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Results for “Paternal Behavior”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

The role of chemical and visual stimuli in the preferential discrimination of young by the cichlid fish cicblasoma nigrofasciatum (günther).

During the parental period, females of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum have demonstrated a keen ability to locate and preferentially discriminate their own wiggling young from those of other species on the basis of chemoreception. Males also apparently perceive chemical substances emitted by their young, but their response is weak in comparison to that of the female. There was no apparent perception of chemical substances emanating from eggs until 10 to 15 hours prior to hatching at which time, females began responding to them. No clear nor consistent preference by visual means, alone was shown by pairs of C. nigrofasciatum toward wiggling young of either their own species or those of Hemichromis; however, rapid preferential discrimination, by such means, was shown when a pair's own wiggling young were tested with free-swimming young of a foreign species. Vision apparently serves primarily for orienting the parents to young during their wiggling stage of development, while chemoreception serves primarily a discriminative function, at least, when both chemical and visual stimuli are present in a given situation. Once the free-swimming stage of development has been reached, parental vision not only continues to mediate orientation to the young, but also assumes an increasing role in discriminating among different types of young. When combining the chemical stimuli of wiggling young of their own species with the visual stimuli of either these same young or wiggling young of another species, females of C. nigrofasciatum apparently can learn, within 15 to 19 hours, sufficient visual characteristics to show preferential discrimination, at least, for a period of 5 to 7 hours after removal of the chemical stimuli. This result was in sharp contrast to that seen when visual stimuli, alone were tested for the same or longer periods. The interaction of chemical and visual stimuli in young recognition by parental cichlids and the relevance of the present findings to previous studies, dealing with similar mechanisms, are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Social behavior of the conilurine rodents (Muridae) of Australia.

This paper describes in detail the elements of social behaviour and social organizations of four closely related rodents (Notomys alexis, Pseudomys albocinereus, P. shortridgei and P. desertor) from diverse habitats, and the social organizations of seven other conilurine rodents are described briefly. Most of the data were determined from quantitative observations of animals caged in twos or in larger groups for at least ten days. Breeding pairs were observed daily throughout pregnancy and parenthood. A dispersed organization and three types of communal organization are described, and evolutionary trends in dispersion and territoriality, cohesion, communication and co-operation are discussed.

Agonistic Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pup-induced maternal behavior in adult and juvenile rats exposed to alcohol prenatally.

The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on pup-induced maternal behaviors were examined in virgin rats whose mothers consumed liquid diets containing either 35 or 0% ethanol-derived-calories (EDC) on days 6-20 of gestation. A pair-feeding procedure was utilized to control for reduced caloric intake and, in addition, an ad libitum lab chow group was included to control for possible liquid diet effects. The results from experiments 1 and 2 revealed a sexually differential effect on this behavior in adult virgins exposed to alcohol in utero. Adult 35% EDC females showed a variety of deficits in maternal behaviors relative to controls; however, males with similar prenatal treatment appeared unaffected. In experiment 3, both 35% EDC male and female juveniles displayed altered maternal behaviors relative to controls. These results demonstrate yet another behavior sensitive to prenatal alcohol exposure. Prenatal hormonal alterations occurring as a consequence of maternal alcohol consumption may be a mechanism by which this long term behavioral effect is observed. This hypothesis and the importance of future research in this relatively new area of fetal alcohol studies are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Family interaction and communication deviance in disturbed and normal families: a review of research.

Recent family interaction studies are reviewed with an emphasis on looking for dimensions along which disturbed and normal families differ. Several areas of consistency in the literature were found, including: family coalition patterns, patterns of conflict, flexibility versus rigidity, family effectiveness and efficiency, and deviant styles of communication. It was concluded that several measures reliably discriminate disturbed from normal families and that one type of measure in particular is a reliable predictor of thought disorder in offspring. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1999

Change, disengagement, and renewal: relationship dynamics between young adults and their fathers after divorce.

Little is known about children's perceptions of their parents' divorce or how children construct meaning around the divorce and their subsequent relationships with their parents. The focus of this study was to learn about the experiences and the meanings young adults had constructed about the divorce process and their relationships with their fathers in the years after the divorce. The findings revealed a broad spectrum of experiences and several key issues that gave meaning to both the disengagement and the reengagement with their fathers. Loss, trust, acceptance, availability, and support are a few of the vital issues addressed. Implications for family therapists are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds.

Life history theory predicts that parents should value their own survival over that of their offspring in species with a higher probability of adult survival and fewer offspring. We report that Southern Hemisphere birds have higher adult survival and smaller clutch sizes than Northern Hemisphere birds. We subsequently manipulated predation risk to adults versus offspring in 10 species that were paired between North and South America on the basis of phylogeny and ecology. As predicted, southern parents responded more strongly to reduce mortality risk to themselves even at a cost to their offspring, whereas northern parents responded more strongly to reduce risk to their offspring even at greater risk to themselves.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Paternalism and partial autonomy.

A contrast is often drawn between standard adult capacities for autonomy, which allow informed consent to be given or withheld, and patients' reduced capacities, which demand paternalistic treatment. But patients may not be radically different from the rest of us, in that all human capacities for autonomous action are limited. An adequate account of paternalism and the role that consent and respect for persons can play in medical and other practice has to be developed within an ethical theory that does not impose an idealised picture of unlimited autonomy but allows for the variable and partial character of actual human autonomy.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1985

Paternalism modernised.

The practice of paternalism has changed along with developments in medicine, philosophy, law, sociology and psychology. Physicians have learned that a patient's values are a factor in determining what is best for that patient. Modern paternalism continues to be guided by the principle that the physician decides what is best for the patient and pursues that course of action, taking into account the values and interests of the patient. In the autonomy model of the doctor-patient relationship, patient values are decisive. In the paternalistic model, they are but one among several factors the physician must consider in making a medical decision. Although difficult to practise because of limitations in empathising with another person, modern paternalism remains a way to achieve maximum patient benefit.

Beneficence↗
PubMed1986

Ethical dilemmas in nursing.

Nurses are increasingly realising that they can offer relevant information and participate in decision-making involving ethical issues. However, inter-professional communications are frequently inadequate, and do not permit exchange of opinions. The consequences are often frustrating and upsetting for nurses whose care is affected by others' policies. This paper explores these issues using some clinical examples.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Can paternalism be modernised?

The contention that paternalism can be modernised in such a way as to avoid the usual criticisms is examined and dismissed. The alleged 'modernisation' consists simply in going through the motions of achieving the patient's free consent, while leaving the ultimate decision to the physician. Paternalism in this form is no better than the more old-fashioned variety, since it still takes away from patients the fundamental human right to make decisions about their own fate.

Disclosure↗