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Results for “Reality Testing”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Small-scale deceit: deception as a marker of two-, three-, and four-year-olds' early theories of mind.

This research report summarizes the results of a study into the abilities of 2-, 3-, and 4-year-old children to deceptively lead others into false beliefs, and is intended to help arbitrate a growing controversy as to when young persons first acquire some theory-like understanding of other minds. Utilizing a novel hide-and-seek board game as a context within which to observe children's spontaneous use of deceptive strategies, a total of 50 subjects between the ages of 2 1/2 and 5 were tested. In contrast to the competing findings of others, which are claimed to establish that children younger than approximately 4 suffer a cognitive deficit that wholly blocks them from the possibility of entertaining any sort of contrastive beliefs about beliefs, the results of this study show that even 2 1/2-year-olds are capable of already successfully employing a range of deceptive strategies that both trade upon an awareness of the possibility of false beliefs and presuppose some already operative theory of mind.

Attention↗
PubMed1991

Trance logic in hypnosis and imagination.

In 2 experiments we investigated trance logic, or the tolerance of logical incongruity, in age regression and hallucination. Experiment 1 tested 21 hypnotizable and 19 unhypnotizable subjects in an application of the real-simulating model of hypnosis. Experiment 2 tested 26 high and 19 low imagery ability subjects in an adaptation of the model to the imagination context. Subjects' experiences were investigated through the experiential analysis technique. More real than simulating subjects displayed trance logic during age regression, but they did not differ on the major measures of trance logic during hallucination. This pattern of responding occurred in both the hypnosis and the imagination contexts. Subjects' comments suggested that completeness of and belief in age regression or hallucination may play some role in trance logic. The importance of understanding trance logic from the subject's point of view is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Reality orientation therapy: a study investigating the value of this therapy in the rehabilitation of elderly people.

The Leeds Technique for Therapy with the Aged is described and evaluated. The purpose of the study was two-fold--to evaluate the therapy itself, and to examine it as a possible extra incentive for nurses working with the aged. Forty-six elderly patients were included in the study. Fourteen took part in a pilot study. Later, in a more carefully controlled investigation, the remaining 32 patients were divided into two groups, one of experimental subjects and one of control subjects. Improvement was assessed using the Clifton Assessment Schedule (CAS) and the Stockton Geriatric Rating Scale (SGRS). Twenty-five of the 30 experimental subjects improved and 10 were discharged. Eight of the 16 control subjects improved, but none was discharged.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action.

Twenty-three acute psychotic patients who were drug free at the time of testing performed a motor task designed to elicit many errors. Normal subjects and many of the psychotic patients were able to correct these errors in the absence of visual feedback. The ability to make such corrections depends on the subject knowing what response he has just made. Patients with experiences of alien control of their thoughts and actions who formed a subgroup of those classified as schizophrenic, were significantly less likely to make error corrections in the absence of visual feedback. This result is consistent with our previous suggestion (Frith, 1987) that these symptoms are a consequence of problems with the central monitoring of responses.

Affective Disorders, Psychotic↗
PubMed1991

Cognitive therapy. A 30-year retrospective.

Several lines of investigation have evolved from the initial cognitive model of depression and other disorders. A large number of studies have tested the cognitive model using both clinical and laboratory-based strategies. In general, studies that most closely approximate the clinical conditions from which the theory was derived are supportive of the cognitive model of depression. Studies of anxiety and panic, although fewer, generally support the cognitive model of anxiety and panic. The application to the treatment of clinical problems has been promising and supports the concept of cognitive specificity. The cognitive therapy of depression has led to the utilization of specific cognitive strategies based on the specific conceptualizations of a given disorder to a wide variety of disorders. Study of abnormal reactions has also provided clues to the cognitive structure of normal reactions.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1990

Young children's understanding of fact beliefs versus value beliefs.

Recent research on the development of children's knowledge about the mind has shown that young 3-year-olds have difficulty inferring that another person holds a false belief about a matter of verifiable fact, even when provided with considerable help. 4 studies tested the hypothesis that they would have less difficulty inferring that another person holds an odd, nonnormative belief about a matter of taste or value--one which, like the false fact belief, they themselves do not hold. On fact-belief tasks, an experimenter acted as if, or even explicitly stated that, she believed that the contents of a container were other than what the children knew to be the case. On value-belief tasks, she behaved as if she believed that a stimulus had a good or bad taste, smell, or appearance, whereas they thought it had the opposite. The results of all 4 studies confirmed the hypothesis.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Maintenance of grip on life and goals of life: a valuable criterion for evaluating outcome in schizophrenia.

This article describes the evaluation of schizophrenia patients' maintenance of grip as a comprehensive assessment of the total psychosocial status of these patients. This evaluation was tested with new schizophrenic patients (DSM-III) who took part in a standardized interview at entry and after a 2-year follow-up. The interviews and examinations were conducted by the psychiatric teams responsible for the treatment of the patients. There was a clear positive correlation between the evaluation of maintenance of grip and interpersonal interaction, heterosexual development, hobbies, level of activity and productivity (working) of the patients, and a negative correlation with negative symptoms. The psychodynamically interpreted evaluation of the degree of regression correlated positively with maintenance of grip, but only after the 2-year follow-up. At entry the other variables describing the psychosocial status of the patient explained 22% of the variation in maintenance of grip, but 41% at the follow-up stage. The evaluation of maintenance of grip presented at baseline also predicted the coping of the patients during the follow-up stage. The authors recommend that the evaluation of maintenance of grip be used as an auxiliary tool in the assessment and treatment of schizophrenia patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The observing subject and psychophysiological research: an epistemological discourse.

Realizing that scientific knowledge was not based on a simple disclosure of reality, but was rather invented and developed in accordance with our own conceptions and prejudices, it should no longer be possible to consider matters as if they existed independently of us 'out there'. Taking as examples the notions of 'memory' and 'information' we try to elucidate the relevance this perspective has with respect to neuro- and psychophysiological research.

Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Perspectival appearing and Gibson's theory of visual perception.

Although Gibson (1979) did not explicitly discuss the perspectival appearing of the ecological environment, his important ecological approach to visual perception can accommodate both (a) the stream of visual-perceptual experience that flows at the heart of the visual system's total activity of ordinary visual preceiving (ordinary seeing), and (b) the dimension of the visual experiential stream that is the ecological environment's perspectival appearing to the visual perceiver. In the present article, perspectival appearing is located at the level of brain centers of the visual system, where processes are determined by the spatiotemporally structured visual stimulus flux. And the stream of visual experience is interpreted as itself possessing a kind of perspective structure (as does the visual stimulus flux), including variant and invariant features that the visual system isolates and extracts from experience, producing the perceiver's cognitive visual "awareness-of" (Gibson, 1979) the environment and self in the environment.

Attention↗
PubMed1984

Indications for hospitalization in the treatment of borderline patients.

Hospitalization is an important component in the treatment of some borderline patients, yet features of the borderline syndrome make the decision to hospitalize a complex one. This paper considers alternatives to hospitalization as well as indications for use of the hospital in the treatment of borderline patients. The roles of brief hospitalization and of extended inpatient treatment are considered separately.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Transformations of identity: referent location, agency, and levels of integration in the progress from potential self to existential identity.

The study traces the genesis of existential despair and empty depression in personality disordered individuals to the impact of a premature definition of the self in terms of an other-centered referent. Three aspects of identity are discussed: self identity, role identity, and existential identity. Their respective potential contribution to self-integration is examined.

Depressive Disorder↗
PubMed1985

The borderline diagnosis and integration of self.

To try to encompass what is meant by borderline with parameters that are too delineating can lead to conceptual difficulties and confusion for several reasons: The human psyche is too complex and probably has too much of the quality of a gestalt to be understood adequately by dichotomizing thinking; an individual does not experience himself as operating in discrete units, but as a unified whole; and the most characteristic manifest quality of the borderline picture is its tendency toward a chaotic functioning that somehow always spills over any defining boundaries which are set up to attain conceptual containment. If we then accept our limitations on the precision and order with which we can comprehend it, the understanding of borderline might be supplemented by seeing it in terms of the subjective experience of an integrated self. This offers a more holistic approach that tends not to be so subject to objectifying compartmentalization. It is more in tune with the subjective experiencing a person has of that which defines and moves him in the world. And it offers a referent axis along which the distance one has traveled in the borderline direction might be gleaned. Finally, the relationship of the borderline diagnosis to character disorder might be looked this way: The diagnosis does not refer to a particular character disorder or to a group of disorders. It emerges in all character pathology to the degree that the experiencing of an integrated and whole sense of self, which is at the heart of character structure, is diminished.

Borderline Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1979

Psychotherapy in the residential treatment of the borderline child.

The concept of borderline diagnosis is defined and the goals of residential treatment are delineated. The specific aims and techniques of psychotherapy are then outlined. Concomitant work with parents is utilized. The importance of working through during termination is noted.

Affective Symptoms↗