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PubMed1992

Tumor growth changes the contribution of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during macrophage-mediated suppression of allorecognition.

Tumor-bearing host (TBH) macrophages (M phi) suppress T cell alloresponses, and this study suggests granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a molecule associated with suppressive M phi activity during tumor growth, signals more immunosuppression. In the absence of M phi, GM-CSF increased T cell proliferation in response to alloantigen. However, TBH M phi-mediated suppression of allorecogntion was further induced by GM-CSF. Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) cultures, containing normal host (NH) M phi, were either unaffected or enhanced. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a highly suppressive monokine that decreases alloreactivity, did not seem to be involved in the suppression caused by the TBH M phi/GM-CSF interaction. M phi-CSF (M-CSF) addition to cultures did not reverse the suppression caused by TBH M phi and GM-CSF, and inhibition of PGE2 synthesis did not change the response to M-CSF. TBH Ia- M phi, a suppressor population that predominates among splenic M phi during tumor growth, demonstrated significantly lower reactivity in the presence of GM-CSF. In contrast, alloresponses suppressed by NH Ia- M phi demonstrated higher reactivity in the presence of GM-CSF. The data collectively suggest that TBH M phi respond differently to GM-CSF, and that tumor-induced changes in GM-CSF responsiveness affect M phi accessory ability.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of the retinal pigment epithelium in eye growth regulation and myopia: a review.

Myopia is increasing in prevalence world-wide, nearing epidemic proportions in some populations. This has led to expanded research efforts to understand how ocular growth and refractive errors are regulated. Eye growth is sensitive to visual experience, and is altered by both form deprivation and optical defocus. In these cases, the primary targets of growth regulation are the choroidal and scleral layers of the eye that demarcate the boundary of the posterior vitreous chamber. Of significance to this review are observations of local growth modulation that imply that the neural retina itself must be the source of growth-regulating signals. Thus the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), interposed between the retina and the choroid, is likely to play a critical role in relaying retinal growth signals to the choroid and sclera. This review describes the ion transporters and signal receptors found in the chick RPE and their possible roles in visually driven changes in eye growth. We focus on the effects of four signaling molecules, otherwise implicated in eye growth changes (dopamine, acetylcholine, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and glucagon), on RPE physiology, including fluid transport. A model for RPE-mediated growth regulation is proposed.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed2003

Pore-scale analysis of anaerobic halorespiring bacterial growth along the transverse mixing zone of an etched silicon pore network.

The anaerobic halorespiring microorganism, Sulfurospirillum multivorans, was observed in the pore structure of an etched silicon wafer to determine how flow hydrodynamics and mass transfer limitations along a transverse mixing zone affect biomass growth. Tetrachloroethene (PCE, an electron acceptor, 0.2 mM) and lactate (an electron donor, 2 mM) were introduced as two separate and parallel streams that mixed along a reaction line in the pore structure. The first visible biomass occupied a single line of pores in the direction of flow, a few pore bodies from the micromodel centerline. This growth was initially present as small aggregates; over time, these grew and fused to form finger-like structures with one end attached to downgradient ends of the silicon posts and the other end extending into pore bodies in the direction of flow. Biomass did not grow in pore throats as expected, presumably because shear forces were not favorable. Over the next few weeks, the line of growth migrated upward into the PCE zone and extended over a width of up to five pore spaces. When the PCE concentration was increased to 0.5 mM, the microbial biomass increased and growth migrated down toward the lactate side of the micromodel. A new analytical model was developed and used to demonstrate that transverse hydrodynamic dispersion likely caused the biomass to move in the direction observed when the PCE concentration was changed. The model was unable, however, to explain why growth migrated upward when the PCE concentration was initially constant. We postulate that this occurred because PCE, not lactate, sorbed to biofilm components and that biomass on the lactate side of the micromodel was limited in PCE. A fluorescent tracer experiment showed that biomass growth changed the water flow paths, creating a higher velocity zone in the PCE half of the micromodel. These results contribute to our understanding of biofilm growth and will help in the development of new models to describe this complex process.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1980

Morphometry of the renal corpuscle during postnatal growth and compensatory hypertrophy.

Morphometry was used to measure the growth changes in renal corpuscle and glomerular size and composition in outer, middle, and inner cortical layers during postnatal development in normal and mononephrectomized rats. Glomerular growth was 4.16-fold in normal rats and 6.12-fold after nephrectomy. The cell populations in glomeruli showed distinctly different growth patterns. Cellular hypertrophy and hyperplasia during normal growth were 2.72 and 1.52 for epithelial cells, 0.93 and 3.70 for endothelial cells, and 1.28 and 2.65 for mesangial cells; corresponding values during stimulated growth were 2.75 and 1.92, 1.19 and 4.11, and 1.65 and 3.09. A linear transcortical gradient of corpuscle diameters was found in young animals and normal adults, with the mean volume of juxtamedullary renal corpuscles two times greater than that of subcapsular corpuscles in all animal groups. Despite their size variation, a striking transcortical uniformity was evident in the composition of glomeruli in each group with respect to the volume fractions and mean cell volume in each cell population, the volume and surface density of basement membrane, the volume and length density of capillary loops, the volume fraction of mesangial matrix, and the division of basement membrane into peripheral and axial portions.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of antegonial notch depth for growth prediction.

In recent years, some researchers have proposed that the depth of the mandibular antegonial notch can be used as a predictor of facial growth. However, the data for those studies were derived from populations with extreme morphologic characteristics. The purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that the antegonial notch depth is a useful predictor of facial growth in a longitudinal sample of untreated growing patients selected at random. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were obtained from 20 males and 20 females at 3 times, approximating prepubescence (8.5 years), adolescence (12 years), and adulthood (> or = 17 years). These 40 subjects were randomly chosen from a longitudinal sample of untreated growing patients. Prepubescent and adolescent antegonial notch depths were correlated with vertical and horizontal growth changes of the jaws from the age of 8.5 years to adulthood. Correlation analysis revealed a statistically (but not clinically) significant negative relationship (0.40 < or = r < or = 0.47; P < or =.05) between adolescent antegonial notch depth and horizontal growth of the maxilla and the mandible from adolescence to adulthood. Previous investigators have proposed that antegonial notch depth, when extreme in magnitude, might be used to predict facial growth. We concluded that antegonial notch depth fails to provide sufficient indication of future facial growth to warrant its application as a growth predictor in a nonextreme population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Nutrition studies in Thailand: effects of calories, nutrient supplements, and health interventions on growth of preschool Thai village children.

A study of the effects of providing high-calorie and vitamin-mineral supplements to preschool village children retarded in growth and development in Chiang Mai, Thailand was done. The preschool children of 24 villages with a population of approximately 11,000 were divided into five control and intervention groups. The interventions consisted of a village health program, high-calorie snacks, and vitamin-mineral supplements. The supplements when used were provided in day care centers for preschool children. The health and nutrition interventions used did not significantly affect growth during the study period reported from December 1981 to October 1983. Monthly changes in length and weight observed in this and a previous study indicate that growth patterns in Thai children are different from those seen in industrialized societies. Factors other than lack of nutrients and infection may be responsible for the inadequate growth often reported in developing countries.

Body Height↗
PubMed1985

Body weight and the initiation of puberty.

The onset and progression through the various stages of puberty are influenced by a number of factors (Fig. 2). In both animals and humans, the age of puberty appears to be related more to body weight than to chronologic age. Undernutrition and low body fat, or an altered ratio of lean mass to body fat, seem to delay the adolescent spurt and to retard the onset of menarche. According to Frisch, a minimum level of fatness (17% of body weight) is associated with menarche; however, a heavier minimum weight for height, representing an increased amount of body fat (22%), appears necessary for the onset and maintenance of regular menstrual cycles in girls over 16 years of age. This critical amount of body fat implies that a particular body composition, in addition to other environmental and psychosocial factors, is important in triggering and maintaining the pubertal process.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Age related bladder capacity and bladder capacity growth in children with myelomeningocele.

PURPOSE: Currently the relationship between bladder capacity and age in children with myelomeningocele is inadequately understood, such that nomograms derived from neurologically normal children are inappropriately applied to the myelodysplastic population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate age related bladder capacity and bladder capacity growth in children with myelomeningocele, and compare them to those of age matched, neurologically intact children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bladder capacity was determined by cystometrography in children with myelodysplasia. Regression analysis was used to derive a relationship between bladder capacity and patient age. Data were stratified by sphincter activity, bladder sensation and uninhibited contractions, and regression analysis was repeated. To evaluate serial growth change in bladder capacity divided by time yielded a yearly bladder capacity growth rate in patients who underwent 2 cystometrograms done at least 3 months apart before age 9 years. RESULTS: A total of 506 children satisfied study inclusion criteria. Bladder capacity (BC) was related to age for the first 9 years by the linear equation, BC = 24.5 (age) + 62. This equation is approximately 25% less steep than published age related bladder capacity in neurologically intact children using the formula, 32 (age) + 73. After data stratification bladder capacity in children with sphincter activity, bladder sensation or no uninhibited contractions approached that of neurologically intact children. In contrast, children without sphincter activity or bladder sensation, or with uninhibited contractions had markedly smaller age related bladder capacity. Bladder capacity growth in the subgroup of 55 children in whom 2 cystometrograms were performed at least 3 months apart before age 9 years confirmed a mean gain in capacity of 24 cc per year. CONCLUSIONS: Normal bladder capacity in children with myelodysplasia is approximately 25% less than in age matched, neurologically intact children. The bladder grows approximately 24 cc per year until age 9 years. When there is failure to store urine, bladder capacity is much smaller, while children with good storage features may attain the bladder capacity expected of age matched, neurologically intact children.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Growth and ethylene evolution by shade and sun ecotypes of Stellaria longipes in response to varied light quality and irradiance.

Plants growing in the shade receive both low light irradiance and light enriched in far red (FR) (i.e., light with a low red (R) to FR ratio). In an attempt to uncouple the R/FR ratio effects from light irradiance effects, we utilized Stellaria longipes because this species has two distinct natural population ecotypes, alpine (dwarf) and prairie (tall). The alpine population occupies the open, sun habitat. By contrast, the prairie population grows in the shade of other plants. Both 'sun' and 'shade' ecotypes responded with increased stem elongation responses under low irradiance, relative to growth under 'normal' irradiance, and this increased growth was proportionally similar. However, only the shade ecotype had increased shoot elongation in response to a low R/FR ratio. By contrast, the sun ecotype showed increased stem elongation in response to increasing R/FR ratio. Varying the R/FR ratios had no significant effect on ethylene evolution in either sun or shade ecotype. Under low irradiance, only the sun ecotype showed a significantly changed (decreased) ethylene evolution. We conclude that R/FR ratio and irradiance both regulate growth, and that irradiance can also influence ethylene evolution of the sun ecotype. By contrast, R/FR ratio and irradiance, while having profound influences on growth of the shade ecotype, do not appear to regulate these growth changes via effects on ethylene production.

Ethylenes↗
PubMed1985

Infant outcome, fetal growth, and pregnancy care: relationships in Indonesian university obstetrics.

The risk of perinatal death is displayed for '56 growth combinations', then contracted into 16 gestational age/birthweight categories (GA/BW) with additional control for antenatal visits (AV;CARE) for 36 000 singleton birth deliveries monitored in Indonesia from 1978-1980. For virtually all GA/BW combinations, the risk of perinatal death (PD) drops impressively with pregnancy care (Care effect on PD). Fetal growth curves are then displayed by infant outcome, the BW difference being the deficit birthweight (DBW) that may serve as a specific life-death growth standard (LDGS)--a reference system in relation to which fetal growth curves, to be controlled for factors other than infant outcome, may be studied. By controlling for maternal education and pregnancy care, the fetal growth curve associated with high pregnancy care and low education (HIAV/LOED) is more favorable than that for low pregnancy care and high education (LOAV/HIED). In Indonesia then, pregnancy care is more important than formal education in the reduction of not only perinatal mortality but also low birthweight (Care effect on fetal growth).

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1991

Long-term follow-up of children with surgically treated vesicorenal reflux: renal growth.

Renal growth after successful surgical correction of vesicoureterorenal reflux (VUR) in childhood was observed in 137 female and 22 male patients over a mean follow-up period of 10.5 years. The renal parenchymal area was determined using a compensatory planimeter. For each measured value, the standard deviation score (SDS) was calculated by comparison with a normal population. On average, renal growth after reflux operation nearly paralleled the expected normal growth rate. Scarred kidneys had a worse growth prognosis than refluxing renal units (RU) without renal damage, growth retardation being correlated with the degree of pyelonephritic changes. The diminished growth rate of scarred kidneys was accompanied by a compensatory growth of the contralateral kidney. In the absence of renal scars, a modest tendency toward growth retardation was seen in kidneys with previously high degrees of VUR. In 39.7% of the unscarred RU with an initial SDS less than -0.5, accelerated growth (change in SDS of 0.5 or more) was observed. Accelerated growth was most accentuated on small unscarred kidneys (initial SDS less than -2.0).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Follicular growth and atresia during the last half of the luteal phase of the guinea pig estrous cycle: relation to serum progesterone and estradiol levels and utero-ovarian blood flow.

The relationships among follicular growth, changes in serum progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) levels, and utero-ovarian blood flow (OBF) through the guinea pig ovary were examined during days 7-16 of the luteal phase (day 0 = estrus) of the estrous cycle and during the subsequent ovulatory (proestrous-estrous) period. Follicles were classified as either viable or atretic based on strict criteria and grouped according to diameter. No changes in follicular growth were observed between days 7-9 of the cycle when serum P levels were elevated and OBF was at low rates. Between days 13-15 when serum P levels were low and both OBF and serum E levels were rising, there was a dramatic increase in the number of viable follicles present in all follicle classes. As the percentage of viable follicles increased, the number of atretic follicles in each size population decreased. Peaks in the number of large follicles (300-450 microns), OBF, and serum E levels were observed during the subsequent ovulatory period. These data suggest that as luteal activity declines during the last half of the estrous cycle, follicular recruitment and growth are stimulated. The concomitant elevations in OBF suggest a supportive role for this parameter in follicular development. In turn, the subsequent elevation in serum E levels serves as an index of follicular maturation. These data suggest that the elevated P levels during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle may either directly or indirectly, through the regulation of gonadotropin secretion, regulate follicular growth in the guinea pig.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Body mass index reference norm for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a national body mass index (BMI) reference norm for the purpose of screening and more active prevention and cure on overweight and obesity in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS: The 2000 Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health was used as reference population. In total there were more than 244.2 thousands of primary and secondary Han nationality students aged 7 through 18 years old included in this study. The BMI distribution of various Chinese children and adolescent groups were compared with the NCHS international norm, the percentage values and with advanced ages, were calculated. In the beginning, three temporary norms were set up, using the different combination of P(85), P(90) and P(95) BMI percentages. Based on the intersect testing and varifying of physiological, lipidemia biochemical and body composition measures, the best norm was then selected. B-spline smoothing method was used to correct the curves, both for males and females, composed by cut-off points at different ages. RESULTS: Using samples from the costal developed metropolis, the BMI curves successfully overcame the shortcomings of low and depressive phenomenon of the total population, in particular after the mid-adolescent period. The temporary Norm II, composed by cut-off points of P(85) for overweight and P(95) for obesity, was found to be the best among the three temporary norms, both shown by its sensitivity and specificity. 24 and 28 were used as cut-off points for overweight and obesity in this norm, both for males and females aged 18 years. These two cut-off points were consistent with those shown in the Body Mass Index Reference Norm for Screening Overweight and Obesity in Chinese Adults. Three samples from Beijing, Henan and Sichuan, used as representatives of upper, middle and relative low levels of physical growth of children and adolescents in China, were used for extra tests. The screening results showed that among the male and female subjects aged 7 through 18 years, the prevalence rates were 17.00% and 9.46% for overweight, 9.99% and 6.47% for obesity in Beijing while 10.86% and 6.64% for overweight, 4.27% and 3.07% for obesity in Henan, and 6.95% and 4.23% for overweight and 2.84% and 2.09% for obesity in Sichuan, respectively. Data clearly showed that the results were in accordance with the actural situation seen in the Chinese students in 2000. CONCLUSION: The newly established reference norm seemed to be good for prospective studies as it considered the facts regarding the rapid and strong tendency of secular growth changes seen in the Chinese children and adolescents. It also decreased the difference of growth levels between the Chinese children and adolescents and those of the international norms. This norm was particularly developed for the Chinese which was also in consistent with the Eastern Asia ethnic characteristics so could be promoted in China.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Inter-generation differences in foot morphology: aging or secular change?

Inter-generation differences in foot dimensions were examined using ANCOVA to determine whether aging or secular change is the more important causal factor. In examining the results, bone size was assumed not to change after the end of linear growth, while foot arches were assumed to become flatter rather than higher if there were any changes in skeletal structure. Changes in overall body build according to age were examined using statistical data collected by the government through population-follow-up. Secular changes in foot length (FL) and foot breadth, diagonal (FB) as well as the changes with age in FB were examined using data measured at ages younger than 50 years. The effects of overall body build were examined using the body mass index (BMI). Compared to the 1970 group (birth year: 1960-78) of the same FL, the 1930 group (birth year: 1909-39) had larger foot circumferences, wider breadth measurements, higher dorsal arches and ball, and greater toe 5 angle, but had shorter fibular instep lengths and shorter 5th metatarsal bones. The 1930 groups tended to have larger FB than the 1970 group of the same foot circumference. No inter-generation differences were observed in the heights at the medial and lateral malleoli, toe 1 angle, or the relationship between FB and heel breadth. These findings are discussed in terms of the effects of weight increase after the end of linear growth, changes in skeletal structure, overall body build as young adults, socioeconomic status during the growth period, as well as differential growth rates of foot bones. The conclusions are 1) changes in foot length and longitudinal arches due to aging are negligible, 2) the large circumferences, breadths, and higher dorsal arches and ball of the 1930 group for their foot length are better explained by their robust bones than by the increase in soft tissue after the end of linear growth, and 3) the larger FB of the 1930 group for their foot circumference is partly explained by their shorter fibular instep length. As a whole, factors affecting growth (secular change) are more important than changes after the end of growth (aging) in the inter-generation differences in foot morphology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Nutritional support of the medical oncology patient.

Our current ability to favorably influence the adverse consequences of malnutrition in adult patients with established cancer is quite limited. Nutrient provision alone has not been successful in this regard. In fact, the approach of managing cancer patients with weight loss by solely providing calories is almost entirely extrapolated from clinical situations in which the presence of cancer is not a confounding problem and, therefore, may well be seriously flawed. These conclusions may not apply to situations in which special considerations hold, such as childhood malignancies and bone marrow transplantation. Current clinical management strategies for the cancer patient with weight loss require appropriate attention to the potential influence of the selected intervention on more than one parameter. As illustrated in Figure 1, nutritional support, whether by nutrient provision, pharmacologic administration, or a combination approach, differentially influences several parameters including nutritional status, abnormal host metabolism, gastrointestinal symptoms, and/or tumor growth. Changes in these parameters will influence the true end points with clinical relevance, which are patient survival and quality of life. Increased survival of patients with metastatic cancer has been difficult to achieve, even using chemotherapeutic regimens targeted directly at cancer growth. Similarly, nutritional support for patients with advanced cancer has not demonstrated improvement in this refractory parameter. Therefore, at the present time, clinicians must judge whether a nutritional support modality will favorably or unfavorably influence patient quality of life. This end point is of emerging importance in studies of nutritional support in cancer populations. Potential interrelationships among parameters influenced by nutritional support and their effect on clinically relevant end points are conceptually outlined in Figure 1. It is likely that concurrent attention to both optimal provision of nutrients and reversal of abnormal metabolism will be required if successful nutritional support approaches are to be described. Currently emerging clinical results provide some optimism for the future, but they do not unequivocally support the present routine application of any one particular nutrition support strategy for the medical patient with cancer.

Cachexia↗
PubMed1990

[A study of the growth changes of the alveolar arch in Chinese infants].

Sillman, Abe, and Ichilkawa demonstrated that the alveolar arches of infants change with growth and development. They considered that the shape and dimensions of the dental arch will change as the growth of the alveolar arch in infants proceed. They also suggested that recording the growth pattern of the alveolar arch might help us predict the future development of the dental arch. Our material consisted of maxillary and mandibular casts of 164 Kaohsiung infants. It was obtained after pooling the data of studies of Child Dental Growth and Development for research conducted under the direction of Dr. Tien-Yu Shieh of the School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical College. After being examined at the Pediatric Health Center, Chung Ho Memorial Hospital, K.M.C., 106 male infants and 58 female infants from two months to twelve months of age were selected. All individuals were free of abnormalities, chronic disease, or cleft lip and palate. The dimensions of the upper and lower arches were measured with a vernier in combination with other special devices. The growth and developmental curves of the lengths and widths of the alveolar arches were plotted using the means of the alveolar lengths and widths. Results demonstrated that the dimensional coefficients of variance of the anterior alveolar length were greater than those of the other dimensions. The anterior alveolar length varied the most for any given age (in months). The posterior alveolar width and mandibular whole alveolar length showed the least amount of change from two months to twelve months of age. Comparison of the right and left side of the alveolar vector dimension showed no significant difference. It was noted that the alveolar arches of male and female infants grew rapidly. The growth and developmental curves of the alveolar arches of male infants were more steep and rapid than those of female infants. As compared with previous investigations of the Japanese population, the maxillary anterior alveolar lengths and anterior alveolar widths of the present investigation were greater than those of Japanese infants.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1986

Is chloride depletion an important contributing cause of death in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia?

A retrospective analysis of infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia requiring prolonged hospitalization (greater than 100 days) was carried out to determine those factors associated with fatal outcome. Twenty-three infants made up the study population. Eleven infants died and 12 survived (survivors). No differences were noted between the groups regarding ventilator requirement, radiographic changes, and medication use (digoxin, aldactazide), except for furosemide which was used twice as frequently in the group of infants who died v the group of infants who survived (P less than .001). Differences noted between the groups included moderate hypochloremia (chloride less than 80 mEq/L) in all 11 infants who died v six of 12 survivors, severe hypochloremia (chloride less than 70 mEq/L) in the nine of 11 infants who died v two of 12 survivors, metabolic alkalosis (pH greater than 7.45) in nine of 11 infants who died v three of 12 survivors, hypertension (systolic BP greater than 113 mm Hg) in eight of 11 infants who died v one of 12 survivors, decrease in head growth in ten of the 11 infants who died v one of the 12 survivors; these differences were all significant (P less than .001). The metabolic alkalosis and head growth changes appear to be related to the hypochloremia. The data suggest that chloride deficiency may be an important contributing factor in the genesis of poor outcome in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and that close attention to chloride supplementation might influence outcome.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1985

Palatal dimensions in 45,X-females.

Seventy-two females with 45,X-chromosome complement were examined for palatal dimensions, and the results of the measurements were compared to those of first-degree normal female relatives of the study subjects and population control females. Hard stone casts were prepared for measuring widths and lengths of the maxillary alveolar arch and palatal height between or at the level of the permanent canines, first and second premolars, and first molars with a palatometer and sharp-pointed vernier calipers (0.5 mm). According to the analyses of covariance (history of orthodontic treatment and loss of permanent teeth as cofactors and age as covariate), the differences in palatal dimensions between the groups were statistically significant or highly significant for all dimensions except for palatal height in the posterior segments. The group of the 45,X-females had the highest mean value for palatal height at the level of the canines and systematically the lowest mean values for palatal width in all segments, while no clear difference could be found in the length of the alveolar arch between the 45,X-females and the relatives, the population control group showing the lowest value in the posterior segments. The findings of this study indicate that the narrowed palate rather than the high palate is a frequent but not definite feature in 45,X-females. This may reflect the effect of sex-chromosomes on width but not other dimensions of the palate, resulting in deficiency of transversal growth of the palate possibly through decreased growth of the palatal shelves or through disturbances in the growth of the nasal septum, sutural growth, or--to which the exostosis on the palatal alveolar plates would refer--disturbances in apposition-resorption growth changes of the maxilla.

Adolescent↗