Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Professional Practice”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Pharmacists' personal use, professional practice behaviors, and perceptions regarding herbal and other natural products.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize pharmacists' personal and family use of, professional practice behaviors regarding, and perceptions of herbal and other natural products (H/NPs), and to ascertain whether these characteristics differ by pharmacists' education, practice setting, and other demographic characteristics. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Minnesota. INTERVENTION: Cross-sectional questionnaire mailed in June 2000. PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 1,017 pharmacists with active Minnesota licenses. RESULTS: Of the 533 respondents, 282 (53%) reported personal use of H/NPs, and 240 (45%) reported having recommended H/NPs to a family member. Pharmacists working in community/outpatient settings and pharmacists living in nonurban areas were more likely to report H/NP use. Patients' requests, consumer demand, manufacturer's reputation, and manufacturer's ability to provide product quality data were key factors influencing respondents' decisions to purchase and stock H/NPs in the pharmacy. Trade journals/professional newsletters, continuing education coursework, reference texts, and reports of randomized clinical trials were considered very important sources of information about H/NPs. However, almost all respondents (95%) felt available information on H/NPs was "not adequate" or only "somewhat adequate." Half the pharmacists (51%) believed that H/NPs were safe, but only 19% believed they were effective. Slightly more than half of the respondents (56%) reported suggesting to a patient that he or she try an H/NP. The amount of government oversight of H/NPs was considered "not adequate" by 78% of pharmacists. On average, pharmacists reported that patients ask them questions regarding H/NPs 7 times per 40-hour workweek; other health care practitioners ask an average of 1.3 times per week. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists' personal use of H/NPs is as high or higher than that of other groups of Americans, and they use similar products. Decisions to stock H/NPs in a pharmacy are influenced by consumer demand and concern for product quality. Pharmacists desire more information on H/NPs and more government oversight of these products, and pharmacists are increasingly being sought out as sources of information regarding H/NPs.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Role conflict and conflict of interest: a professional practice dilemma.

BACKGROUND: The structural nature of the optometric profession requires that the majority of optometrists act both as professional health care providers and as entrepreneurial business persons. Clients in turn act both as patients seeking professional health care and as consumers who need to purchase ophthalmic products. METHODS/RESULTS: The development of the current structural nature of optometry is examined, and the concomitant moral implications and responsibilities that emerge out of the role conflicts experienced by both practitioner and patient are explained. Inasmuch as the optometrist's relationship to the patient can at times be ambiguous, the optometrist can be put in a conflict-of-interest situation. CONCLUSIONS: It is the optometrist's moral responsibility to endeavor to avoid conflict-of-interest situations, or to clarify or change them when they occur.

Conflict of Interest↗
PubMed2004

Does academic dishonesty relate to unethical behavior in professional practice? An exploratory study.

Previous research indicates that students in engineering self-report cheating in college at higher rates than those in most other disciplines. Prior work also suggests that participation in one deviant behavior is a reasonable predictor of future deviant behavior. This combination of factors leads to a situation where engineering students who frequently participate in academic dishonesty are more likely to make unethical decisions in professional practice. To investigate this scenario, we propose the hypotheses that (1) there are similarities in the decision-making processes used by engineering students when considering whether or not to participate in academic and professional dishonesty, and (2) prior academic dishonesty by engineering students is an indicator of future decisions to act dishonestly. Our sample consisted of undergraduate engineering students from two technically-oriented private universities. As a group, the sample reported working full-time an average of six months per year as professionals in addition to attending classes during the remaining six months. This combination of both academic and professional experience provides a sample of students who are experienced in both settings. Responses to open-ended questions on an exploratory survey indicate that students identify common themes in describing both temptations to cheat or to violate workplace policies and factors which caused them to hesitate in acting unethically, thus supporting our first hypothesis and laying the foundation for future surveys having forced-choice responses. As indicated by the responses to forced-choice questions for the engineering students surveyed, there is a relationship between self-reported rates of cheating in high school and decisions to cheat in college and to violate workplace policies; supporting our second hypothesis. Thus, this exploratory study demonstrates connections between decision-making about both academic and professional dishonesty. If better understood, these connections could lead to practical approaches for encouraging ethical behavior in the academic setting, which might then influence future ethical decision-making in workplace settings.

Behavior↗
PubMed1990

Theory Z as a framework for the application of a professional practice model in increasing nursing staff retention on oncology units.

Recruitment and retention of nurses is the most significant issue facing nursing administrators, educators, researchers and clinicians in the ongoing nursing shortage in the United States today. It has been cited in the literature that American nurses feel that job satisfaction is a major issue in retaining qualified nurses in hospitals. Satisfaction occurs when nurse expectations are matched with the hospital's vision and values. It is for this purpose that the authors have chosen theory Z as a hospital management model to coincide with the institution of the Marker Professional Practice Model to increase job satisfaction (autonomy) in hospital-based nurses. There are four 'hidden' challenges in health care today. They are: (a) fundamental changes occurring within the profession and practice of nursing; (b) the expanded role of women in management; (c) ethical dilemmas related to advances in medical technologies; and (d) the difficulty for health care managers in the United States to make changes related to the above three challenges. The authors feel that it is inherent to the nursing profession to combine existing theories and models to enhance the retention of nurses to the profession.

Hospital Units↗
PubMed1998

Educational clinical supervision: meeting the needs of specialist community practitioner students and professional practice.

In light of the possible demise of the community practice teacher, this paper proposes that a specific system of educationally led clinical supervision would benefit learning, teaching and assessing in the practice elements of specialist community practitioner education. Such a system would be additional to models of clinical supervision currently utilized in practice. An educative supervisory relationship would foster those skills and attributes essential for specialist community practice, enabling students to move toward mature responsible practice. It would provide experience of supportive frameworks that could be later utilized in professional practice. Clinical supervision specifically tailored for specialist community practitioner education would enable equity across branches and could be delivered in a variety of settings without a supervisor having to be 'on-site', thus benefiting comparatively isolated students in practice nursing and occupational health. To work successfully, educationally led clinical supervision necessitates a joint response by educational institutions and those practices where specialist community students undertake assessed placements. Without such a system in place to support specialist community practitioner courses, the standard of education and future practice cannot be assured.

Community Health Nursing↗
PubMed1999

Designing evaluations of interventions to change professional practice.

The design and interpretation of experimental studies to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of implementation strategies intended to change professional practice are gaining increasing attention. It has been argued that variations of the simple randomised design are most appropriate in this setting. The principles of block designs and their applicability in this field are reviewed critically, as are the choice of outcomes and approaches to economic analysis. We conclude that more complex designs are not superior per se, and that the design, choice of implementation method and topic, and analysis of such experiments should reflect the circumstances of the study.

Bias↗
PubMed1998

Professional practice issues.

The value in exploring nursing issues was publicly demonstrated in 1997 when Winnipeg perioperative nurses told of their struggle with the personal impact of professional practice issues in their workplace. Nursing issues are matters of dispute within and affecting the nursing profession. Issues evolve because of value differences which emerge as part of one's socialization process or develop as a by-product of one's life experience. The author revisits a personally experienced nursing issue and explores it according to Bowman's plan.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

[Identification of disturbed pupils within the educational system: comparative evaluation of two systems of professional practices with different approaches to providing guidance].

A study was carried out in the Poitou-Charentes region to assess and compare the professional practices in secondary schools offering two different systems of response and guidance. The evaluation method was based upon an analysis of the rates of concurrence between the evaluation of the students' answers to an epidemiological self-administered questionnaire filled out before a clinical interview, and the conclusions of the psychiatric nurses after this interview. Comparisons between the specific system and the standard general system of National Education highlighted an increased capacity of professionals in the more specific system to distinguish a high risk of suicidal tendencies from a low risk or absence of risk, while the standard system was more effective in screening and detecting overall levels of well-being across the entire student population. Moreover, the guidance support and counseling proposed in the specialised system seemed to better meet the pupils' needs more accurately than in the standard system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Family care-giving for people with dementia: some implications for policy and professional practice.

The objective of this paper is to describe one study undertaken in the north of England which sought an understanding of family care-giving for people with dementia. Data were collected by interview and diary with 14 family carers, by questionnaire with 60 professional carers, and by interview and diary from nine case studies. Family carers were found to value their continuing relationship with the person with dementia. This emphasis on their relationship together influenced the contact which they had with professional carers. The implications of this research for policy and professional practice are explored through illumination of the tensions in professional responses to family carers.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Patterns of knowing in professional practice in dealing with the abuse of older people.

The abuse of older people by someone they know and should be able to trust is a complex problem thatfaces nurses working in aged care. From the beginning days of dealing with this social problem, a great deal has been learned about elder abuse, about victims and perpetrators and about the difficulty of working in this area. A conceptual framework of knowing, such as that developed by Barbara Carper (1978), is a valuable framework to guide knowledge organisation and utilisation in confronting cases of abuse in clinical practice. This article briefly considers Carper's four ways of knowing to show how they can influence professional practice in general, and dealing with elder abuse in particular.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Crisis intervention in professional practice: implications for clinical training.

Crisis intervention as a therapeutic model has had multiple roots, and is presently defined in a sound body of principles that provides an effective framework for professional practice. However, there are several areas of ambiguity that have prevented effective use of this model by clinicians, and have hindered its inclusion in professional training programs. Strategies toward the development of an effective training model for crisis therapists are suggested.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1997

[Professional practice: yesterday and today].

Past and present in professional activity. In times of crisis the author looks back to pose the professional activity problems, not only for dentists but in general, the university graduated, based on ethics, which is apparently disappearing nowadays.

Dentistry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Is advocacy at the heart of professional practice?

This article considers the meaning of advocacy and the various forms of advocacy in existence. The author discusses whether the nursing profession sees advocacy as being at the heart of professional practice. Some of the risks that may result from advocacy are also outlined.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Tailored interventions to overcome identified barriers to change: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Strategies to implement change in health professional performance have variable impact. A potential explanation is that the barriers to implementation are different in different settings and at different times. Change may be more likely if the strategies were specifically chosen to address the identified barriers. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of strategies tailored to address specific, identified barriers to change in professional performance. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group (EPOC) specialised register and pending files until end of December 2002. English language articles only were included. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that reported objectively measured professional practice or health care outcomes in which at least one group received an intervention designed (or tailored) to address prospectively identified barriers to change. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality. We also contacted study authors to obtain any missing information. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were undertaken. MAIN RESULTS: We included 15 studies. For Comparison 1 (an intervention tailored to address identified barriers to change compared to no intervention or an intervention(s) not tailored to the barriers), there was no consistency in the results and the effect sizes varied both across and within studies.A meta-regression of a subset of the included studies, using a classical approach estimated a combined OR of 2.18 (95% CI: 1.09, 4.34), p = 0.026 in favour of tailored interventions. However, when a Bayesian approach was taken, meta-regression gave a combined OR of 2.27 (95% Credible Interval: 0.92, 4.75), which was not statistically significant. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Interventions tailored to prospectively identify barriers may improve care and patient outcomes. However, from the studies included in this review, we were unable to determine whether the barriers were valid, which were the most important barriers, whether all barriers were identified and if they had been addressed by the intervention chosen. Based on the evidence presented in this review, the effectiveness of tailored interventions remains uncertain and more rigorous trials (including process evaluations) are needed. Further research needs to address explicitly the questions of identifying and addressing barriers.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

Using organizational mission, vision, and values to guide professional practice model development and measurement of nurse performance.

An organization's mission, vision, and values statements are the guiding forces behind the institution's administrative strategic planning and performance assessment activities. Linking nursing professional practice model components and performance evaluation criteria with each of these foundational documents assures that their values, beliefs, and intentions are evident in daily work life.

Employee Performance Appraisal↗
PubMed2000

Printed educational materials: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes.

BACKGROUND: It is often assumed that merely providing information in an accessible form will influence practice. Although such a strategy is still widely used in an attempt to change behaviour, there is a growing awareness that simply providing information may not lead to appropriate changes in the practice of health care professionals. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of printed educational materials in improving the behaviour of health care professionals and patient outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group specialised register, reference lists of articles, and contacted content area experts. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials, interrupted time series analyses and non equivalent group designs with pre-post measures of interventions comparing 1. Printed educational materials versus a non-intervention control; and 2. Printed educational materials plus additional implementation strategies versus printed educational materials alone. The participants were any health care professionals provided with printed educational materials aimed at improving their practice and/or patient outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS: Eleven studies were included involving more than 1848 physicians. It proved impractical to examine the impact of interventions quantitatively because of poor reporting of results and inappropriate primary analyses. Nine studies examined comparison 1. Estimates of the benefit from printed educational materials ranged from -3% to 243.4% for provider outcomes, and from -16.1% to 175.6% for patient outcomes, although the practical importance of these changes is, at best, small. Six studies (seven comparisons) examined comparison 2. Benefits attributable to additional interventions ranged from -11.8% to 92.7% for professional behaviour, and -24.4% to 74.5% for patient outcomes. Two of the 14 estimates of professional behaviour, and two of the 11 estimates of patient outcomes were statistically significant. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The effects of printed educational materials compared with no active intervention appear small and of uncertain clinical significance. These conclusions should be viewed as tentative due to the poor reporting of results and inappropriate primary analyses. The additional impact of more active interventions produced mixed results. Audit and feedback and conferences/workshops did not appear to produce substantial changes in practice; the effects in the evaluations of educational outreach visits and opinion leaders were larger and likely to be of practical importance. None of the studies included full economic analyses, and thus it is unclear to what extent the effects of any of the interventions may be worth the costs involved.

Education, Medical, Continuing↗