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Pandora's progeny: ethical issues in assisted human reproduction.
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Fathering a child from the grave: what are the inheritance rights of children born through new technology after the death of a parent?
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Birth after death: perpetuities and the new reproductive technologies.
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Human property: threat or saviour?
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Assisted reproduction--Islamic views on the science of procreation.
The field of assisted reproduction is one of the fastest growing areas in medicine. The development of new and sophisticated techniques all aim to give reproductive technologies and scientists a better understanding of reproductive biology. The development of new techniques may also be able to improve the chances of an infertile couple towards achieving a pregnancy. However the ethics and legality of assisted reproductive technology must not be brushed aside. Islamic scholars whose reference basis resides in the Holy Quran and the Hadith have addressed different issues relating to assisted reproductive technology. Some of the issues remain controversial and need detailed discussion before it can be deemed as appropriate and legible for use as guidelines in the development of the processes involved.
Parpalaix et al. v. C.E.C.O.S. Right of the widow of a sperm donor to have the sperm of her late husband handed over to her.
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A role model of rigidity.
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Postmortem sperm procurement.
PURPOSE: We determined the prevalence of requests for postmortem sperm procurement and the degree to which procurement is performed by those working in the field of infertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Structured telephone interviews were conducted with personnel at 273 assisted reproductive facilities in the United States and Canada. The number of facilities reporting requests and the number of facilities reporting that they performed the procedure were determined. RESULTS: The prevalence of requests for postmortem sperm procurement was much greater than initially anticipated. A total of 82 requests was reported at 40 facilities in 22 different states between 1980 and 1995. More than half of the reported requests (43) were made between 1994 and 1995. Of the 82 requests 25 were honored at 14 facilities in 11 different states. No requests or procedures were reported from Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Medical advances in postmortem sperm procurement, cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization permit retrieval of sperm after death for various purposes, including posthumous fatherhood. There are no explicit ethical guidelines, legislation or relevant case law, and fertility specialists must confront these issues before proceeding in a field fraught with moral and policy uncertainties.
Legal trends in bioethics.
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Who's your daddy?: a constitutional analysis of post-mortem insemination.
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Current ethical dilemmas in assisted reproduction.
Assisted reproduction in general is replete with ethical issues, either revolving around the status of the embryo or the possible conflict between the duty of care to prospective parents, and the responsibility of the carer to the potential offspring; duties to intermediaries in gamete donation are yet another dimension, which may wane in view of the more recent technique of ICSI, a radical transformation in the treatment of male infertility. Specific problems relating to andrology are analysed within the larger context of different ethical theories.
Current European laws on gamete donation.
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Franz Kafka.
The hereditary and environmental influences on the genius of Kafka's personality are discussed. His exterior, somatic constitution is represented by photos taken during his lifetime as well as some posthumous, imaginary portraits and sculptures by various, mostly Prague, artists. The concept of the artist's psychic formation - his mental makeup - is documented from his diary, dreams, letters, literary work and reports by his friends. The whole proves his introversion, ambivalence, hypersensitivity, obstinancy, anxieties, behavioral anomalies, a life rich in fantasies and his underestimation of his own literary work. (He speaks about it as an idiosyncrasy, wishing it to be burned after his death.) Some little-known drawings by Kafka complement the picture of his talents and creativity. The psychological and psychopathological roots of his extraordinary position in the cultural awareness of his epoch are discussed.
The intuition of the negative in Playing and reality.
The author draws some parallels between his own conceptions on the work of the negative with some ideas presented by Winnicott in the ultimate version of his paper on 'Transitional objects and transitional phenomena'. He underlines the germs of the intuition of the negative in Winnicott's general theory ('not me possession', transitional object as not being the breast, the decathexis of the representation of the object). He then goes on to examine in detail the clinical material of a patient, in the last part of the paper, which has been published posthumously. In this last part the negative is mentioned explicitly and the idea is openly presented. We have here a concept of which Winnicott had the intuition without having the possibility of considering its full development and implications. It so happened that the patient whose clinical material is published in 'Playing and Reality' came to the author to continue her analytic experience. One can compare the material presented in these two analytical relationships. The author comments about his relationship with the patient and of the way she meets his own hypotheses.
Marcello Malpighi and the difficult birth of modern life sciences.
All his life, Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), the founder of modern microscopic anatomy, was unwillingly involved in difficult debates within a reactionary medical milieu that questioned the significance of modern science and its utility to medicine. Malpighi's responses to his detractors, included in posthumous works first published in 1697 by the Royal Society, offer an important insight into a critical phase of scientific progress in the 17th century and help to reveal the prevailing conception of science. In some ways, Malpighi's views predate important ideas in modern biology.
'Let me explain': narrative emplotment and one patient's experience of oral cancer.
Recent research has investigated the way in which serious illness potentially poses a threat to peoples' sense of ontological security by throwing into doubt assumptions about time and the future. One of the main ways in which people adjust to such threats is through the use of narrative (either consciously or unconsciously) which helps to make sense of illness. Of particular relevance to people learning to live with a cancer diagnosis, is the concept of 'therapeutic emplotment' developed by Del Vecchio Good et al. (1994). This concept refers to the way in which oncologists are taught to structure temporal horizons for their patients in a particular way in order to instill and maintain hope in the context of arduous and toxic treatments. Using a case-study of one man's process of adapting to oral cancer (John Diamond's posthumously published serialised diary entries in The Times), this paper investigates the way in which such 'therapeutic emplotment' is implicitly incorporated by the patient, providing an underlying plot structure to his story. Following Diamond's diary entries over the 4 years duration of his illness, this paper analytically divides them into six main stages, documenting the underlying temporal structure and themes accompanying each stage of adaptation. The paper illustrates the way in which 'therapeutic emplotment' encourages the patient to focus on the immediate present and to place faith in the efficacy of specific treatments. However, it also explores how the attempt to live in the context of such a plot is fraught with anxiety for the patient, and how it co-exists with other largely 'unspoken narratives' of uncertainty, fear and skepticism in relation to the power of medicine. The main aim of the paper is to document, for the first time, the process of 'therapeutic emplotment' from the oral cancer patient's point of view.
[Death according to old-Israeli beliefs].
In Palestine the Neanderthal men and fossil contemporary men treated the dead kinsmen in a special way which can be observed in his intentional burials. They are the evidence of the belief in life after death that probably was imagined as a continuation of earthly life. In the Bible thanatology issues do not assume the crucial importance; the descriptions of dying and posthumous continuance of a man are brief and subject to a certain development. Death is not glorified, the dead cult is forbidden, the corps are treated in a ritual context as impure objects, contaminating people and environment. Death was not considered as boundary, temporary phenomen but as a gradual outflow of life. Only in the later fragments of the Old Testament there appears the concept that in death there takes place the ultimate separation between two constituent elements of a man i.e. between body that turns into dust and soul that goes back to God. The Bible distinguishes various types of death and its causes; but it is God who is the ultimate master of life and death. The other life is considered to be a manifestation of God's blessing. The Holy Scriptures pays special attention to the words spoken by the dying man, occasionally ascribing a prophetic sense to them. Although the funeral ceremony was not ostentatious it was most of the time excessive. The funeral was organized immediately after death, usually after 8 hours and the same day if it was possible. The corpse was wrapped up in linen and buried in hewn in the rock caves or terrestrial graves; bodies were neither burnt nor mummified. "Weeping" and mourning for the deceased lasted quite short - 7 days, seldom longer. Any forms of communicating with the soul of the dead person were severely forbidden and prosecuted; they were considered as discordant with the Jahweh cult. Some of the texts seem to reveal personification of death; it is never considered, however, as a being or power independent of God.