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PubMed1990

Victim attributions and post-rape trauma.

This study assessed (a) the kinds of attributions victims make, (b) whether behavioral and characterological self-blame are associated with other variables as hypothesized (e.g., perception of future avoidability of being raped), and (c) whether behavioral self-blame is associated with better post-rape adjustment (Janoff-Bulman, 1979). Attributions and adjustment were assessed in a sample of adult female rape victims seen at a hospital-based rape crisis program. Many victims blamed themselves but tended to place more blame on external factors. The pattern of relations between behavioral and characterological self-blame and other attributional measures did not support the hypothesized distinctions between them. Both kinds of self-blame were significantly associated with increased post-rape depression (all ps less than .05). Attributions strongly predicted adjustment, accounting for up to 67% of the variance in 3-day post-rape depression. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

The journey of recovery after a rape experience.

In this existential-phenomenological investigation seven women were interviewed about their experiences of recovering from rape trauma. The purpose of the study was to discover the meaning of recovery from the perception of the victim, how recovery is experienced, and what contributed to the growth and recovery of the woman who has been raped. Transcribed interviews were analyzed using a hermeneutic process. The thematic structure of a woman's recovery from rape comprises three main themes: reaching out, reframing the rape, and redefining the self. These findings are important to professionals working with women who have been raped because it is the raped woman, rather than the clinician, who is able to define what constitutes recovery.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The incidence and experience of rape among chemically dependent women.

This descriptive study investigated the incidence and experience of rape among chemically dependent women. Sixty women in a residential treatment facility were interviewed about sexual trauma they had experienced in their lives. In this sample 73% had been raped, and 45% had been raped more than once. The stories of rape were classified in five categories: rape while in the context of using, when too high to resist, while prostituting, by a significant other, and by a family member. Some 35% of the rapist described were friends of the women with whom they were using drugs. Only 20% of the rapes were reported to the police. Clinical implications for treatment of addicted women who are also survivors of violence is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of rape in the Central African Republic.

This is a study of women in the Central African Republic (CAR) whose first sexual encounter was the result of rape. The analyses presented here are based on a national HIV/AIDS survey conducted in 1989. Respondents were selected through multistage cluster sampling, where census districts and households within districts were randomly selected. A total of 1307 females responded to the question regarding the circumstances of their first intercourse. Nearly 22% of female respondents reported that their first experience with intercourse was rape. Bivariate analyses found that rape during first intercourse was significantly related to the following respondent characteristics at the time of the survey: age, marital status, having a child, education, occupation, urban versus rural living, ethnic group, age at first date, and consumption of alcohol. Rape was not significantly related to ability to read, religion, and years in current village or town. Rape during first intercourse was found in a stepwise logistic regression to be related to age, marital status, occupation, and ethnic group. These data indicate that the incidence of rape is higher than previously reported in Africa, there are specific risk factors, and there are serious negative consequences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Same-sex rape of male college students.

Rape of men by other men is a widely neglected yet increasingly recognized form of sexual assault. Information on same-sex rape involving men is frequently absent in campus rape education and prevention programming because the general public and popular culture have traditionally viewed rape in a context of violence against women. Available medical and psychological literature indicates the need for expanded prevention, treatment, and research dealing with men who rape other men. Several initiatives in the areas of curriculum infusion, support, services, training, and public policy for addressing same-sex rape of men in campus communities are offered.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Elevated creatinine levels in rape assault survivors.

Urine specimens were collected from alleged rape survivors. In 13 of the 29 survivors, creatinine levels were over 150 mg/dl, and nine of these were over 200 mg/dl. These elevated urine creatinine levels persisted for some time after the alleged rape attacks. Various controls yielded overall levels below those of the alleged rape assault survivors. When control values of creatinine and osmolality of pre- and postintercourse samples were plotted and compared by linear regression covariance analysis to the data on alleged rape survivors, the levels of urinary creatinine in the alleged rape survivors were higher than would have been expected from urine osmolality increases. The dissimilarity of the two sets of data has a p value less than 0.0001. These findings might serve as supplemental objective evidence of rape (or terror) that could be used medicolegally.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Attitude towards rape among doctors working in the emergency department.

In this study, a 29-item questionnaire survey was conducted to explore the attitude and knowledge toward rape amongst doctors working in Hong Kong. The Likert scale was used for questions on attitude and knowledge. A composite score was computed for both attitude and knowledge. Comparisons of the attitude and knowledge scores were made between doctors of different genders and ranks. Existing practices in the handling of rape cases were also explored. The response rate was 58%; 175 questionnaires were completed by 147 (84%) male and 28 (16%) female doctors. There were 12 (6.3%) consultants, 44 (23%) senior medical officers and 119 (62%) medical officers. The average length of emergency department experience was 4.7 years. Most doctors held a favourable attitude towards rape victims, and there was no significant difference between senior and junior doctors (P=0.062) or between doctors of different genders (P=0.793). However, 36% of the doctors agreed that 'a women should be responsible for preventing her own rape', and more female doctors agreed that 'a woman can successfully resist rape if she tries hard enough' (P<0.042). Senior doctors had a higher knowledge score (P<0.0001). The correlation between knowledge and attitude scores was low (Spearman coefficient 0.258; P<0.05). In conclusion, doctors working in the emergency department generally held favourable attitudes towards rape victims. However, there is still room for improvements in attitude and knowledge. A one-stop service is suggested to avoid fragmentation and prevent 'revictimization'.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Male rape: the impact of a legal definition on the clinical area.

Recently the awareness of the issues surrounding male rape has received increased attention by both mental health workers and the general public following the introduction of the Sexual Offences Act 1994, and the recent case at the Old Bailey where a historical breakthrough was made in June 1995 following the first conviction for male rape under the new law. However, most of this attention has not resulted in many clinical breakthroughs in helping male rape survivors overcome the post-assault impact. Little is known about the prevalence, types of assault, consequences facing survivors and therapeutic options. Some evidence is being reported that male rape survivors develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder following the assault. It has long been recognized that this is the case with female rape survivors, but to date there have been no significant UK prevalence studies which have examined this relationship. This paper discusses some of the issues surrounding male rape by focusing on the possible effects of the recent legal change on the clinical area.

Criminal Law↗
PubMed2005

Description of an early intervention to prevent substance abuse and psychopathology in recent rape victims.

Approximately 683,000 adult women are raped each year. Only one in seven of these victims report the assault to police and receive forensic exams and other professional services. For many rape victims, this may be the only professional contact with service providers; however these services are typically limited to evidence collection and prophylactic STD treatment. Yet this exam also presents a unique opportunity for a preventive intervention to help prepare women to cope with potential stress related to rape-exam procedures and to address potential post rape psycho-pathology. This article reviews psychological interventions for trauma victims used in the acute post rape time frame and provides data from an ongoing clinical trial that evaluates delivery of a preventive intervention for victims presenting for forensic rape exams.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Understanding rape and sexual assault: 20 years of progress and future directions.

During the past 20 years, researchers have documented the widespread problem of rape in American society. Approximately one in four women are raped in their adult lifetime, which causes severe psychological distress and long-term physical health problems. The impact of sexual assault extends far beyond rape survivors as their family, friends, and significant others are also negatively affected. Moreover, those who help rape victims, such as rape victim advocates, therapists, as well as sexual assault researchers, can experience vicarious trauma. Future research and advocacy should focus on improving the community response to rape and the prevention of sexual assault.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Rape-myth congruent beliefs in women resulting from exposure to violent pornography: effects of alcohol and sexual arousal.

Previous research findings indicate that women suffer a variety of detrimental effects from exposure to violent pornography. This study used an experimental paradigm to examine the effects of a moderate alcohol dose and alcohol expectancies on women's acute reactions to a violent pornographic stimulus. A community sample of female social drinkers (N = 134) read an eroticized rape depiction after completing an alcohol administration protocol. As predicted, intoxicated participants were less likely to label the depicted events as rape than their sober counterparts. A path analytic model illustrated that participants' self-reported sexual arousal to the stimulus, as influenced by alcohol consumption and expectancies, resulted in increased rape myth congruent perceptions of the victim and decreased labeling of the incident as rape. Findings suggest that acute alcohol intoxication during violent pornography exposure may ultimately result in women developing more calloused attitudes toward rape and rape victims.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Predictors of medical examinations following child and adolescent rapes in a national sample of women.

Childhood rape occurs frequently in our society and is associated with adverse consequences. Despite the severity of these outcomes, there appear to be many obstacles for children to receive postrape medical care. To date, it is unclear what proportion of childhood rape victims receive postrape medical examination or what factors predict receipt of this medical care. This study instigated the factors predicting immediate medica care for women who were raped during childhood. Data for the study were obtained from the final wave of the 2-year, longitudinal National Women's Study. Results indicated that the majority of women did not receive medical care following their childhood rape. Although women raped as adolescents were more likely to receive a postrape exam, logistic regression analyses indicated that rape characteristics (e.g., reporting the assault, concerns about sexually transmitted diseases [STDs]) mediated the relationship between age of victimization and receipt of medical care. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Is disclosure of childhood rape associated with mental health outcome? Results from the National Women's Study.

Clinicians often assert that disclosure of childhood rape is beneficial to victims because it sets the occasion for protective action and can bring them into contact with professionals trained to address rape-related mental health needs. Consistent with this is the hypothesis that victims of childhood rape who disclose their victimization soon after it occurs are at lower risk for later psychosocial difficulties relative to those who delay disclosure or never disclose. We explored this issue with a nationally representative sample of 3,220 adult women; 288 (8.9%) endorsed at least one instance of forcible sexual penetration prior to age 18. Results revealed a significantly higher past-year prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episodes among women who waited longer than 1 month to disclose their rape relative to nondisclosers and women who disclosed within 1 month of the rape. Delayed disclosure remained associated with PTSD after controlling for demographic and rape characteristics. Patterns of disclosure were not associated with past-year substance-use problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Gender equality and women's absolute status: a test of the feminist models of rape.

Feminist theory predicts both a positive and negative relationship between gender equality and rape rates. Although liberal and radical feminist theory predicts that gender equality should ameliorate rape victimization, radical feminist theorists have argued that gender equality may increase rape in the form of male backlash. Alternatively, Marxist criminologists focus on women's absolute socioeconomic status rather than gender equality as a predictor of rape rates, whereas socialist feminists combine both radical and Marxist perspectives. This study uses factor analysis to overcome multicollinearity limitations of past studies while exploring the relationship between women's absolute and relative socioeconomic status on rape rates in major U.S. cities using 2000 census data. The findings indicate support for both the Marxist and radical feminist explanations of rape but no support for the ameliorative hypothesis. These findings support a more inclusive socialist feminist theory that takes both Marxist and radical feminist hypotheses into account.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed1999

Historical disclosure of rape by women attending genitourinary medicine clinics.

In a previous internal audit of women attending the department of genitourinary medicine following rape, we noted that data from diagnostic coding seemed to underestimate the problem and that anecdotally, a number of women had been seen with concerns relating to historical assault. We therefore decided to record attendance following rape prospectively. Between 1 June 1996 and 31 May 1997 staff at the Department of Genitourinary Medicine (GUM) at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh completed a data collection form for every female patient aged >15 years who attended the clinic and spontaneously disclosed a history of rape, either recent or historical. Seventy-five women attending GUM disclosed a history of rape. Sixty-six per cent were aged <25 years. Thirty women presented more than 12 months after the incidence, of whom 50% presented to the health adviser requesting HIV antibody testing. The incidence of sexually transmitted infections was low and in no case could be specifically attributed to the rape. None of the 38 HIV antibody tests performed were positive. A number of women present to GUM a long time after an incident of rape, most commonly due to concerns about HIV. They may have endured a great deal of mental anguish before summoning up the courage to seek help. This can have a substantial effect on workload, especially for health advisers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Attribution of rape blame as a function of victim gender and sexuality, and perceived similarity to the victim.

This study examined respondents' perceived level of blame and responsibility for three victims of rape, as a function of attitudes toward homosexuals, and perceived similarity to the victim, as indicative of Shaver's (1970) Defensive Attribution Hypothesis. Victims were a homosexual and heterosexual male, and a female. A sample of 168 university students completed questionnaires, which included three rape scenarios and subsequent questions, the Index of Attitudes Toward Homosexuals (Hudson & Ricketts, 1980), and the short-form Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Reynolds, 1982). Results indicated that respondents higher in homophobia (regardless of gender) blamed the homosexual male rape victim and the behavior and character of the heterosexual male rape victim, more than the female rape victim. Male respondents in general also blamed the heterosexual male rape victim, more than female respondents. Shaver's defensive attribution hypothesis was not supported. Results are discussed in terms of the possible link between homophobia and male blame.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Repeat rape and multiple offending among undetected rapists.

Pooling data from four samples in which 1,882 men were assessed for acts of interpersonal violence, we report on 120 men whose self-reported acts met legal definitions of rape or attempted rape, but who were never prosecuted by criminal justice authorities. A majority of these undetected rapists were repeat rapists, and a majority also committed other acts of interpersonal violence. The repeat rapists averaged 5.8 rapes each. The 120 rapists were responsible for 1,225 separate acts of interpersonal violence, including rape, battery, and child physical and sexual abuse. These findings mirror those from studies of incarcerated sex offenders (Abel, Becker, Mittelman, Cunningham-Rathner, Rouleau, & Murphy, 1987; Weinrott and Saylor, 1991), indicating high rates of both repeat rape and multiple types of offending. Implications for the investigation and prosecution of this so-called "hidden" rape are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Older women: victims of rape.

Older female rape victims usually live alone, are raped by strangers, experience physical force and injury, and also are robbed. Rape trauma syndrome, a nursing diagnosis, consists of an acute phase of disorganization, and a long-term phase of reorganization of the victim's lifestyle. Rape victims experience emotional, physical, and cognitive reactions to the trauma of rape. Nursing actions can include providing specific interventions to victims during the acute phase, identifying victims during routine exams, referring victims for ongoing counseling, conducting community education programs on primary prevention and available services, and participating in longitudinal rape studies.

Aged↗