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PubMed1984

Anti-La/SSB antibody is present in some normal sera and is coincident with anti-Ro/SSA precipitins in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Sera from 42 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and precipitating antibody to the La/SSB antigen contained 80,000 to 28,800,000 times the minimum detectable binding activity (units) in a solid phase ELISA assay using purified La/SSB antigen. Three normal sera (of 40 tested) had 7,200,21,600 and 21,100 units, respectively, while the log average of the 40 normals was 270 units. Binding activity in normal sera was in the F(ab')2 fragments of IgG, inhibited by purified La/SSB antigen, and bound the major La/SSB peptides. The average apparent relative binding affinity to La/SSB in normal donors was 10-fold lower than in SLE patients with anti-La/SSB precipitins. Analysis of other SLE sera revealed a high incidence of anti-La/SSB in association with anti-Ro/SSA precipitins.

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗
PubMed1978

Tissue antigens in seminal secretions. I. Precipitin reactions of rabbit antiserum to human seminal plasma.

Precipitating antibodies prepared in rabbits with human seminal plasma (HSP) have been used in a preliminary study to define the antigenicity of HSP by use of gel precipitin methods. Also, a method for evaluating and preserving liquid precipitates of acid phosphatase in polyacrylamide is described. Some ten or eleven antigens were demonstrated by Ouchterlony agar immunodiffusion (ID). Eight of these appeared to be HSP-specific and two or three were also found in normal human serum (NHS). Five of the HSP-specific antigens were shown by agar immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) and by ID to be acid phosphatase. Four of these constituted the basic isoenzyme pattern and were shown by IEP and ID to be shared by prostatic fluid (HPF). Titration of HPF by ID yielded antigen titres of 46, 33, 17 and 3 for the four isoenzymes. IEP patterns obtained with HSP and HPF showed two isoenzymes migrating to the alpha-globulin zone. The third isoenzyme migrated to the alpha-2-fast beta area, while a fourth was seen as a slow beta precipitin arc formed consistently by HPF, and variably by HSP. HSP contained a fifth isoenzyme which also migrated to the slow beta area. Human prostate extract (HPE) showed only two, sometimes three, of these components, one of the slower components being frequently faint in appearance or absent. In HSP and HPF isoenzyme migrating to the alpha-2-fast beta zone exhibited two distinct characteristics: biphasic migration and limited diffusion, suggesting a heterogeneous high molecular weight isoenzyme or an isoenzyme complex. However, observed differences between HSP, HPF and HPE in migration rate, relative concentrations of subfractions, lateral diffusion, etc. leave open the question of the nature of the heterogeneity.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1995

Metacercarial precipitin test for diagnosis of human fascioliasis.

A metacercarial precipitin test was devised for diagnosis of human fascioliasis. The sera tested were those of cases of fascioliasis (acute and chronic), of schistosomiasis and of normal healthy individuals. Metacercariae were prepared in the laboratory from naturally infected snails. Serum dilutions of 1:5 (20%) and 1:10 (10%) were incubated with metacercariae for periods of 6, 24 and 48 hours. No precipitation was observed when the sera of healthy persons were used. With sera of fascioliasis cases a precipitate was formed which increased in amount with time. It was more rapid in its formation and greater in its quantity with sera of acute fascioliasis. When incubation was prolonged a free precipitate was seen in the medium. With sera of schistosoma cases, a precipitate was observed in a few cases only; it was negligible in amount and localized to the plug area. Metacercarial precipitin is considered a simple, sensitive and specific test for diagnosis of human fascioliasis. It is recommended to use the serum in a dilution of 1:5 (20%), to give preliminary results after 6 hours incubation and to confirm 24 hours later.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1974

Diagnosis of California (La Crosse) encephalitis by precipitin techniques: a prospective study.

Counterelectrophoresis (CEP) and immunodiffusion (ID) were evaluated prospectively as methods for the early and rapid laboratory diagnosis of California encephalitis (CE). CEP and ID studies were done on paired sera from 127 patients with acute central nervous system infections. After the precipitin tests were completed, conventional hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralizing, and complement fixing antibody titers were measured. The CEP system detected antibodies in 7 (41%) of 17 CE patients during their acute illness and in all 17 patients during convalescence. The ID method was less sensitive; 3 of 17 acute sera and 16 of 17 convalescent sera were ID positive. Comparative precipitin studies indicated that La Crosse virus was the infecting California group subtype in all 17 CE patients. Because CEP can be performed in 1.5 h, is at least as sensitive as hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralizing, and complement fixing tests, and can detect prospectively 41% of CE patients during their acute illness, it is recommended as a rapid diagnostic test for CE.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1991

Antigen complex of Coccidioides immitis which elicits a precipitin antibody response in patients.

The occurrence in patients of elevated levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) precipitin antibody to Coccidioides immitis antigens, which are commonly detected by the immunodiffusion-tube precipitin (TP) assay, is suggestive of primary nondisseminating coccidioidomycosis. We previously demonstrated that the concanavalin A-bound mycelial culture filtrate plus lysate preparation is a source of at least two TP antibody-reactive antigens (TP-Ags), which were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as 120- and 110-kDa fractions. Evidence is presented here that the crude filtrate plus lysate preparation contains additional lectin-bound, TP antibody-reactive fractions as well as a component which elicits a complement fixation antibody response in patients. The 120- and 110-kDa fractions were isolated from the antigen complex and further characterized in this paper. Both TP-Ags are glycoproteins and have been shown by immunoelectron microscopy to be colocalized within cytoplasmic vesicles and the wall of spherules. Deglycosylation of these TP-Ags by sodium periodate treatment resulted in a loss in patients of 82 to 95% of IgM adsorption to the antigens as detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparison of their carbohydrate compositions revealed that mannose and glucose are the predominant monosaccharides of both TP-Ags but only the 120-kDa fraction contained 3-O-methylmannose, a sugar which appears to be unique to C. immitis among the systemic fungal pathogens. We previously showed that 3-O-methylmannose is at least partly responsible for the reactivity of IgM antibody with the 120-kDa TP-Ag. Good correlation was shown between results of immunodiffusion-TP assays and ELISAs of IgM response to both the 120- and 110-kDa fractions by using 70 serum samples from patients with proved coccidioidomycosis. However, only 2.8% (3 of 109) of the serum samples from patients with other mycoses and nonmycotic infections showed IgM adsorption to the 120-kDa TP-Ag as detected by the ELISA, while 21.1% (23 of 109) showed IgM adsorption to the 110-kDa TP-Ag. The 120-kDa TP-Ag is a potentially valuable serodiagnostic reagent for detection of specific IgM by ELISA in patients with primary coccidioidomycosis.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Comparison and diagnostic value of the coccidioidin heat-stable (HS and tube precipitin) antigens in immunodiffusion.

Coccidioides immitis produces two unrelated heat-stable antigens which are diagnostically useful in immunodiffusion tests. One, the tube precipitin antigen, is valuable for specifically detecting antibody and diagnosing early primary cases of coccidioidomycosis. The other heat-stable antigen, designated HS, is the most useful coccidioidin antigen for specifically immunoidentifying C. immitis cultures. Both of the antigens were compared and evaluated for their usefulness in exoantigen and serologic immunodiffusion tests. Our studies indicated that the detection of tube precipitin antigen is of limited value for immunoidentifying C. immitis isolates because the antigen is common to certain gymnoascaceous saprophytes, such as Arachniotus, Auxarthron, and Malbranchea species, that form alternate arthroconidia. Antibodies to HS antigens are infrequently found in human sera from patients with coccidioidomycosis and are thus of little serodiagnostic value.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1985

Double precipitin arcs of IgA myeloma sera on immunoelectrophoresis. Origin and suggestion of IgA2m(2) allotype.

The serum from two patients with IgA myeloma displayed double precipitin arcs upon immunoelectrophoresis with class-specific (light chain absorbed) anti-IgA antisera obtained by immunization with monoclonal IgA1, but not IgA2 proteins. Both sera contained large amounts of monoclonal IgA2m(2) together with some polyclonal IgA1. No incomplete IgA molecules were found. The double precipitin arcs resulted from the reaction of large amounts of monoclonal IgA2m(2) with class-specific antibodies, and of small amounts of polyclonal IgA1 with subclass-specific anti-IgA1 antibodies of the same antiserum. Such double arcs, if not due to incomplete IgA molecules, could indicate the IgA2m(2) nature of the monoclonal IgA in these rare sera.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Equine antibody to bovine serum induced by several equine vaccines as a source of extraneous precipitin lines in the agar gel immunodiffusion test for equine infectious anemia.

Precipitin lines not associated with equine infectious anemia (EIA) were observed in routine agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing for the infection. The serums which produced these lines were obtained from horses which had been given multiple vaccinations with commercially available cell culture-origin equine virus vaccines as part of a comprehensive herd health program. The lines formed against cell culture-derived, but not spleen-derived EIA viral antigens. Investigation revealed that bovine serum proteins in the vaccines induced precipitating antibodies which reacted with bovine serum proteins in cell culture-derived antigens. A vaccination trial, utilizing 4 commercially available vaccines in various combinations, indicated that as few as 2 vaccinations could induce AGID-detectable antibodies to bovine serum proteins in individual ponies. These antibodies were very transitory, usually lasting no longer than a week. Some horses, however, which had been given 4 vaccinations developed similar antibodies which persisted 3 months beyond the last vaccination. The extraneous precipitin lines produced by these antibodies in the AGID test for EIA were readily distinguished from true EIA-associated reactions and did not result in false-positive interpretations of the test. However, heavy percipitin lines due to strong antibovine serum activity did mask weakly positive EIA reactions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Virus-neutralization versus agar-gel precipitin tests for detecting serological response to infectious bursal disease virus.

The virus-neutralization (VN) test was found much more sensitive than the agar-gel precipitin (AGP) test for detecting prior exposure to infectious bursal disease (IBD). Many sera that were negative in the AGP test were found to have VN antibodies, and virtually all sera in a commercial flock were free of precipitin but had VN titers. VN titers varied widely on a flock basis, and revaccination of an 8-month-old flock through the drinking water did not alter the antibody titers. Inoculation of maternally immune chicks at 7 days of age with IBD virus resulted in a good serologic response by both the AGP and VN tests.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of avian mycoplasma isolates by the agar-gel precipitin test.

Recent isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae were readily typed by the agar-gel precipitin test with antigens prepared by freezing and thawing, sonic vibration, or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Specific antisera prepared in rabbits or in foot-pad-inoculated chickens were adequate for culture typing. Relatively few sera from chickens and turkeys in naturally infected flocks reacted positively. The precipitin reaction was highly specific, however.

Animals↗
PubMed1971

A gel-precipitin test for the diagnosis of varicella.

Varicella may be difficult to distinguish clinically from smallpox. Because of this difficulty, much anxiety has occurred when cases of chickenpox are misdiagnosed as smallpox in areas where smallpox is not endemic. Surveillance of smallpox has also been complicated in areas where eradication programmes are in progress. A gel-diffusion test has been developed that can detect varicella-zoster (V-Z) antigen in vesicular fluid. This simple test, which can be performed in the field, identified V-Z antigen in vesicular fluid in all 14 cases of varicella or zoster that were tested. No reactions were observed with vaccinia precipitin antigen. The production of V-Z precipitin antigen in tissue culture provided a positive control that yielded lines of identity with vesicle fluid. This material was also used to screen human sera for suitable antisera for the test.

Chickenpox↗
PubMed1980

[Anaphylactic shock in brown Norway rats with reagins and no precipitins in the blood (author's transl)].

Brown Norway rats have been actively sensitized against hen ovalbumine mixed with anti Bordella pertussis vaccine. After ten to twelve days, IgE are detected in the blood, but no precipitins. Anaphylactic shock induced by i.v. injection of 1 mg.100 g-1 body weight of ovalbumine is caracterized by a vascular collapse, the animal dying in about 15 minutes. This collapse is identical with the same general anaphylactic reaction as observed in the Wistar rats, which have large amounts of precipitins in the blood.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1983

Precipitins to inhaled avian antigens: results of an inter-laboratory study.

Precipitins against avian antigens in sera from patients with extrinsic allergic alveolitis, asymptomatic pigeon and chicken breeders and from control individuals were tested with different antigen extracts in six laboratories by a variety of different methods. Eighty percent of the results coincided in identifying the positive sera from patients and 90% in identifying the controls. It seems possible therefore to exchange results among experienced laboratories with fair confidence.

Adult↗
PubMed1964

PRECIPITINS IN THE RABBIT PRODUCED BY PROTEIN POLYSACCHARIDE FROM BOVINE NASAL CARTILAGE.

Precipitins have been produced in the rabbit by injecting protein polysaccharide from bovine nasal cartilage in Freund's adjuvant. These antibodies did not precipitate either protein polysaccharides extracted from other species, or the separated protein and carbohydrate moieties of the antigen. It is postulated that the antibodies are directed toward determinants consisting of carbohydrate and amino acid residues linked in three-dimensional arrangements specific for different protein polysaccharides.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of candida precipitin and agglutinin tests for the diagnosis of systemic candidiasis in burn patients.

Candida agglutinin and precipitin tests were performed on a group of burned patients without evidence of systemic candidiasis to determine whether tests could be used to distinguish between colonization and systemic disease, as has recently been reported. There were considerable numbers of false-positive results using both tests. These false-positive results occurred regardless of the candida colonization status of the patient. We conclude that these tests are of little diagnostic value in burn patients.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1969

Precipitins with relevance to farmer's lung and aspergillosis in normal and other sera.

Immunodiffusion, immunoosmophoresis, and precipitin inhibition tests were carried out on various categories of sera with extracts of Micropolyspora faeni (Thermopolyspora polyspora), Aspergillus fumigatus, and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. The sera were from clinical cases of farmer's lung, from symptomless farm workers, from expectant mothers, from tuberculous and from asthmatic patients, and from patients with miscellaneous lung disorders. The clinical cases of farmer's lung became divisible into two groups by serological tests for antibody to a particular soluble antigenic component of M. faeni. The suggestion is made that one of these two groups of cases may be aetiologically unrelated to M. faeni. One of six sera tested in this group reacted strongly with an extract of T. vulgaris. Antibodies to certain components of some extracts of M. faeni and of A. fumigatus were found in a high proportion of normal sera. Possible reasons for this finding have been given.

Antigens↗