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PubMed2000

Gene cloning, nucleotide sequence and biochemical properties of a cytoplasmic cyclomaltodextrinase (neopullulanase) from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius, reclassification of a group of enzymes.

A gene encoding a cyclomaltodextrinase (neopullulanase) was cloned from the thermoacidophilic bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius ATCC27009 and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The encoded CdaA protein lacked an N-terminal signal sequence and aligned well with a family of bacterial proteins described as maltogenic alpha-amylases, neopullulanases or cyclomaltodextrinases. Escherichia coli cells harboring the cloned cdaA gene produced a 66-kDa protein that degraded pullulan in a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. A. acidocaldarius cells grown on maltose, soluble starch or pullulan synthesized the same protein. Neopullulanase activity of the protein was cytoplasmic and its pH optimum of 5.5 was close to the pH value of the cytoplasm. CdaA degraded cyclomaltodextrins rapidly and pullulan (to panose) more slowly. It is proposed that CdaA functions as a cytoplasmic cyclomaltodextrinase (EC 3.2.1.54).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1987

Immunological reclassification of 22 children with a former diagnosis of non-T, non-B ALL.

Stored peripheral blood or bone marrow mononuclear cells from 22 pediatric patients with verified acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) previously classified as non-T, non-B ALL were re-investigated by flow cytometric analysis by means of a panel of B cell-specific and -associated monoclonal antibodies (moabs) using a new analytical method described by Platz et al, the so-called Delta Channel Value method. All 22 patients were immunologically re-characterized as pre-B ALL. The reproducibility between the first (acute) and subsequent re-analysis was almost complete. 20 of the tumor cell populations could be assigned to the B cell differentiation scheme recently proposed by Nadler et al. This scheme operates with four stages of pre-B cell differentiation and each stage is defined by the expression of one to four of the following markers: HLA-DR, CD19, CD10 and CD20. Two additional markers, CD24 and CD22, were investigated in our study and allowed further subdivision of the four subgroups proposed by Nadler et al. The composition of a panel of moabs for routine classification of pre-B ALL is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Proposed reclassification of melanoma: a meeting held at the XVIth International Pigment Cell Congress, 3rd November 1996.

The current classification of cutaneous melanoma was developed in 1972 and revised in 1982. Since that time, new concepts and terminology have evolved that require consideration of a further revision. Regional meetings of interested parties have been held to review the Classification and there will be an open meeting on the topic at the 1997, 4th World Conference on Melanoma in Sydney, Australia. This paper reports on a meeting to discuss some of the concepts that will form part of that process, held on November 3, 1996 as part of the XVIth International Pigment Cell Conference. A questionnaire is included that will allow the interested reader to provide comments on the topic.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

A retrospective histological study of 669 cases of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma in clinical stage I. The consequences of a reclassification of the original group of lentigo maligna melanomas.

A selected series of primary malignant melanoma of the skin, clinical stage I, was originally classified according to Clark's system. The consistency of this classification was tested by two Brisbane pathologists who indicated that we had misinterpreted some cases of superficial spreading malignant melanoma as lentigo maligna melanoma. We have therefore reclassified the original group of 86 lentigo maligna melanomas. This resulted in a total series of 37 (5.5%) lentigo maligna melanomas, 301 (45%) superficial spreading malignant melanomas, 194 (29%) nodular malignant melanomas (unchanged) and 137 (20.5%) unclassifiable malignant melanomas. The diagnosis of lentigo maligna melanoma was not made unless the epidermis was atrophic and dermal solar elastosis was present. The new group of lentigo maligna melanomas is dominated by cases on the head among patients over 50 years of age (especially women). This is in better agreement with other studies than our previous findings. The relationship with tumour cell type, pigmentation, mitotic count, atypia, transsectional profile, level of invasion, ulceration, vascular invasion, lymphocyte infiltration and prognosis shown by the new groups of lentigo maligna melanoma and superficial spreading malignant melanoma indicates that the cases by which the diagnosis has been changed are relatively benign. Our previous conclusions are still valid. The lentigo maligna melanoma is still the most benign type and nodular malignant melanoma still the most malignant type of melanoma. The superficial spreading malignant melanoma still represents an intermediate tumour type, although it has deviated in the benign direction.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Reinvestigation and reclassification of a collection of 56 human isolates of Pasteurellaceae.

Incorrect diagnosis of species belonging to the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981 is often due to inadequate laboratory identification techniques. Reinvestigations of 56 human isolates of Pasteurellaceae and comparison of the results obtained with those obtained from nine reference strains in 65 different tests allowed classification of 26 strains as P. multocida ssp. multocida, 11 strains as P. multocida ssp. septica, 12 strains as P. canis, 4 strains as P. dagmatis and 1 strain as P. stomatitis. Two strains were tentatively classified with P. haemolytica biogroup 2(T) and the SP-group, respectively. The present investigation also showed that the type strains of P. gallinarum and Haemophilus aphrophilus were phenotypically related. Members of the family Pasteurellacea Pohl 1981 should be considered as potential etiologic agents of any local infection following animal bites or scratches.

Bites and Stings↗
PubMed1983

A reclassification of B and C neurones in the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog.

1. The cellular organization of the ninth and tenth paravertebral sympathetic ganglia in the bullfrog was studied with intracellular and extracellular recording methods. An isolated preparation was used in which anatomical details of individual cells could be resolved while making physiological measurements. This permitted the characterization of neurones in terms of their size, the segmental origin of their cholinergic innervation, and their orthodromic and antidromic conduction velocities. With these criteria, three classes of sympathetic neurones were identified. 2. As in previous studies, C cells were distinguished from B cells by the origin of their innervation. C cells are innervated by slowly conducting axons (0.4 m/sec) from spinal nerves 7 and 8 and B cells are innervated by rapidly conducting axons (2.4 m/sec) from the sympathetic chain above ganglion 7. 3. In earlier work it has been suggested that the conduction velocity of a preganglionic axon generally matches that of its target neurone. In this study we have characterized a large group of B cells for which this is not true. The axons of B cells fall into a rapidly conducting group (2.0 m/sec) and a slowly conducting group (0.6 m/sec). In contrast, C neurones, like their preganglionic inputs, have only slowly conducting axons (0.3 m/sec). Consequently, neurones have been classified as C type, fast B type, and slow B type. Fifty-nine percent of the B cells that we studied were slow B cells. These findings were corroborated by measurements of compound extracellular responses in post-ganglionic nerves. 4. Some neurones can be identified also by the size of their cell bodies. C cells are about 30 microns in diameter while B cells are about 50 microns in diameter. In our sample, 96% of the cells with radius less than 16 microns were C cells and 94% of the cells with radius greater than 21 microns were B cells. However, fast B cells could not be distinguished from slow B cells by size.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1995

Cyclodextrin formation by the thermostable alpha-amylase of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes EM1 and reclassification of the enzyme as a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase.

Extensive characterization of the thermostable alpha-amylase of Clostridium thermosulfurogenes EM1, recently reclassified as Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes, clearly demonstrated that the enzyme is a cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase). Product analysis after incubation of the enzyme with starch revealed formation of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins, as well as linear sugars. The specific activity for cyclization of this CGTase was similar to those of other CGTases, whereas the specific activity for hydrolysis was relatively high in comparison with other CGTases. Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the T. thermosulfurigenes enzyme with sequences from known bacterial CGTases showed high homology. The four consensus regions of carbohydrate-converting enzymes, as well as a C-terminal raw-starch binding motif, could be identified in the sequence.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Phylogenetic analysis of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria: aid for their reclassification.

Small subunit rDNA sequences were determined for 20 species of the genera Acetogenium, Clostridium, Thermoanaerobacter, Thermoanaerobacterium, Thermoanaerobium, and Thermobacteroides, 3 non-validly described species, and 5 isolates of anaerobic thermophilic bacteria, providing a basis for a phylogenetic analysis of these organisms. Several species contain a version of the molecule significantly longer than that of Escherichia coli because of the presence of inserts. On the basis of normal evolutionary distances, the phylogenetic tree indicates that all bacteria investigated in this study with a maximum growth temperature above 65 degrees C form a supercluster within the subphylum of gram-positive bacteria that also contains Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum and Clostridium thermoaceticum, which have been previously sequenced. This supercluster appears to be equivalent in its phylogenetic depth to the supercluster of mesophilic clostridia and their nonspore-forming relatives. Several phylogenetically and phenotypically coherent clusters that are defined by sets of signature nucleotides emerge within the supercluster of thermophiles. Clostridium thermobutyricum and Clostridium thermopalmarium are members of Clostridium group I. A phylogenetic tree derived from transversion distances demonstrated the artificial clustering of some organisms with high rDNA G+C moles percent, i.e., Clostridium fervidus and the thermophilic, cellulolytic members of the genus Clostridium. The results of this study can be used as an aid for future taxonomic restructuring of anaerobic sporogenous and asporogenous thermophillic, gram-positive bacteria.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1986

Reclassification of Cladosporium bantianum in the genus Xylohypha.

It is proposed that the dematiaceous hyphomycete Cladosporium bantianum (Saccardo) Borelli be transferred to the genus Xylohypha (Fries) Mason as Xylohypha bantiana (Saccardo) McGinnis, Padhye, Borelli, et Ajello. This new combination is necessary because X. bantiana produces conidiophores that are indistinguishable from its vegetative hyphae and one-celled, smooth-walled conidia that are borne in long, infrequently branched chains. The blastoconidia do not possess darkly pigmented hila. In contrast, members of the genus Cladosporium Link produce erect, distinct conidiophores and one- to four-celled smooth-to-rough-walled conidia that occur in short, frequently branched, fragile chains. The blastoconidia have darkly pigmented hila. Cladosporium trichoides Emmons is a later synonym of X. bantiana.

Cladosporium↗
PubMed1992

Histological reclassification of 101 intraoral salivary gland tumours (new WHO classification).

The epithelial salivary gland tumours have for many years been categorised according to the 1972 World Health Organisation (WHO) classification. In 1990 a proposed revision of this classification was elaborated. In this study 101 intraoral salivary gland tumours were reclassified accordingly. In 29 of the cases the original histological diagnosis was changed, which in most cases, occurred in the benign or malignant tumour groups. In seven cases the diagnosis was changed from benign to malignant or vice versa. The results of this study show that the histological classification of intraoral salivary gland tumours remains difficult, even when applying the new WHO classification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Malignant mesothelioma: incidence, asbestos exposure, and reclassification of histopathology.

The Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program abstracts records on almost all cases of cancer occurring in the county. In a study of those cases of pleural and peritoneal malignant mesothelioma (MM) that occurred from 1972 to 1979 occupational histories were obtained during interviews, and histopathology of the tumours was reviewed and classified by a member of a mesothelioma reference panel who was unaware of the exposure histories. About half the cases reviewed had likely exposure to asbestos at work. The greatest proportion of cases designated as MM by the pathologist occurred among individuals likely to have had the heaviest exposure of asbestos (42%). No upward trend of incidence over time was apparent among cases designated as MM. The age adjusted incidence rates for designated MM were lower than in other studies. The well recognised interobserver variability in diagnosing MM apparently produces raised estimates of incidence and an overestimate of trends of incidence. The interobserver variability may result from different awareness of MM occurrence, a lack of precise histopathological criteria for the diagnosis, or the influence of a history of exposure to asbestos on the interpretation. A history of exposure to asbestos may bias interpretation of histopathology and should not be used to make the histological diagnosis.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1999

Type 2 segmental manifestation of multiple glomus tumors: A review and reclassification of 5 case reports.

BACKGROUND: In various autosomal dominant skin disorders, segmental forms reflecting mosaicism have been reported. Recently, two different types of mosaic manifestation have been delineated. Type 1 reflects heterozygosity for the underlying mutation and shows a degree of severity as observed in the corresponding nonmosaic phenotype. Type 2 originates from loss of heterozygosity, shows an excessively severe involvement and is usually superimposed on the disseminated lesions of the ordinary trait. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to exemplify further the proposed rule of dichotomy. METHODS: We have screened the literature on multiple glomus tumors, a trait that follows an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. RESULTS: We found 5 cases of multiple glomus tumors suggesting a type 2 segmental involvement. In all of these cases, a unilateral band-like or patchy arrangement of excessively pronounced glomus tumors was associated with disseminated lesions corresponding to the ordinary phenotype, and in 3 cases other family members were affected with disseminated glomus tumors. The unilateral agminated lesions were reported to be present in early childhood, whereas the disseminated lesions appeared later. CONCLUSION: Multiple glomus tumors can be added to the list of autosomal dominant skin disorders that may show a type 2 segmental involvement.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Acute stroke subtypes--is there a need for reclassification?

Although stroke covers a wide range of diseases and aetiologies, it is currently managed using uniform treatments, such as thrombolysis and neuroprotective drugs, irrespective of the individual stroke pathophysiology. The time-consuming, ineffective and often misleading standard work-up of stroke subtypes is now being augmented with immediate brain and vessel imaging studies and laboratory testing. This approach means that, in addition to distinguishing between haemorrhagic and ischaemic lesions, ischaemic lesions can be assigned to various stroke subtypes. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is useful to detect the cytotoxic oedema occurring early in cerebral ischaemia, and sequential studies are useful in evaluating each patient's prognosis. Both this technique and magnetic resonance angiography are effective in the assessment of an optimal selection of therapy in early stroke. Particular benefit is derived by patients with recent infarction and overlapping signs and symptoms of residual and acute deficits, and those with more than one aetiology. Demonstration of very small versus large ischaemic territories supports the likelihood of a good spontaneous outcome and discourages high-risk treatment procedures. Chronic and acute lesions may be differentiated and potentially salvageable tissue identified in cases of embolic stroke. The micro-embolic nature of lesions formed by the fragmentation of more proximal intracranial artery occlusions may be revealed by ultrasound studies showing high-intensity transient signals. Results from such studies are also useful to re-evaluate present concepts of stroke subtypes: recent data suggest that the 'border zone infarction' concept needs to be largely abandoned.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1996

Ten years after: reclassification of steroid-responsive genes.

Although several hundred genes are directly or indirectly regulated by steroid hormones, significant gaps exist in our understanding of the relevant mechanisms, particularly for those genes that do not directly bind intracellular receptors or that exhibit delayed changes in transcription rates upon receptor binding. To assist in defining the mechanism of action of steroid hormones, we are proposing that a standard nomenclature be adopted for classifying steroid-responsive genes, based upon whether the receptors directly bind to the target genes and the kinetics of the response. Three categories are proposed: primary response genes, delayed primary response genes, and secondary response genes.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Reclassification of 30 Pasteurellaceae strains isolated from rodents.

Thirty Pasteurellaceae strains isolated from gerbil, guineapig, hamster, mouse, muskrat and rat were reinvestigated and reclassified after comparison with reference strains. Strains originally described as Pasteurella pneumotropica were reclassified as [Pasteurella] pneumotropica Heyl biotype (7), [P.] pneumotropica Jawetz biotype (1), Pasteurella dagmatis (1) or Taxon 22 (2). Strains previously reported as Actinobacillus sp. were reclassified as [P.] pneumotropica biotype Jawetz (3), P. dagmatis (3) or Taxon 6 (7). Strains earlier described as Pasteurella gallinarum were renamed as SP group pasteurella (4) or Taxon 25 (2). Some of these reclassified Pasteurellaceae have not been reported previously in rodents. The present findings underline the importance of extended characterization of isolates and comparison with references strains to avoid misclassification within the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981.

Actinobacillus↗
PubMed1993

Reclassification of aggressive adenomatous mastoid neoplasms as endolymphatic sac tumors.

The emerging concept that aggressive adenomatous tumors of the temporal bone arise from the endolymphatic sac and constitute a distinct clinicopathologic entity merits wider recognition. These tumors share a common clinical pattern and exhibit consistent imaging and histopathologic features. Endolymphatic sac tumors (ELSTs) have been mistaken for other neoplasms such as paragangliomas, adenomatous tumors of mixed histology, ceruminomas, and choroid plexus papillomas. A review of the literature shows similarities among case studies of these aggressive adenomatous lesions. An analysis of the data supports the endolymphatic sac as an origin for these tumors. This report also presents an additional case of a less differentiated variant of this rare but important clinicopathologic entity.

Adenoma↗