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Results for “Psychophysiologic Disorders”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Why is chronic pain so difficult to treat? Psychological considerations from simple to complex care.

The treatment of patients with chronic pain can be difficult and challenging. Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved have led to viewing this condition as a multifactorial problem with interrelated structural, functional, and psychophysiologic factors. Treatment of simple chronic pain is fundamentally different from that of complex chronic pain. The former can be managed by one clinician alone, whereas the latter requires the integration of a multidisciplinary team of specialists with a biopsychosocial treatment philosophy.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Psychophysiological comorbidity and computerized biofeedback.

Our previous research on basic and applied psychophysiology comprised the quantum model for subcellular brain processes, the psychosomatic health risk assessment and management, as well as the electrodermal biofeedback psychometrics and therapy. Based on this experience, in the present paper the stress-related psychophysiological disorders in patients dependent on hemodialysis and insulin are considered. The most frequent comorbid psychological disorders appeared to be anxiety and depression, and they are generally under-diagnosed and under-treated. It is concluded that the quality of life of these patients needs to be considerably enhanced. The application of biofeedback, as a complementary cost-effective and non-invasive psychophysiological tool is recommended. In terms of ESAO vocabulary, this technique could be viewed as some kind of artificial ANS/CNS support. Simultaneously, the concept of biocompatibility may be viewed in a larger perspective as "psychobiocompatibility".

Biofeedback, Psychology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prophylactic psychiatry.

The great contributions of Gantt to the problems of prophylactic psychiatry are pointed out. The author reviews his experiences with a 30-year follow-up of a population of 1800 persons. Over the 30 years, there appeared to be a 50% increase of neuroses, which raises great problems for mental health services. The Berlevåg population was offered optimal psychiatric services. Behavior therapy of neuroses and drug treatment of depression may possibly have lowered the prevalence of mental disorders. Psychophysiologic tests were used in the project. It is hoped that such tests may be utilized for early detection and treatment of mental disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Current aspects of psychosomatic and endocrine stress research].

This review covers basic principles of (neural-)endocrine and psychosomatic aspects and its relationship to stress science. The term stress is rather imprecise, recent reviews defined stress in biological systems as any condition that seriously perturbs the physiological and psychological homeostasis of concerning organism. The review summarizes current knowledge of regulation of the HPA axis and other neural-endocrine-systems. The neurobiological data obtained suggest that inappropriate stress control involve dysfunction of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, limbic system and other brain regions. Stress induced different functional (increase of catecholamines and glucocorticoids) and structural changes in brain regions such as the hippocampus, with suppression of adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. These stress associated changes can potentially influence among other things learning and memory processes. The plasticity of brain allows to conceptualize a neurobiological perspective on psychotherapy that reflects the dynamic nature of the interaction between genes and the environment, respectively the consequences of stress. These developments point the way towards a new era of psychotherapy research and practice.

Humans↗
PubMed1995

Contribution of job strain, job status and marital status to laboratory and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension.

The effects of job strain, occupational status, and marital status on blood pressure were evaluated in 99 men and women with mild hypertension. Blood pressure was measured during daily life at home and at work over 15 h of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. On a separate day, blood pressure was measured in the laboratory during mental stress testing. As expected, during daily life, blood pressure was higher at work than at home. High job strain was associated with elevated systolic blood pressure among women, but not men. However, both men and women with high status occupations had significantly higher blood pressures during daily life and during laboratory mental stress testing. This was especially true for men, in that men with high job status had higher systolic blood pressures than low job status men. Marital status also was an important moderating variable, particularly for women, with married women having higher ambulatory blood pressures than single women. During mental stress testing, married persons had higher systolic blood pressures than unmarried individuals. These data suggest that occupational status and marital status may contribute even more than job strain to variations in blood pressure during daily life and laboratory testing.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

An archival prospective study of mental health and longevity.

The relationship between mental health status and longevity was examined in an archival prospective cohort study (N = 1,103) derived from work begun by Lewis Terman in the 1920s. Degree of psychological maladjustment, cumulatively rated by Terman and his colleagues as of 1950, was found to be related to higher risk of all-cause mortality over a 4-decade follow-up period. The differences among causes of death were nonsignificant, but there was some indication that mental health problems were more strongly related to deaths from injury and cardiovascular disease. The overall relationship was significant for men but weaker for women. The effect was not substantially mediated by alcohol consumption, obesity, or cigarette smoking.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Posttraumatic stress disorder: conceptualization and treatment.

After a long history of both scientific and political debate, the notion that extreme psychological traumatic experiences, in and of themselves, could result in a severe, even malignant, psychiatric disorder is now established. In 1980 posttraumatic stress disorder finally became an officially classified anxiety disorder. Since then, the few controlled treatment outcome studies that have been carried out appear to indicate that the most effective treatment for PTSD is some form of exposure therapy. This is not surprising in light of the fact that several other types of anxiety disorders respond well to this form of behavioral treatment. However, PTSD may be more complex than the other types of anxiety disorders, especially with regard to the variety of symptoms involved. In its chronic form or in combat-related PTSD, no one type of treatment tested so far has been successful in reducing all the symptoms of the disorder. Psychophysiological overarousal to imaginal facsimiles of the traumatic event is especially difficult to influence with treatment. Identifying techniques that reduce or at least control this arousal will likely be grist for the research mill for many years. Theoretical and conceptual formulations regarding both the etiology and treatment of the disorder are in early stages of development. It is hoped that these efforts will eventually mature our understanding of the disorder as researchers explore important issues such as (1) predisposing factors; (2) how the nature and intensity of the stressor relates to the severity of the disorder; and (3) how biological, psychological, social, and cultural variables interact to result in PTSD and to either ameliorate or exacerbate its symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects.

In a previous study, one of the authors (C.C.B.) found isolated sleep paralysis was common in blacks. In this study, conducted by interviews, a recurrent pattern (one or more episodes per month) of isolated sleep paralysis episodes in blacks was described by at least 25 percent of the afflicted sample studied. Frequent episodes were associated with stress, and subjects with isolated sleep paralysis had an unusually high prevalence of panic disorder (15.5 percent). The genetic transmission of sleep paralysis was studied in a large black family, and in addition to stressful environmental factors being associated with the condition, there appears to be a dominant genetic factor associated with the predisposition for developing sleep paralysis. The implications of these findings for stress, anxiety, sleep, and psychophysiologic disorders are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Psychological effects of military low altitude flight practice on children].

In a 2-step epidemiological study child psychiatric disorders, psychophysiological reactions and psychosocial stressors of 376 children aged 4 to 16 were recorded in two regions of Westphalia (West-Germany) with different frequencies of military low-level flights. No essential impairment of the children's health was found. However, below a clinical level we noticed significantly higher anxiety syndromescores (and to some extent of depression syndromescores) and a tendency towards higher psychophysiological arousal in the high-noise area along with no differences in psychosocial stressors. Implications of these results and aspects of child-psychiatric assessment instruments' use are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A comparison of tension headache sufferers and nonpain controls on the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory: an exploratory study with implications for applied psychophysiologists.

Studies that have examined the relationship between personality characteristics and tension headache have arrived at conflicting and, for the most part, negative results. In recent years, a number of investigators have begun examining the relationship between anger and psychophysiological disorders, focusing mostly on anger which is suppressed or held in rather than expressed behaviorally. The present study explored the relationship between anger in 59 tension headache subjects and compared their results to 33 nonpain controls. Materials consisted of the revised research edition of the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. As predicted, tension headache sufferers were found to have significantly more anger held inward than nonpain controls. Implications for applied psychophysiology treatment and future research directions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The effects of a cognitive behavioural intervention in asthmatic patients.

There is evidence that educational programmes may improve patient's compliance with asthma treatment and control symptoms. Whilst medical parameters have been thoroughly studied, few data are available concerning psychological intervention. The aim of our open pilot study was to verify whether any difference in perceived illness and response style to asthma existed in the patients enrolled in an Asthma Rehabilitation Group (ARG) and in a Control Group (CG). Forty consecutive asthmatics were randomly enrolled, all of whom were diagnosed, treated and followed-up according to the International Guidelines. Both groups underwent a psychological assessment at baseline and after one year. A battery of questionnaires was used to obtain data relating to baseline characteristics (anxiety, depression, psychophysiological disorders), emotional reactions to asthma attacks (panic-fear, etc,) and cognitive variables (external control, psychological stigma, internal beliefs, external chance, etc.) involved in the perceived illness. In addition, the Asthma Rehabilitation Group patients underwent an educational programme and a cognitive-behavioural intervention. In both groups, a reduction of anxiety and depression scores was observed, as well as a significant improvement of the medical parameters evaluated. Only the Asthma Rehabilitation Group reported lower scores on the Psychophysiological Questionnaire and on the External Control Subscale after 1 year. The Control Group reported higher score on the External Chance Scale. The data of our study seem to confirm the effectiveness of psychological intervention on the cognitive skills involved in the perception and management of asthma. Larger scale studies on this topic are suggested.

Asthma↗
PubMed1995

Sensitivity of patients with painful temporomandibular disorders to experimentally evoked pain.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) represent a group of chronic painful conditions involving the muscles of mastication and the temporomandibular joint. We determined whether patients with painful TMD are more sensitive to noxious stimuli than age-matched control subjects. Fifty-two TMD patients (16 with muscle pain and 36 with combined muscle and joint pain) and 23 age-matched and gender-matched volunteers participated. Forearm thermal pain threshold and tolerance values were determined. A submaximal effort tourniquet procedure was used to evoke ischemic muscle pain. Relative to control subjects, TMD patients had significantly lower thermal pain threshold, ischemic pain threshold, and ischemic pain tolerance values; and thermal pain tolerance values also tended to be lower. Pain sensitivity did not differ between the two groups of TMD patients. Furthermore, the submaximal effort tourniquet procedure, which is capable of altering acute orofacial pain (Sigurdsson and Maixner, 1994) did not produce a consistent reduction in orofacial pain associated with TMD. We concluded that TMD patients are more sensitive to noxious stimuli than pain-free controls. These findings provide additional evidence that TMD is a psychophysiological disorder of the central nervous system which modulates emotional, physiological and neuroendocrine responses to emotional and physical stressors.

Adolescent↗