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PubMed1997

Where to publish? Some considerations among English-language addiction journals.

A search and survey of specialty periodicals in the addiction field identified 35 English-language scientific journals that publish unsolicited research manuscripts. Among these, the typical addiction journal publishes a variety of types of articles in one of many different citation and referencing formats, releases four issues per year to about 1000 subscribers, annually receives more than 100 manuscripts for scientific review, and accepts 53 of them to be published without payment of an author fee. Together these 35 addiction journals publish over 1700 new articles each year. Addiction journals vary widely in acceptance rates, ranging from 26% to 95%, and averaging 53%. For better or worse, these journals offer ample opportunity for the reporting of scientific data in the addiction field.

Humans↗

PubMed1985

Screening procedures in the asymptomatic adult. Comparison of physicians' recommendations, patients' desires, published guidelines, and actual practice.

To assess attitudes and practices regarding screening tests and preventive procedures, we surveyed 83 physicians in a hospital-based ambulatory care practice and compared their recommendations with the recommendations in published guidelines, the desires of 188 of their own patients, and the physicians' actual practice patterns on the surveyed patients. The surveyed physicians recommended screening procedures more frequently than the published guidelines in 48 situations and less frequently in 18 situations. Physicians at earlier levels of training tended to recommend more procedures than those who had completed training. Patients desired far more frequent screening than recommended either by their physicians or by the published guidelines. Physicians did not live up to their own recommendations for four of 14 procedures or to published guidelines for five of 14 procedures, with such failure occurring principally in situations where the test or procedure would normally be done personally by the physician.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Publication bias and research on passive smoking: comparison of published and unpublished studies.

CONTEXT: The results of reviews may be biased by delays in publication and failure to publish nonsignificant results. OBJECTIVE: To determine the extent of unpublished results on the health effects of passive smoking and whether passive smoking studies with statistically nonsignificant results would have longer time to publication than those with statistically significant results. DESIGN: Semistructured telephone interviews of principal investigators of published or unpublished studies funded between 1981 and 1995, identified by information obtained from 76 (85%) of 89 organizations contacted that potentially funded research on passive smoking. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-eight investigators were eligible and could be located; 65 (83%) responded. They had conducted 61 studies of the health effects of passive smoke in humans or animals between 1981 and 1995 that met the criteria for the analysis of time to publication. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Time to publication for published studies and statistical significance of results of published and unpublished studies. RESULTS: Fourteen of the 61 studies were unpublished. Median time to publication was 5 years (95% confidence interval [CI], 4-7 years) for statistically nonsignificant studies and 3 years (95% CI, 3-5 years) for statistically significant studies (P=.004). Statistically significant results (P=.004), experimental study design (P=.01), study size less than or equal to 500 (P=.01), and animals as subjects (P=.03) were predictive of time to publication. When the studies with human participants were analyzed separately, only statistically significant data were predictive of publication (P=.007). Multivariate analysis of all studies indicated that statistical significance (P=.001) and study design (P=.01) were the only independent predictors of time to publication, while for the human studies only statistical significance was predictive of publication (P=.007). CONCLUSION: There is a publication delay for passive smoking studies with nonsignificant results compared with those with significant results.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Economic evaluation of communicable disease interventions in developing countries: a critical review of the published literature.

Limited health care budgets have emphasized the need for providers to use resources efficiently. Accordingly, there has been a rapid increase in the number of economic evaluations of communicable disease health programmes in developing countries, as there is a need to implement evidence-based policy decisions. However, given the prohibitive cost of many economic evaluations in low-income countries, interest has also been generated in pooling data and results of previously published studies. Yet, our review demonstrated that very few published economic evaluations have been performed during 1984-1997 (n=107). Certain diseases and geographical areas have also been neglected. Of those studies published, appropriate analytic techniques have been inconsistently applied. In particular, there are four immediate concerns: the narrow perspective taken-dominance of the health care provider viewpoint and reliance on intermediate outcomes measures; bias-some costs were excluded from estimates; the lack of transparency-sources of data not identified; and the absence of a critical examination of findings-many papers failed to perform a sensitivity analysis. The usefulness of previously published economic evaluations to help make resource allocation choices on an individual basis and, therefore, for the purpose of international comparisons, pooling or meta-analysis, has to be questioned in light of the results from this study.

Bias↗

PubMed2002

Quality of reporting of randomised controlled trials in the intensive care literature. A systematic analysis of papers published in Intensive Care Medicine over 26 years.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the number and quality of the reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published in Intensive Care Medicine. DESIGN: Systematic revision. SETTING: Randomised controlled trials published in Intensive Care Medicine. STUDY SELECTION: All RCTs published in this journal from its birth to December 2000 identified by MEDLINE and our own research. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The Jadad scale and the individual assessment of key methodological components, namely the randomisation process, blinding and reporting and handling of loss to follow-up, were used to evaluate the quality of reporting. Other information was extracted regarding the design characteristics and the analytical approach. 173 RCTs, 63% of which were from European countries, were analysed. Adequately reported RCTs according to a Jadad scale score of more than 2 were 44 (25.4%). Analysis of individual methodological components revealed a variable percentage of adequate reporting ranging from 3.5% for randomisation to 10.4% for blinding and to 49.1% for loss to follow-up. Sample sizes were small with a median of 30 patients and rationale for its estimation was reported in 7.5%. Despite this, 81.5% of RCTs reported statistically significant results, suggesting that the treatment effects were strong or that a publication bias existed or that the uncertainty principle was not fulfilled. CONCLUSIONS: Randomised controlled trials offer the best evidence of the efficacy of medical interventions, provided that high standards of transparent reporting are used. More resolute attention to the methodological quality of reporting and adherence to recently published guidelines (CONSORT II) may help to achieve this result.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed1996

Developing a database of published reports of randomised clinical trials in pain research.

A database of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) in pain research published from 1950 to 1990 was created following an extensive literature search. By applying a refined MEDLINE search strategy from 1966 to 1990 and by hand-searching more than 1,000,000 pages of a total of 40 biomedical journals published during the period 1950-1990, more than 8000 RCTs were identified. The RCTs were published in more than 800 journals and over 85% appeared between 1976 and 1990. If the trend of the last 15 years persists, a total of more than 15 000 RCTs will be published in pain relief by the year 2000. A detailed description of methods to ensure efficient use of resources during the identification, retrieval and management of the information in pain relief and other fields is given. Emphasis is made on the importance of refining MEDLINE search strategies, on the use of volunteers to hand-search journals and on careful monitoring of each of the steps of the process. The potential uses of the database to guide clinical and research decisions are discussed.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

PubMed2006

Association of industry sponsorship to published outcomes in gastrointestinal clinical research.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent years have seen an increase in industry sponsorship of clinical trials throughout medicine. We conducted a study to evaluate the association of industry sponsorship to published outcomes in gastrointestinal (GI) clinical research. Our aims were (1) to evaluate the trends in the source of funding for GI clinical research during the period from 1992 to 2002-2003, (2) to determine whether the source of study funding predicted the likelihood that a study would publish results that favor the drug or device being tested, and (3) to determine whether differences exist in the methodologic quality of the investigational study methods used in studies funded by private industry versus other sources. METHODS: We selected all clinical studies evaluating a drug or device from 4 prominent GI journals (Gastroenterology, The American Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Gastrointestinal Endoscopy). All studies were abstracted by using a standardized data abstraction form. We evaluated the trends in funding source for studies published during the years 1992, 2002, and 2003. All selected studies were scored for methodologic quality by using a previously validated scoring system. The percentage of studies that reported outcomes that favored the device or drug being tested against the standard therapy or placebo was determined for each funding source. A funnel plot was constructed to assess for the presence of negative publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 6326 studies were reviewed. For the 1992 trend data, 1860 studies were reviewed, and 135 were selected for inclusion in the study. Ninety-five studies were studies involving the investigation of drugs, and 40 studies involved the testing of a device. For the 2002-2003 data 4466 studies were reviewed, and 315 were selected for inclusion in the study. Two hundred twenty-two studies were clinical trials involving the investigation of drugs, and 93 were clinical trials involving devices. In comparing 1992 to 2002, the percentage of studies funded by industry sources more than doubled from 10% to greater than 28% of the total studies assessed. There was an associated decline in the proportion of studies with funding from non-industry sources during this period (62% to less than 48%). The percentage of studies that did not disclose a funding source fell modestly from 28% to 24%. We found that 86% of studies funded by private industry reported a result favorable to the study drug or device, and 83% of studies funded by academic sources reported a result favorable to the study drug or device (P=.572). On average, studies funded by private industry had a higher methodology score than studies funded by traditional academic sources (75 of 100 vs 65 of 100; P=.005). Analysis of the funnel plot did not reveal evidence of bias against the publication of small studies with insignificant results. CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of research funded by industry has more than doubled during the last decade and currently comprises almost half of the funding for GI clinical research. Industry-sponsored studies are, on average, of superior methodologic quality to studies funded by other sources. Industry-sponsored studies in leading GI journals were no more likely than other studies to publish results that favored the study sponsor, although an extremely high percentage of all studies in these journals reported positive results. There has been only a modest decline in studies not acknowledging a funding source.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2003

Meta-analysis of published studies or meta-analysis of individual data? Caesarean section in HIV-positive women as a study case.

Very few comparative evaluations of meta-analysis of published data and meta-analysis using individual patient data have appeared in the medical literature. The association between type of delivery and HIV perinatal transmission appears to be an excellent study case, given the recent publication of the meta-analysis of individual patient data by the International Perinatal HIV Group. In this paper, we report the results of a meta-analysis of the published studies, which show a statistically significant reduction of perinatal HIV transmission rate with Caesarean section. The results are surprisingly similar to those of the recently published meta-analysis of individual patient data, indicating that, in the absence of significant confounding, the two meta-analytic methods are likely to give consistent results. In this era of constrained resources for biomedical research, caution should be taken in abandoning meta-analysis of published data for studying epidemiological associations of public health interest.

Cesarean Section↗

PubMed2000

[Research activity on pediatric vaccines in Spain: descriptive analysis of prospective studies published between 1990 and 1998].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the overall characteristics of prospective studies on vaccines in children, performed by Spanish investigators and published between 1990 and 1998. METHODS: Through a bibliographic research on MEDLINE and EMBASE, 24 prospective studies, performed in Spain, published as original papers, and with objectives directly related to the administration of vaccines to children have been identified. These studies were grouped as: clinical trials (group A), studies performed on established vaccination programmes (group B), and those that could not be included in the above mentioned groups (group C). RESULTS: 5, 9 and 10 studies belonged to groups A, B and C, respectively. More than 12,800 subjects participated in these studies, belonging to both normal population or specific risk groups. In 11 studies, the study population comprised newborns and infants. The vaccines under investigation were: hepatitis B (10 studies), DTPe/Pa (6), MMR (3), flu (2), Hib (1), hepatitis A (1), and meningococcus A and C (1) to address different objectives (in most of them, immunogenicity and/or reactogenicity). Nine had external financial support; 21 were performed by hospital and/or primary care investigators, and 18 in the Vasque Coutry, Madrid or Valencia. 13 publications reported obtaining informed consent, and 8 on the approval of the study protocol by an independent committee. Ten studies were published by international journals. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that most of the studies are conducted by clinicians, with vaccines targetted to newborns and infants, with no external financial support, in a small number of autonomous communities, and usually published in Spanish Journals. The submission of this type of studies to a research ethics committee is desirable, something done to a lesser extent than obtaining informed consent.

Child↗

PubMed1998

A qualitative evaluation of the published oligonucleotides specific for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria.

Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in making oligonucleotides specific for ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), in order to detect and monitor these slow growing bacteria in environmental samples, in enrichment cultures and in wastewater treatment plants. Based on 16S rDNA sequences, a broad selection of oligonucleotides have been designed, either encompassing all known AOB in the beta-subgroup of the Proteobacteria (beta AOB), or subclasses within beta AOB. Thirty different oligonucleotides have so far been published, with varying specificity. The first AOB-specific oligonucleotides published were obtained as a result of an alignment of only eleven 16S rDNA sequences from AOB. Including the present study, there are now forty nearly full length 16S rDNA sequences available from these bacteria, in addition to a number of partial sequences, so that an improved evaluation of the published oligonucleotides can be done. Two new 16S rRNA gene sequences from Nitrosospira are presented here, in a phylogenetic analysis containing every 16S rRNA gene sequences (> 1 kb) available from AOB. On the basis of an alignment of all these sequences, combined with searches in the nucleotide sequence databases, an evaluation of the thirty published oligonucleotides is presented. The analysis expose the strength and weakness of each oligonucleotide and discuss the use of oligonucleotides specific for 16S rRNA genes in future studies of AOB. The present work also identifies one new, broad range primer, specific for the AOB in the beta-subgroup of the Proteobacteria.

Ammonia↗

PubMed2000

Paper vs. electrons. Epidemiologic publishing in a changing world.

PURPOSE: To present the parallel histories of epidemiologic and electronic publishing and consider positive and negative factors that might affect their amalgam.METHODS: We performed a quantitative assessment of the arc of epidemiologic publication from 1966-1999, using major self-designated epidemiologic journals as a sample, and of scholarly electronic publication from 1991-1997, based on current literature review. We use an online, paperless journal as a case study, and review selected information-technology opinion in the area.RESULTS: By traditional standards, growth in epidemiologic publication has been considerable, with the addition of six new journals since 1966. In contrast, scholarly electronic publication for the period 1991-1997 grew from 27 to 2459 journals (not all exclusively online). Positive features of electronic publishing include flexibility, shortened time to publication, freedom from fixed publication date, diversity in presentation, and instant linkage to relevant material. A case study of a new online journal illustrates the substantive power of the medium. Negative factors include restriction (or unrestricted expansion) of the audience, the potential for hasty peer review, pitfalls in establishing credibility, an emphasis on style over content, technologic dependence, and additions to the information explosion. Relative cost and archiving are still debated. In assessing the pros and cons, it is important to distinguish electronic mechanisms that facilitate publication from electronic publishing, and to appreciate the difference between moving an existing journal to the electronic medium, and creating a new online journal.CONCLUSIONS: The movement from print to internet is probably inexorable, but a headlong rush may be ill-advised. Several models for dual publishing now exist, with the expectation that many, including the journals that serve epidemiology, will do so. The ultimate configuration is difficult to predict, but likely to be shaped in large measure by market forces, technologic advances and to a lesser extent, by habit and aesthetics.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Threonine requirements of broiler chickens: why do published values differ?

1. A statistical analysis of published data using restricted maximum likelihood showed that the age of the bird and the dietary crude protein concentration in test diets explained most of the variation in published threonine requirements. The sex of the bird and the main ingredients in the test diets were less important contributors of variation. The analysis resulted in a model that we tested in an accompanying paper. 2. Published data on threonine requirements are less variable than they first appear. There is no need for a plethora of studies on nutrient requirements other than those that test specific hypotheses, take a modelling approach and endeavour to explain requirements as units of nutrient per unit of production. 3. Models that use published data for predicting the responses of broilers to amino acids should first standardise the data by removing the variation due to factors such as age of bird, dietary crude protein content and the raw materials used in the ration.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1998

Can census offices publish statistics for more than one small area geography? An analysis of the differencing problem in statistical disclosure.

"The paper describes a problem faced by National Statistical Offices when publishing the results of decennial censuses for small geographical areas. If they publish statistical tables for two or more sets of areas, users can compare the tables and produce new statistics for the areas formed by differencing, which may have populations below confidentiality thresholds. To investigate the problem, the authors construct a software system and carry out a series of experiments using a large synthetic population base for Yorkshire and Humberside [in England]. The results indicate that publishing statistics for zones close in size to the primary areas is not safe unless the zones have been carefully designed. However, publishing statistics for sufficiently large areas such as 5km grid squares or postal sectors alongside enumeration districts is safe."

Censuses↗

PubMed2003

Searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Ingenta, and the Music Therapy World Journal Index for articles published in the Journal of Music Therapy.

The purpose of this study was to carry out a comparison between references to articles published in the Journal of Music Therapy before December 2002 identified through searching PubMed/MEDLINE, the Ingenta database and those actually published in the journal. To carry out this comparison we have created a new database, called the Music Therapy World Journal Index, which includes complete indexes of selected music therapy journals. All articles published in the Journal of Music Therapy since its commencement in 1964 are referenced in this database. We found a large number of articles that are not identified by searching PubMed/MEDLINE. There is an under-representation of both the amount of articles published in this journal and in the range of areas for clinical application and research in music therapy. The Ingenta database is comprehensive but limited in its coverage of the early years. To carry out a comprehensive research of the literature, it is necessary to consult an expert database, such as the Music Therapy World Journal Index, that guarantees an unequivocal level of completeness.

Bibliography of Medicine↗

PubMed2001

Comparability of published perinatal mortality rates in Western Europe: the quantitative impact of differences in gestational age and birthweight criteria.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the impact of publication criteria on differences in published national perinatal mortality rates among Western European countries. DESIGN: Descriptive study of perinatal mortality rates in Western European countries with adjustments for international differences in publication data. POPULATION: All live births and perinatal deaths in 1994 in Western European countries. METHODS: The 1994 perinatal mortality rates were obtained from national and Eurostat publications for Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, The Netherlands. Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom (England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland). Two methods, one direct and one indirect, were used for adjusting these officially published rates for differences in registration laws or publication practices. For the indirect method adjustment factors were derived from an analysis of a large Finnish database using different cutoff points for gestational age and birthweight. For the direct method a common cutoff point was imposed for birthweight (1000g) and gestational age (28 completed weeks) on national perinatal mortality data, obtained from civil registration or hospital/obstetrics databases in each country. RESULTS: The published perinatal mortality rates ranged from 5.4 per 1000 total births in Sweden and Finland to 9.7 in Greece and Northern Ireland. The indirect adjustment method showed that some countries apply cutoff points for registration or publication of perinatal mortality which may raise the perinatal mortality rate by up to 17% above the most commonly used threshold for including live and stillbirths. The direct adjustment method showed that a common lower limit of 1000g for birthweight or 28 weeks for gestational age would reduce the perinatal mortality rate, but by a differing extent ranging from 14% to 40%. Both adjustment methods reduced the contrast between the countries' perinatal mortality rates, and changed their rank order. CONCLUSION: These quantitative results confirm that international differences in countries' published perinatal mortality rates partly reflect differences between countries' criteria for registration and publication of perinatal deaths.

Birth Weight↗

PubMed2005

The earliest published electrocardiogram showing ventricular preexcitation.

When in 1930, Wolff, Parkinson, and White published what is today known as the WPW, or preexcitation syndrome, they, and subsequently others, found few comparable cases in the preceding literature. Among these the report of Cohn and Fraser, published in 1913, was the earliest. However, another even earlier documentation in a 1909 article by Hoffmann escaped notice till now. The ECG of a patient with paroxysmal tachycardia reveals a short PR interval and a delta-wave-induced widening of the QRS complex, even though the reproduced tachycardia was not preexcitation related. The interpretation of this poorly reproduced ECG can be confirmed by another and more detailed description of the patient in an electrocardiography textbook published in 1914 by the same author. Thus, the earliest publication of an ECG showing ventricular preexcitation now can be dated back to 1909. Moreover, the Hoffmann monograph contains two additional examples of the WPW syndrome not noticed until now. All three cases published by Hoffmann had their first ECG recordings in 1912 or earlier.

Electrocardiography↗

PubMed1997

Comparison of types of research articles published in emergency medicine and non-emergency medicine journals.

INTRODUCTION: As the specialty of emergency medicine (EM) matures, its journals should be publishing research of a quality similar to that which appears in other premier journals. OBJECTIVE: To compare the types of original research published in 4 EM vs 3 non-EM journals. METHODS: Retrospective review of all 1995 articles published in Academic Emergency Medicine, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Annals of Emergency Medicine, Journal of Emergency Medicine, Annals of Internal Medicine, JAMA, and New England Journal of Medicine. Research articles were classified as longitudinal vs cross-sectional, prospective vs retrospective, and interventional vs observational. Other characteristics noted were number of subjects, randomization, blinding, control, and power calculations. Journals were reviewed by 4 investigators who received specific training in research classification, adhering to previously reported criteria for retrospective reviews. Interobserver reliability was independently validated. RESULTS: The authors reviewed 3,524 articles, of which 874 (24.8%) were original research. Compared with research reported in non-EM journals, EM journals contained fewer longitudinal studies (40.5% vs 60.4%, p < 0.0001) and fewer prospective studies (70.8% vs 78.7%, p = 0.008). Fewer EM journals had studies that were blinded (13.7% vs 18.9%, p = 0.047) or controlled (36.3% vs 50.0%, p = 0.003). Studies reported in EM journals had fewer subjects (138 vs 300, p < 0.001). Research reports in EM journals were less likely to have been funded, even after adjustment for the differences in study designs (adjusted odds ratio 7.0, 95% CI 5.1-9.7). CONCLUSION: Significant differences in types of research published in EM and non-EN journals were identified.

Authorship↗

PubMed2006

An evaluation of Medline published paediatric audits from 1966 to 1999.

AIM: To evaluate the quality of paediatric audits from 1966 to 1999. METHODS: A Medline search was performed using the MeSH terms audit, child, paediatric (and pediatric). Predefined core elements of audit were used as inclusion criteria for entry of an article into this study. These criteria were as follows: (1) an article deals with a healthcare topic; (2) a standard is predefined; (3) actual practice is evaluated; (4) actual practice is compared with the standard. The fifth criterion of audit, dissemination of information and reaudit, was not an inclusion criterion, as it was not used in the early years covered by this study. Empirical grading of standards was used. RESULTS: The search yielded 442 articles, of which 303 (100%) were related to paediatric healthcare and were reviewed. Standards were defined in 115 (38%) articles. Audit against the standard was performed in 92 (30.4%) articles, of which 42 (45.6%) were published before, and 50 (54.3%) after, 1990. 18 (5.9%) articles were re-audited: 6 (14.3%) were published before, and 12 (24%) after, 1990. Of the 188 paediatric studies rejected, 119 (63.3%) described practice observations. CONCLUSION: Many articles in paediatrics are published as "audits", but they do not contain the core elements of audit. Although audit is a potentially valuable tool in clinical medicine, the publication of poor-quality audits may lead to the decline of the audit concept. Suggestions on ways to improve the quality of published audits are made.

Child↗