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PubMed1990

Chromotropic character of bacterial acidic polysaccharides: Part III--Interaction of cationic dye pinacyanol chloride with Klebsiella K15 capsular polysaccharide.

Interaction of cationic dye pinacyanol chloride with the acidic capsular polysaccharide isolated from Klebsiella serotype K15 has been investigated by spectral measurements. Klebsiella K15 polysaccharide consists of hexasaccharide repeating units containing one residue each of glucuronic acid and glucose, and four residues of galactose. Glucuronic acid acts as the potential anionic site and the biopolymer interacts with the dye cations. It induces metachromasy in the dye and a blue shift of about 100 nm is observed in the visible absorption spectrum of the dye. Spectral measurements have been carried out at different polymer/dye molar ratios. Stoichiometry of polymer and dye in the polyanion-dye compound (1:1) indicates that every potential anionic site of the polyanion is associated with the dye cation, and stacking conformation is thus suggested. Effect of different non-aqueous solvents in reversing metachromasy has also been studied. Interaction studies exhibit chromotropic character of the biopolymer.

Bacterial Capsules↗

PubMed1990

Persistence of antibody and booster responses to reimmunization with Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccines in children initially immunized at 15 to 24 months of age.

To evaluate the persistence of antibody after Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine (PRP) and H influenzae type b polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (PRP-D), a group of 141 infants initially immunized between 15 and 24 months of age were studied 1 year later. One month after immunization with PRP, the man anti-PRP antibody level was 0.27 microgram/mL and 1 year later was 0.29 microgram/mL (not significant). In the group immunized with PRP-D, the levels were 1.34 micrograms/mL and 1.20 micrograms/mL (not significant), respectively. To evaluate immunogenicity and safety of a booster immunization 1 year after initial vaccination, subjects were randomly assigned to receive saline, PRP, or PRP-D. In addition, 73 age-matched previously unimmunized subjects were vaccinated with PRP or PRP-D. In all groups, adverse reactions were minor and resolved by 48 hours. Subjects receiving booster immunization with PRP or PRP-D had significantly greater antibody responses than children of the same age receiving their first dose of vaccine. The highest antibody levels were achieved in children initially immunized with PRP-D, regardless of whether the booster vaccine was PRP (112.8 micrograms/mL) or PRP-D (122.0 micrograms/mL) (not significant). Antibody levels after booster vaccine were significantly lower in those initially given PRP compared with those initially given PRP-D but significantly higher than in age-matched previously unimmunized control subjects (PRP booster 3.16 micrograms/mL vs control of 0.62 microgram/mL [P less than .05]; PRP-D booster 12.31 micrograms/mL vs control 2.31 micrograms/mL [P less than .01]).

Antibody Formation↗

PubMed1988

[Protective artificial polysaccharide-protein antigens made from the O-specific polysaccharides of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria of the immunotypes 1, 2 and 7].

O-specific polysaccharide (PS) obtained from P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), immunotypes 1, 2 and 7, were condensed in the presence of aminated bovine serum albumin (amBSA). As a result, artificial polysaccharide-protein antigens were synthesized and their protective properties were studied by the subcutaneous immunization of mice with their subsequent challenge with the cells of the homologous strain injected intraperitoneally in a dose of 3-5 LD50. The most effective immunization was achieved by using homologous LPS, taken in a subimmunogenic dose, as adjuvant. Heterologous LPS, taken in the same doses, showed no stimulating effect. The protective properties of the conjugates were also found to depend on the length of the PS chain. The conjugate of amBSA and PS of immunotype 2 with a molecular weight of about 10 KD was found to possess the highest protective potency. The decrease of the molecular weight of PS of immunotype 7 from 50 KD to 10 KD by selective acid hydrolysis led to obtaining the conjugate with high protective potency. The possibility of using the structurally linked pair antigen-adjuvant for the development of artificial vaccines is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Antigenic polysaccharides of bacteria. 33. The structure of O-specific polysaccharide chain of lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas cepacia serotype 6].

On mild acid degradation of the Pseudomonas cepacia serotype 6 lipopolysaccharide, the O-specific polysaccharide was obtained, which contains D-mannose and D-galactose residues in the ratio approximately 1:1, as well as O-acetyl groups. On the basis of 1H and 13C NMR analysis, calculation of specific optical rotation, and methylation, it was concluded that the polysaccharide possesses the following structure: (formula; see text) Regularities in glycosidation effects in 13C NMR spectra of 1,3-linked disaccharides containing furanoside residues are discussed.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1987

[Synthesis of capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14. 4. Polycondensation of the monomer and characteristics of the polysaccharide].

Synthesis of a regular branched polysaccharide [6(Gal beta 1-4)GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1]n whose structure corresponds to that of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14, is described, involving a stereospecific polycondensation of the tetrasaccharide monomer, deacylation, and N-acetylation.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed1983

[Theoretical conformation analysis of specific O-antigenic polysaccharides. Polysaccharide of Shigella dysenteriae of serotype 2].

Theoretical conformational analysis of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 2 polysaccharide containing repeating unit: -4Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha 1-3(GlcNAc alpha 1-4)GalNAc alpha 1-4Glc alpha 1- has been carried out. It is shown that spatial forms of the polymer are determined by conformational states of Glc alpha 1-4Gal links which form the internal bends of the chain. The structures of low energy are shown to be left three-fold helices with an axially projected repeat of approximately 12 A. N-Acetamide groups of side residues alpha-D-GlcNAc are the most accessible for intermolecular interactions and may determine immunological specificity of the polysaccharide.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1994

Protein-polysaccharide interactions. A monoclonal antibody specific for the capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Monoclonal antibodies that react with the capsular polysaccharide, termed glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), of Cryptococcus neoformans have potential roles in the diagnosis, monitoring of disease progress, and immunotherapy of cryptococcal GXM of all four serotypes. A molecular model of the Fab fragment of monoclonal antibody 439 was constructed from the amino acid sequence and a template antibody molecule, Fab 4-4-20. A tryptophan is present on the surface between light chain CDR3 and heavy chain CDR3 in the putative binding site. This tryptophan residue proved to be a reporter group, and a fluorescence study of Fab 439 was performed to analyze the interaction between cryptococcal GXM and Fab 439. Binding of the polysaccharide enhanced the intrinsic fluorescence and caused a blue shift in the emission maximum, indicating that the environment of a tryptophan changes from a polar to less polar environment. This is consistent with the loss of water from the binding site caused by the binding of antigen. This interpretation was confirmed by acrylamide quenching, which showed that 1 less tryptophan was exposed to solvent in the Fab-GXM complex than in free Fab. Fluorescence titration was used to determine binding and dissociation constants (KD). The apparent KD values for serotypes A-C were approximately the same; the KD for serotype D GXM was 5-11-fold greater. De-O-acetylation of serotype A GXM produced a 31-fold increase in the KD, indicating that the O-acetyl groups are important, but not essential, for binding. Carboxyl groups appear to be essential for strong binding because the KD for carboxyl-reduced GXM was so large that it could not be determined.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

[Investigation of polysaccharides of Echinops species. Medicinal plant polysaccharides I].

Polysaccharides isolated from Echinops sphaerocephalus, Echinops ruthenicus, Echinops exaltatus, Echinops commutatus and Echinops orientalis (Asteraceae family) were investigated to study their qualitative and quantitative relations. The extracts of these studied plants have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as drugs with anti-inflammatory effect and anti-tumor promoting action in the osseous system [1]. We suppose that these biological effects are related to the polysaccharides especially to the acidic ones. The plant material was successively extracted with boiling water and six fractions were collected. The yield was 40-45%. The uronic acid content of these fractions, measured by the Bitter method, was relatively high 15-35% (Table I.). In case of Echinops sphaerocephalus different parts of the plant were investigated. The root and the stem are useful from a practical point of view because of the high uronic acid content. Some fractions, which seemed to be interesting on the basis of the measured uronic acid content, were dialyzed then concentrated, lyophilized and their uronic acid, protein and carbohydrate contents were determinated (Table III). The Echinops orientalis root fraction 6. was separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The monosaccharide composition of the neutral and the acidic fractions was measured by gas chromatography (Table IV).

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMed1982

Action of a polysaccharide fraction of Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide on macrophage: implication of receptor for mannosyl-polysaccharides.

A polysaccharide fraction (PS) was separated by mild hydrolysis from Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide. This preparation contained glycosyl-galactosyl, rhamnosyl, glucosaminyl and mannosyl residues (molar ratio: 4-1-1-2-2). It was nontoxic and immunogenic and consisted of at least one stable molecular group (fraction A; MW approximately equal to 10(6)) and an association of aggregated units (fraction B;MW approximately equal to 10(4)). This study evaluated the capacity of phagocytosis and quantitative nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction of mouse macrophages in presence of these polysaccharide fractions. After a 24-h incubation period, PS and fraction A, at 1 mg/ml, increased both phagocytosis and reduction potential of mouse peritoneal macrophages by 100%. In contrast, 1-h incubation with PS or fraction A induced a decrease of 50% in phagocytosis but no modification of NBT reduction. An identical incubation with various sugars showed that only mannosyl polymers could significantly decrease this phagocytic process. As in the case of toxic lipopolysaccharides, macrophages responded to a nontoxic preparation obtained from an endotoxin. We confirmed the role of mannosyl residues in recognition of macrophage binding receptors. Moreover, we suggest that this mannose binding ability was dependent on dose, aggregation state and molecular weight of the preparation.U

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide and polysaccharide diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccines in children 15 to 24 months of age.

To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide vaccine, PRP, and a new polysaccharide-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine, PRP-D, a collaborative study was carried out in six centers in five states. Subjects were 585 infants 15 to 24 months of age. They were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of PRP or PRP-D vaccine. There were no significant differences in the rate of adverse reactions between the two vaccine groups. Minor local reactions occurred in 10.3% of PRP and 12.5% of PRP-D recipients, and fever in 27.4% of PRP and 23.8% of PRP-D recipients. All reactions resolved within 48 hours. Serum samples were obtained just before vaccination and after 1 month. Prevaccination antibody levels were similar for the PRP (0.035 micrograms/mL) and PRP-D (0.027 micrograms/mL) groups, with no differences in levels by age, sex, race, vaccine lot, or study site. Both groups had significant rises in geometric mean levels, but this difference was significantly greater for PRP-D (2.166 micrograms/mL) than for PRP (0.154 micrograms/mL). In addition, the percentage of responders as determined by three definitions (twofold titer rise, greater than 0.15 micrograms/mL, and greater than 1.0 micrograms/mL) was also significantly greater for PRP-D than PRP. In contrast to a marked age-related immunogenicity to PRP (P less than 0.001), there was no significant variation in immune response to PRP-D by age. PRP-D conjugate vaccine appears to be as safe and significantly more immunogenic than PRP vaccine for children vaccinated at 15 to 24 months of age.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2000

A comparison of multiple regimens of pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in toddlers.

Children who had been randomized to receive one dose of either heptavalent pneumococcal polysaccharide-meningococcal outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine (PCV) or 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PN23) at 12, 15, or 18 months of age were subsequently randomized to receive a booster injection of either PCV or PN23 12 months later. For those children who received a priming dose of PCV (N=75) compared to PN23 (N=48) at 12, 15, or 18 months of age, higher serum antibody concentrations were achieved 1 month following a booster injection of either PCV or PN23 for all serotypes tested (p<0.001). Within the group of children receiving a priming dose of PCV, those children who received a booster dose of PN23 developed higher serum antibody concentrations for four of the seven serotypes tested and similar opsonic antibody titers to serotype 6B, yet more frequent erythema (p=0.030) and pain or soreness (p=0.024) at the injection site compared to those boosted with PCV. In conclusion, a single dose of PCV at 12-18 months of age primed for responses to booster doses of either PCV or PN23 12 months later. For those children who received a priming dose of PCV, boosting with PN23 resulted in more frequent injection site pain and erythema than boosting with PCV, yet higher antibody concentrations for most of the serotypes tested.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2002

New structures of the O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus. 2. Polysaccharides containing O-acetyl groups.

Structures of five new O-specific polysaccharides of Proteus bacteria were established. Four of them, Proteus penneri 4 (O72), Proteus vulgaris 63/57 (O37), Proteus mirabilis TG 277 (O69), and Proteus penneri 20 (O17), contain O-acetyl groups in non-stoichiometric quantities, and the polysaccharide of P. penneri 1 is structurally related to that of P. penneri 4. The structures were elucidated using NMR spectroscopy, including one-dimensional 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, two-dimensional 1H,1H correlation (COSY, TOCSY), H-detected 1H,13C heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence (HMQC), heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation (HMBC), and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY or ROESY), along with chemical methods. The structural data obtained are useful as the chemical basis for the creation of the classification scheme for Proteus strains.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗

PubMed2004

New structures of the O-specific polysaccharides of proteus. 4. Polysaccharides containing unusual acidic N-acyl derivatives of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-D-glucose.

The structures of the O-polysaccharides of the lipopolysaccharides of Proteus mirabilis O7 and O49 were determined by chemical methods, mass spectrometry, including MS/MS, and NMR spectroscopy, including experiments run in an H2O/D2O mixture to reveal correlations for NH protons. The O-polysaccharides were found to contain N-carboxyacetyl (malonyl) and N-(3-carboxypropanoyl) (succinyl) derivatives of 4-amino-4,6-dideoxyglucose (4-amino-4-deoxyquinovose, Qui4N), respectively. The behavior of Qui4N derivatives with the dicarboxylic acids under conditions of acid hydrolysis and methanolysis was studied using GLC-MS.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed1969

Immune reactions in polysaccharide media. Polysaccharide-enhanced precipitin reactions with antigens of various sizes.

The influence of the size of the antigen in the polysaccharide-enhanced precipitin reaction was investigated. The experiments were carried out by addition of homologous antigens of different molecular sizes (the monomer, dimer and trimer of serum albumin and the monomer and dimer of immunoglobulin G) to the same preparation of antibody in the absence and presence of dextran. Dextran decreased the solubility of the immune complexes to a larger extent when the antigen size increased. This is in accord with the view that the polysaccharide effect is due to steric exclusion.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

A sycamore cell wall polysaccharide and a chemically related tomato leaf polysaccharide possess similar proteinase inhibitor-inducing activities.

A large pectic polysaccharide, called rhamnogalacturonan I, that is solubilized by a fungal endo-alpha-1,4-polygalacturonase from the purified walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells possesses proteinase inhibitor-inducing activity similar to that of the proteinase inhibitor-inducing factor, a pectic-like oligosaccharide fraction isolated from tomato leaves. This suggests that the proteinase inhibitor-inducing activity resides in particular polysaccharide fragments which can be released when plant cell walls are exposed to appropriate enzyme degradation as a result of either wounding or pest attack.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Pneumococcal type 22f polysaccharide absorption improves the specificity of a pneumococcal-polysaccharide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The specificity of the immune response to the 23-valent pneumococcal-polysaccharide (PS) vaccine in healthy adults and to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants was examined by measuring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the opsonophagocytosis assay. ELISA measures total antipneumococcal IgG titers including the titers of functional and nonfunctional antibodies, while the opsonophagocytosis assay measures only functional-antibody titers. Twenty-four pairs of pre- and post-pneumococcal vaccination sera from adults were evaluated (ELISA) for levels of IgG antibodies against serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. Twelve of the pairs were also examined (opsonophagocytosis assay) for their functional activities. The correlation coefficients between assay results for most types ranged from 0.75 to 0.90, but the correlation coefficient was only about 0.6 for serotypes 4 and 19F. The specificities of these antibodies were further examined by the use of competitive ELISA inhibition. A number of heterologous polysaccharides (types 11A, 12F, 15B, 22F, and 33A) were used as inhibitors. Most of the sera tested showed cross-reacting antibodies, in addition to those removed by pneumococcal C PS absorption. Our data suggest the presence of a common epitope that is found on most pneumococcal PS but that is not absorbed by purified C PS. Use of a heterologous pneumococcal PS (22F) to adsorb the antibodies to the common epitope increased the correlation between the IgG ELISA results and the opsonophagocytosis assay results. The correlation coefficient improve from 0.66 to 0.92 for type 4 and from 0.63 to 0.80 for type 19F. These common-epitope antibodies were largely absent in infants at 7 months of age, suggesting the carbohydrate nature of the epitope.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Core structure of glycyrrhizan GA, the main polysaccharide from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera; anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide and its degradation products.

The controlled Smith degradation and limited hydrolysis of glycyrrhizan GA, a representative polysaccharide with remarkable phagocytosis-enhancing activity isolated from the stolon of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. var. glandulifera Reg. et Herd. were carried out. Methylation analyses of the primary and the secondary Smith degradation products and of the limited hydrolysis product indicated that the core structural features of glycyrrhizan GA include a backbone chain composed of beta-1,3-linked D-galactose residues. Three-fifths of the galactose units in the backbone carry side chains composed of beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-linked D-galactosyl residues at position 6. Anti-complementary and alkaline phosphatase-inducing activities of the polysaccharide, periodate oxidation-reduction and the controlled Smith degradation products were investigated, and the controlled Smith degradation product showed significant activity.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1985

[Antigenic bacterial polysaccharides. 13. The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas cepacia strain IMV 4137].

On mild acid degradation of a lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas cepacia strain IMV 4137, a serologically active O-specific polysaccharide was obtained and shown to contain L-rhamnose and D-galactose. According to 1H- and 13C-NMR data as well as methylation analysis, the polysaccharide is made up of disaccharide repeating units of the following structure:----2)-alpha-L-Rhap-(1----4)-alpha-D-Galp-(1----.

Antigens, Bacterial↗