly better on medication than off. Stimulant administration significantly increased accuracy and the number of nickel reinforcers earned. Decreases in observing response latency and correct choice response latency occurred after taking stimulant medication. The results indicate that stimulant medication improved recognition memory for children with ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1997

FK960 [N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-p-fluorobenzamide monohydrate], a novel potential antidementia drug, improves visual recognition memory in rhesus monkeys: comparison with physostigmine.

Our previous studies demonstrated that FK960 [N-(4-acetyl-1-piperazinyl)-p-fluorobenzamide monohydrate], a novel antidementia piperazine derivative, exerts beneficial effects on memory deficits in various rodent models of amnesia, through activation of the somatostatin neuronal system. To extend the antiamnesic action of FK960 to nonhuman primates, FK960 was evaluated for its ability to reverse the deficits in visual recognition memory produced by muscarinic cholinergic receptor blockade by scopolamine or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockade by dizocilpine (MK-801) in four rhesus monkeys performing a computer-automated version of delayed nonmatching to sample, with a list length of 20 trial-unique graphic symbols. Furthermore, the effects of FK960 were compared with those of physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. Doses of FK960 (1, 3.2, 10, 32,100, 320 or 1000 microg/kg) injected i.m. 30 min before testing minimally affected visual recognition memory when administered alone. FK960 (1, 3.2, 10 or 32 microg/kg) significantly antagonized the deficits in visual recognition memory produced by scopolamine (10 microg/kg); the same doses of the drug minimally affected the deficits produced by dizocilpine (32 microg/kg). Similarly, physostigmine (3.2, 10 or 32 microg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently restored the visual recognition memory deficits produced by scopolamine (10 microg/kg) but not those produced by dizocilpine (32 microg/kg). From these results, we conclude that FK960 improves deficits in recognition memory associated with central cholinergic hypofunction in nonhuman primates, and we suggest that the therapeutic potential of this drug for patients with dementia should be evaluated.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The Rey AVLT recognition memory task measures motivational impairment after mild head trauma.

The effect of financial incentives on Rey AVLT recognition memory performance was assessed. Clinically referred mild head trauma (MHT) patients with financial incentives were compared to patients with neurologically documented brain dysfunction who did not have financial incentives. The MHT group was subdivided into a group with strong performance on a measure of motivation, the Portland Digit Recognition Test (PDRT), and a group with weak performance on the PDRT. The resulting three groups were equated on Rey AVLT acquisition, age, and education. The MHT subgroup with poor PDRT scores also was significantly impaired on recognition memory. In the total sample the prevalence of recognition scores of less than 6 correct was 27% in the MHT group and 5% in the brain dysfunction group. We conclude that severe Rey AVLT recognition memory impairment likely reflects motivation to exaggerate deficits, at least in MHT patients with no neurological evidence of brain injury.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Recognition memory for typical and unusual faces.

In four studies, recognition memory for faces rated as similar to a prototype was found to be inferior to memory for faces rated as unusual in appearance. This result was obtained under both incidental and intentional learning conditions, at presentation rates ranging from 3 to 15 sec, and with retention intervals from 3 to 24 hr. A fifth experiment established interitem similarity as the structural basis of this typicality effect in recognition memory. Difficulties in interpreting the findings in terms of some current models for classification learning, depth of processing models, or present models of the word frequency effect are discussed.

Attention↗