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PubMedDate not supplied

Translating public health research into public health practice: outcomes and characteristics of successful collaborations.

For over five years we have been involved in a series of collaborations between academic public health and state and local public health organizations. This article briefly describes the outcomes produced and under development by these collaborations and delineates and discusses some characteristics we now hypothesize will predict successful academic/practice collaboration. These collaborative projects with public health organizations in Alabama, Indiana, and New Mexico have produced outcomes that influenced the organization of the agencies and the allocation of resources within the agencies. The collaborations also have contributed to the body of literature concerning management processes in public health agencies and influenced the teaching of strategic management to students of health services. Our experiences and interactions led to the identification of 10 characteristics we believe predict successful academic and practice collaborations, discussed in three groups as (1) characteristics of successful academic collaborators, (2) characteristics of successful collaborating public health organizations, and (3) characteristics of successful collaborative projects.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2000

Don Quixote, Machiavelli, and Robin Hood: public health practice, past and present.

Since the mid-19th century, when the first formal health departments were established in the United States, commissioners, directors, and secretaries of public health have functioned as senior members of the staffs of public executives, mayors, governors, and presidents. They have provided important political, managerial, and scientific leadership to agencies of government that have played increasingly important roles in national life, from the sanitary revolution of the 19th century to the prevention of HIV/AIDS and the control of tobacco use today. Although public health officials come from a variety of backgrounds and oversee agencies of varied size and composition, there are philosophical themes that describe and define the commonality of their work. These themes are captured metaphorically by 3 celebrated figures: Don Quixote, Machiavelli, and Robin Hood. By turns, the public health official functions as a determined idealist (Don Quixote), a cunning political strategist (Machiavelli), and an agent who redistributes resources from the wealthier sectors of society to the less well off (Robin Hood.) All 3 personae are important, but, it is argued, Robin Hood is the most endangered.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2002

Disaster epidemiology: prudent public health practice in the Pacific Islands.

Natural or technological disasters may strike a community at any time, causing death, disability, illness and material destruction. Loss of human life, healthcare costs associated with disaster-related injuries and illnesses, pain and suffering, economic loss from destruction of homes, commercial enterprises and public structures are some of the myriad ways in which the impact of the disaster may be felt by the community. Disaster managers seek to prevent, mitigate and prepare for disasters during the pre-impact phase. If and when a disaster occurs, they seek to provide timely, appropriate and effective response, relief and rehabilitation services. Disaster epidemiology arose out of a need to apply objective descriptive and analytic tools to the field of disaster management in order to improve its reievance, effectiveness, and efficiency. The table illustrates the types of studies that can be undertaken during each phase of disaster management. During the pre-impact phase vulnerability and community hazards analyses can provide useful information to public health officials responsible for prevention and mitigation of potential disasters. Epidemiologic surveys of the disaster-affected area to assess the nature and the impact of the disaster are crucial during the impact phase since the information is valuable to public health, paramedical, and medical staff in tailoring their response and relief efforts. Post-impact retrospective and prospective epidemiologic studies can assistwith the establishment of appropriate rehabilitation services. They can also serve as pre-disaster exercises since results and conclusions from these studies can help disaster managers in planning the resources needed for future disasters. Finally, there is a need for surveillance of disaster-related or emergency-related illnesses, injuries and deaths during all three phases so that baseline data is readily available for comparison during or after the disaster occurs. See Table 1.

Disaster Planning↗
PubMed2004

Ethical issues in public health: a qualitative study of public health practice in Scotland.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To identify ethical issues encountered by staff in the development and implementation of public health activities at two sites in Scotland. DESIGN: Qualitative research study involving face to face semi-structured interviews with participants. SETTING: A public health directorate in a National Health Service Trust, and a public health demonstration project in child health. PARTICIPANTS: Health promotion specialists, managers, nurses, public health consultants and specialists, researchers, trainees, and other public health staff. MAIN RESULTS: Three main categories of ethical issues were identified: paternalism, responsibilities, and ethical decision making. Consulting with the community and sharing information raised issues of paternalism and honesty. Participants identified multiple and sometimes conflicting responsibilities. Barriers to fulfilling responsibilities included meeting targets, working with partners, and political influences. Defining the limits of responsibilities posed challenges. Participants identified values for ideal decision making, but lack of time often led to a more pragmatic approach. CONCLUSION: These empirical findings complement and extend existing discussions of public health ethics, emphasising the complex nature of ethical issues in public health. The implications for public health policy and future research are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Race/ethnicity and OMB Directive 15: implications for state public health practice.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the impact of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) 1997 revised standards for the collection of race and ethnicity data on state health departments, using the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) as the primary example, and we make recommendations for states' implementation of these standards. METHODS: After analyzing the revised OMB standards, existing MDPH data sets were assessed for the impact of the revised standards on data collection, tabulation, analysis, and reporting for state health departments. RESULTS: The revised OMB standards will have an impact on the MDPH and other state health departments. Similarities and differences exist between federal and state health agencies regarding the purpose of data collection, tabulation, analysis, and reporting. These similarities and differences will affect state implementation of the revised OMB standards. CONCLUSIONS: States need to plan for the implementation of the revised OMB standards and to understand the impact of this revision on the collecting and reporting of public health data. The revised OMB standards will introduce added complexities to the collection and analysis of race and ethnicity data, but they will also produce a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of race and ethnicity to the health of the American people.

Data Collection↗