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Family planning use often a family decision.
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Intra-family bargaining and time allocation.
"This paper investigates a new empirical implication of the cooperative bargaining model of family decision-making: the effect of threat point variations on time allocation decisions of the husband and wife....The bargaining model examined in this paper utilizes the cooperative game theory approach which assumes, among other things, that both players (spouses) know each other's utility function. With many family decisions such as marital dissolution, timing and spacing of children, labor market entry or reentry for the wife, it is not necessarily true that the preferences of each spouse are accurately known by the other.... In the context of the two-period model sketched out in this paper, bargaining between husband and wife over the extent of human capital investment for the wife, and the time allocation tradeoffs necessary to attain such an investment might be fruitfully modelled in a noncooperative framework." Data are from a variety of sources, including a University of Michigan study of couples' time-allocation patterns in 37 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.
[Abortion and maternal morality, 1968-1978].
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Reproduction and the new man.
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Women and AIDS prevention: assessing the options.
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HIV-positively.
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Does choice make a difference to contraceptive use? Evidence from east Java.
This study investigates sustained use of contraceptives among women in East Java, Indonesia. Interest is focused on the effect of whether the client's choice of contraceptive method was granted or denied, and the interaction between whether choice was granted or denied and husband-wife concurrence concerning method choice. Data were collected twice in a panel survey. The first round was conducted in family planning clinics among women initiating contraceptive use; the second was a follow-up household survey carried out 12 months later. Whether the user was granted her choice of method was found to be a very important determinant of sustained use of contraceptives. The interaction between whether choice was granted and whether there was husband-wife concurrence on method choice was also important. The highest rate of discontinuation occurred when method choice was denied in the presence of husband-wife agreement on method choice, and the lowest rate occurred when method choice was granted in the presence of such concurrence. The results imply that contraceptive continuation can be enhanced either when family planning workers pay more attention to the stated desires of their clients, or when policy is instituted allowing clients to use their method of choice.
Implications of the sexual revolution.
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Letters to loved ones: please don't bring HIV home.
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HIV/STD-protective benefits of living with mothers in perceived supportive families: a study of high-risk African American female teens.
BACKGROUND: The joint influence of living with the mother in a perceived supportive family may be an important HIV/STD-protective factor among sexually active female adolescents. METHODS: Sexually active African American female adolescents (N = 522) completed a self-administered survey and structured interview. Adolescents scoring high on family support and reporting that their mother lived with them were compared with the remaining adolescents in respect to unprotected vaginal sex (past 30 days), sex with a non-steady partner (past 6 months), communication with sex partners, attitudes toward condoms, and perceived ability to negotiate condom use. Logistic regression analyses controlled for the influence of parent-adolescent communication about sex and parental monitoring. RESULTS: Adolescents residing with their mothers in a perceived supportive family were more likely to communicate with their sex partners about sexual risk (OR = 1.53). They were less likely to report sex with a non-steady partner (OR = 0.51) or having unprotected sex with a steady partner (OR = 0.52) or any partner (OR = 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: Controlled analyses suggest that living with the mother in a perceived supportive family is an important HIV/STD-protective factor among female adolescents. HIV/STD prevention programs for female adolescents that include the mothers may promote positive and lasting effects.
Communicating with new sex partners: college women and questions that make a difference.
Despite efforts of sexuality educators, many college women are uninfluenced by information about risks of contracting a sexually transmitted disease or initiating an unintentional pregnancy. This study used an anonymous questionnaire administered to 438 never-married undergraduate women to investigate the failure of college women to ask new sex partners about sexual histories prior to sexual intercourse. Significant differences were found between the three subsample groups: those who "almost always" (AA), "sometimes" (S), or "rarely" (R) asked their sex partners about sexual histories. At first sexual intercourse, AA group women were significantly more likely to have been in a committed relationship, to have been contracepted, and to have been older; and they were less likely to have been under the influence of alcohol or other mind-altering substances. Furthermore, AA group women also reported fewer sex partners than other respondents. They also were more likely to discuss sexually related topics with their partners, to reach sexual decisions by their own thoughts, and to set personal goals.
Training profoundly retarded adults to communicate using handguiding.
Four multiply disabled, profoundly retarded young adults received two series of instructional activities designed to teach them to use handguiding to communicate basic needs and intents. All had failed in previous attempts to learn to communicate using augmentative devices and strategies. Caregivers and staff served as partners in communication. Three of the four subjects were successful in learning some basic communication skills using the strategy of having a partner and handguiding as a technique.
Sex therapy for erectile dysfunction: characteristics of couples, treatment outcome, and prognostic factors.
Outcome and prognostic factors were studied in 36 couples who entered sex therapy because of the male partners' erectile dysfunction. Treatment was completed by two thirds. Noncompletion was associated with lower socioeconomic status, the female partner having a history of psychiatric treatment, pretreatment poorer motivation of the male partner, poor communication in the general relationship, and less sexual pleasure experienced by the female. A positive treatment outcome occurred in 69.4%, and was associated with better pretreatment communication and general sexual adjustment, especially the female partner's interest and enjoyment of sex, absence of a positive psychiatric history in the female partner, and a couple's early engagement in homework assignments. Results highlight important aspects of the initial assessment, indicate couples for whom the initial phase of treatment should be prolonged and modified or an alternative approach considered, and have implications for assignment of couples to treatment groups in evaluative studies of therapy.
Contraceptive decision making in a sample of Jordanian Muslim women: delineating salient beliefs.
In this article, the authors identify attitudes, normative beliefs, and behavioral control beliefs of Muslim Jordanian women with regard to avoiding unplanned pregnancy and using specific contraceptive methods. Based on Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of planned behavior, open-ended questions were used in audio-taped face-to-face interviews with 25 married 19-44-year-old Jordanian Muslim women. A majority of respondents interviewed were currently using an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception. Few women were using oral contraceptives, condoms, or the rhythm method and none of them reported using foam or a diaphragm. Content analyses of narrative transcriptions suggest the individual's concerns for family and individual well-being, as well as husbands' and families' opinions, may influence women's contraceptive behavior in this population.
Women's fears and men's anxieties: the impact of family planning on gender relations in northern Ghana.
The Navrongo experiment, a family planning and health project in northern Ghana, has demonstrated that an appropriately designed, community-based family planning program can produce a change in contraceptive practice that had been considered unattainable in such a setting. Simultaneously, however, evidence suggests that newly introduced family planning services and contraceptive availability can activate tension in gender relations. In this society, where payment of bridewealth signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, there are deeply ingrained expectations about women's reproductive obligations. Physical abuse and reprisals from the extended family pose substantial threats to women; men are anxious that women who practice contraception might be unfaithful. Data from focus-group discussions with men and women are examined in this report and highlight the strains on gender relations resulting from contraceptive use. The measures taken to address this problem and methods of minimizing the risk of adverse social consequences are discussed.
The how and why of natural family planning.
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[The rights of the Colombian family in the U.N. Convention].
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