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PubMed2000

Test of a model of psychosocial resources, stress, and health among undereducated adults.

The purpose of this study was to test a model drawn from the modeling and role-modeling theory depicting relationships among psychosocial resources, perceived stress, and health for undereducated adults. A purposive sample of 171 adults enrolled at an urban adult education center completed several self-report measures: Modified Erikson Psychological Stage Inventory, Basic Need Satisfaction Inventory, Perceived Stress, and Positive Health Index. Based on a structural equation modeling analysis, psychosocial development and basic need satisfaction had significant direct effects on health, with the expected positive signs. Psychosocial development had the strongest direct effect on health and also had a strong direct effect on basic need satisfaction and an indirect effect on health. Support for the hypothesized model has important implications for nursing and other community-based care provider interventions regarding health, including strengthening psychosocial resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Effect of counselor training on skills development and psychosocial status of volunteers with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Volunteers with systemic lupus erythematosus were recruited for a telephone service to provide psychosocial support to peers. The volunteers attended an 8-week counselor training program. The aim was to evaluate the impact of the training on counselors' skill development and to record possible changes in the counselors' psychosocial status. A second group of trainees (n = 15) was used as a delayed control for the first group (n = 14). The data were analyzed using multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance. Tests chosen to monitor psychosocial status included: Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales Anxiety and Depression subscales, Arthritis Helplessness Index, Wallston General Self-Efficacy Scale, University of California at Los Angeles Loneliness Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem, and Campbell Personal Competence scales. Tests selected to measure skills and knowledge.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1994

Psychosocial and psychomotoric development of very low birthweight infants with necrotizing enterocolitis.

UNLABELLED: Twenty-six very low birthweight infants (VLBI) were treated for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). We investigated their consecutive health problems and psychosocial development. METHOD: One to 13 years after onset of NEC, follow-up studies were performed in 12 of the surviving children. Identical follow-up studies were performed in 6 VLBI who had been operated on for diseases other than NEC (control group). We used a detailed interview, a Denver test and a drawing test. RESULTS: Five children of the NEC group had major persistent health problems that impaired their psychomotoric and psychosocial development (including hearing impairment, concomitant strabismus, early onset bronchial asthma). Nine of 12 VLBI of the NEC group showed signs of reduced social contact, logopaedic problems and minimal partial skill reductions. CONCLUSION: We found similar results in both children who suffered from NEC and in a small control group of VLBI who had not suffered from NEC, therefore impaired psychomotoric and psychosocial development is probably due to prematurity.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Ecological validity and cultural sensitivity for outcome research: issues for the cultural adaptation and development of psychosocial treatments with Hispanics.

This article has two objectives. The first is to provide a culturally sensitive perspective to treatment outcome research as a resource to augment the ecological validity of treatment research. The relationships between external validity, ecological validity, and culturally sensitive research are reviewed. The second objective is to present a preliminary framework for culturally sensitive interventions that strengthen ecological validity for treatment outcome research. The framework, consisting of eight dimensions of treatment interventions (language, persons, metaphors, content, concepts, goals, methods, and context) can serve as a guide for developing culturally sensitive treatments and adapting existing psychosocial treatments to specific ethnic minority groups. Examples of culturally sensitive elements for each dimension of the intervention are offered. Although the focus of the article is on Hispanic populations, the framework may be valuable to other ethnic and minority groups.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1985

Growth at adolescence. Clinical correlates.

Several highly significant changes occur within a relatively short period of time during adolescence. Great alteration in physique, developmental progress in thinking, and psychologic gains toward attaining ego identity take place but not always synchronously. Attention is paid to physical changes because they are visible and are of intense concern to adolescents, but physicians and other professionals should remember cognitive and psychosocial growth are affected by physical growth, and vice versa. Often there is a temporary disequilibrium in the relationship of these three areas of growth, and this can affect one or another part of the developmental pattern. It is therefore necessary to remind ourselves of the diversity of adolescent growth, and of adolescents, when caring for a young patient and be cognizant of growth in areas other than physical. More and more children with congenital or acquired handicaps are living to become adolescents and perhaps adults. Handicaps can be limited to one of the three major areas of growth or involve them all in varying degrees. For example, sickle cell disease, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis may postpone physical growth for a significant period; this lack of pubertal change can affect psychosocial development but usually does not impair cognitive growth. Mental retardation may have no apparent effect on physical growth but can handicap the adolescent's psychosocial development. Growth still occurs in a sequential pattern but often it seems that handicapped youngsters reach a developmental milestone by a series of "detours." Physicians must recognize these lags or differences and try to facilitate progress, promote self-esteem, and provide understanding. Much can be done with anticipatory guidance. Adolescence often provides the opportunity to overcome past damage or, in some instances, to start anew on a more optimal program for physical and psychosocial growth. Young adolescent boys and girls usually look to the physician for factual information and guidance; they long for understanding by an adult outside of the family. If we can successfully fill their expectations, adolescents will be the better for it.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Follow-up studies of children born after frozen sperm donation.

The need to assess the health of children born after assisted reproductive technologies (ART) using frozen donor spermatozoa has been a major concern for the last decade. Most available published studies are confusing (since they are retrospective) and refer to small numbers of cases or involve a bias. Two prospective and large population-based studies have been published, one in France and the other in Australia. The general characteristics of children born after ART using frozen spermatozoa was unchanged in comparison with the general population (weight, prematurity, stillbirths, sex ratio). However, the rate of multiple pregnancy was increased, first in artificial insemination with donor semen (AID), where the use of hormonal treatment may be too heavily prescribed, and second in IVF with donor semen (IVF/D) where both the ovulation induction treatments and embryo transfer policy increase the rate of multiple pregnancies. As far as birth defects or chromosomal abnormalities are concerned, no difference has been observed from the general population. Finally, the use of frozen spermatozoa does not seem to affect the health of children conceived by AID or IVF/D. The psychosocial development of such infants is not as well known because of the confidentiality in many countries concerning sperm donation. However, the available information on the psychosocial development of these children up to the age of 8-10 years appears to be reassuring. Larger and longer studies are needed to answer such questions, particularly with regard to adulthood.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recent developments in psychosocial interventions for people with psychosis.

The advent of drug treatments for psychotic illness in the 1950s, along with changes in social policy, heralded the move from institutionalized care to community care. Over the last decade, there have been research developments in the use of psychological techniques to manage psychotic symptomatology, particularly in the realms of cognitive behavioral therapies. There is growing evidence to suggest that psychological treatments can offer an adjunct or even an alternative to traditional medical treatments for patients with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses. Opportunities have arisen for mental health nurses to learn these new approaches to caring for people with enduring mental illnesses. The impact of psychological interventions in the treatment of psychosis and the implications for mental health nursing practice are discussed.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed1992

School-aged children with Turner's syndrome.

Turner's syndrome (TS) is an abnormality of the X chromosome associated with cognitive and psychosocial adjustment problems as well as congenital anomalies. Children with TS are at risk for problems in academic achievement and psychosocial development. Recognition of these risks allows nurses to provide nursing interventions including anticipatory guidance, facilitation of parental interactions with the school, and interventions for management of problems in psychosocial development.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Sibling relationship quality: its causes and consequences.

Current work on children's individual characteristics and family processes that contribute to variation in sibling relationship quality is reviewed. Findings from these studies are summarized in a heuristic model that specifies hypothesized links among family processes, intrapersonal characteristics, and variations in sibling relationship quality. The model is designed to provide researchers with a host of hypotheses to test and refine in future studies. The contributions that sibling relationships may make to cognitive and psychosocial development are then reviewed, with a suggestion that sibling relationships comprised of a balance of both prosocial and conflicted interactions create experiences that are most likely to nurture children's social, cognitive, and psychosocial development.

Child↗
PubMed2002

The adolescent thalassemic. The complicant rebel.

Chronic hereditary conditions are expected to have a strong influence on the psychosocial development of the adolescent. Thalassaemia major is the commonest of these disorders in Mediterranean countries. In the past it was rarely seen in adolescence because the majority of patients died in childhood. The availability of treatment has allowed survival but the optimum treatment is difficult, especially chelation which consists of daily subcutaneous infusions of 10 hours duration. The adolescent patient must achieve social independence while he/she has a dependency on family, doctors and nurses and a need to strictly adhere to a difficult regime. Non-adherence will result in complications and possible fatality. Family and caretakers may become overprotective. Short stature, bone deformities and poor sexual development influence self image and self confidence. The purpose of this paper is to examine how various published studies have viewed the adolescent with Thalasaemia and to draw conclusions about the necessity for supportive services for the patients and their families. Earlier studies gave emphasis to negative psychosocial trends such as dysphoric moods, dependency, low self esteem, fears, anxiety etc. These were attributed to family stresses and over-protectiveness as well as the condition. Other studies from centers in Italy mainly, have demonstrated normal psychosocial development with better social adjustment than normal peers. Recently published data suggest that Italian patients are more compliant to treatment compared to Greek and Cypriot patients. This may be due to better psychosocial support. The need for such support is emphasized as is the need for training of doctors and nurses dealing with Thalassaemia major patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A prospective study of cognitive functioning following low-dose cranial radiation for bone marrow transplantation.

This study prospectively examined the effects of low doses of cranial irradiation on psychological development in children. The subjects were 22 children receiving bone marrow transplantation. Fifteen children receiving cranial doses ranging from 350 to 1200 cGy as part of their conditioning regimen were contrasted to seven children who were not irradiated. Measures of intellectual and psychosocial development were administered to all subjects prior to transplant and again at one-year posttransplant. There were no decrements in psychological functioning at the one-year follow-up, regardless of the dose of cranial radiation received or the age at which radiation was administered. In addition, there were no significant differences in test scores relative to baseline in a smaller cohort of children followed up for 3 years. Although no significant between-group findings were found, examination of individual cases revealed a high degree of variability, with decrements in IQ of 10 points or more found in 7 children at the one-year follow-up. Findings suggest that doses less than 1500 cGy may prove to be relatively well tolerated with respect to long-term cognitive and psychosocial development, even in young children, although caution is urged in light of the limited length of follow-up.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

The efficacy of hospitalization of nonorganic failure-to-thrive children: a meta-analysis.

This study ascertained the efficacy of hospitalization of children with nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT). A meta-analysis was performed on previously published research findings which met certain criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Two categories of outcome measures, physical growth pattern and psychosocial development, were quantitatively synthesized separately using standard meta-analytic techniques. Hospitalization was found to significantly enhance the probability of sustained catch-up physical growth among NOFTT children, but only a comparatively small effect size for hospitalization on their psychosocial development was documented. There remains need for prospective longitudinal study of effectiveness in treating NOFTT children. But meta-analysis is a powerful technique which introduces scientific rigor to the review of study results, none of which is singularly conclusive.

Child Development↗
PubMed1989

Cerebral hemispherectomy for seizures with hemiplegia.

The risk-benefit ratio of this functionally complete but anatomically subtotal hemispherectomy is strongly in favor of its more widespread and early use for the small group of unfortunate seizure patients who have maximal or near maximal hemiplegia and a complete or high-grade hemianopsia, and whose seizures constitute a significant handicap in regard to schooling and psychosocial development despite an adequate trial of appropriate antiepileptic medication. The earlier the "good" hemisphere and the upper brain are spared the nociferous effect of continual bombardment by wide-spread high-amplitude epileptiform discharges, the more effectively motor, sensory, intellectual, and psychosocial development can take place in the remainder of the nervous system.

Brain↗
PubMed1996

Child development: vulnerability and resilience.

Many of the challenges facing children now are a function of changing times, including increase in urbanization, political violence, changing family forms, and in some areas decreased supplies of adequate food. This review focuses particularly on those changes in which children are the victims and which induce new threats for them, rather than on problems such as child disability or mental illness. The outcome variables of interest in this paper are dimensions of children's psychosocial development, including cognitive development, psychological adjustment and aggression, whereas the companion paper in this issue (Caldwell P., Child survival: vulnerability and resilience in adversity in the European past and the contemporary Third World, Soc. Sci. Med.) [1] focuses on physical aspects of children's development. The risks that are hurdles in the process of development of a young child begin from conception and carry on into later life. To address them all would be impossible; thus, in order to do justice to the issues at hand, we have chosen those risks that, in our view, are important in a child's psychosocial development in developing countries. This paper will thus provide a discussion of the concepts of risk and resilience, then apply these concepts to the analysis of three examples of risk faced by children today: nutritional threats (e.g. malnutrition due to decline in breastfeeding); family dynamics and types of family forms (e.g. child fostering and non-traditional families); and experiences of violence (domestic or political). In each case, the same four questions will be addressed: what are the consequences of the risk factor for children, what are the etiologies and conditions of risk, are there any children who seem to cope with the risk factor successfully and what are some of the protective factors, and what interventions or programs would help support these children?

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[Formation of self concept in the transition from adolescence to adulthood. An empirical comparative study of psychiatric patients and healthy control probands].

The psychosocial development of psychiatrically ill and mentally healthy young adults is being explored in a series of comparative studies based on developmental tasks typical of this age. In a first study a patient group was compared with a control group with the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire as an indicator of patterns of psychosocial adaptation thus far. The patients showed significantly poorer adaptation on 10 dimensions of psychosocial life. In relation to a representative sample of young adults they especially reported disturbances in their own personality development and in family relations, but judged their adaptation to norms for behavior in public as less impaired. The nonpsychotic patients had a significantly less favorable pattern of self-concepts than the psychotic patients. The patients with affective disorders had a relatively healthy profile of psychosocial development compared with the schizophrenic patients. There was no significant difference between patients with schizophrenia of the disorganized type and other schizophrenic patients. There was a close relationship between subjective measures of self-concept and objective measures of psychosocial development, e.g. premorbid adaptation and current psychosocial development, e.g. premorbid adaptation and current psychosocial competence, in the different subgroups. The findings on self-concept seemed to be largely independent of the present severity of psychopathology.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of an inter-professional workshop to develop a psychosocial assessment and child-centred communication training programme for paediatricians in training.

BACKGROUND: The quality of psychosocial assessment of children in consultations varies widely. One reason for this difference is the variability in effective mental health and communication training at undergraduate and post-qualification levels. In recognition of this problem, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health in the United Kingdom have developed the Child in Mind Project that aims to meet this deficit in medical training. This paper describes the evaluation of a workshop that explored the experiences and expectations of health care professionals in the development of a training programme for doctors. METHODS: The one-day inter-professional workshop was attended by 63 participants who were invited to complete evaluation forms before and immediately after the workshop. RESULTS: The results showed that the workshop was partially successful in providing an opportunity for an inter-professional group to exchange ideas and influence the development of a significant project. Exploring the content and process of the proposed training programme and the opportunity for participants to share experiences of effective practice were valued. Participants identified that the current culture within many health care settings would be an obstacle to successful implementation of a training programme. Working within existing training structures will be essential. Areas for improvement in the workshop included clearer statement of goals at the outset and a more suitable environment for the numbers of participants. CONCLUSIONS: The participants made a valuable contribution to the development of the training programme identifying specific challenges. Inter-professional collaborations are likely to result in more deliverable and relevant training programmes. Continued consultation with potential users of the programme - both trainers and trainees will be essential.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Heart and liver transplantation in adolescents. Results of an expert survey].

OBJECTIVE: What counseling concepts do experts use? How do they describe the quality of life following the transplantation? How do they judge the psychosocial development of transplanted adolescents? METHOD: Four physicians and two psychologists, all working in the field of heart or liver transplantation, were interviewed. The evaluation was conducted according to Mayring's Qualitative Content Analysis. RESULTS: Counseling adolescent patients in the face of a transplantation is described as very difficult, as it is hard to estimate the extent to which they can anticipate the implications of surgery. Although from a medical point of view the quality of life improves, restrictions concerning psychosocial development persist. The relationship between the physician and the patient in the field of transplantation appears to be extraordinarily close. DISCUSSION: It became clear that the experts are highly interested in psychological research concerning transplantation in adolescents and that they prefer the use of qualitative methods in quality-of-life research. Additionally, the results stress the need for the development of psychological counseling concepts for this group of patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Symptoms, self concept and developmental delay in healthy and chronically ill adolescents with type I diabetes].

In a prospective four-year longitudinal study 108 adolescents with diabetes and 107 healthy adolescents are being compared. In this paper data are presented from the initial assessment, in which psychopathology in the two groups was compared. In addition, the effect of diabetes on psychosocial development was examined. Several questionnaires were administered to assess symptomatology, self-concept and progress on certain developmental tasks. Regarding symptomatology, diabetic youths described themselves as more normal, i.e. having fewer clinical symptoms, than did the healthy controls. In addition, they had remarkably high scores on a scale of social desirability. This latter result points to a defence mechanism. Only the group of males with poorly controlled diabetes openly acknowledged that they had problems. All of the diabetics showed clear delays in psychosocial development compared with their healthy agemates. There were significant delays in developmental areas involving achievement of autonomy from parents and orientation towards member of one's own age group (regardless of sex), and the subjects with diabetes put less emphasis than the healthy controls on the importance of being successful in these areas in the future.

Adolescent↗