[Use of radioisotopic placentography in cases with bleeding in the second half of pregnancy (author's transl)].
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Female↗
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[Ultrasonographic placentography].
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Female↗
[Diagnostic value of placentography with 113mIN].
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Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
[Diagnostic significance of isotope placentography (author's transl)].
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Female↗
Placental location in pregnancies following cesarean section.
Ultrasonic placentography was used to compare placental location in patients who had undergone previous Cesarean sections with those who had had vaginal deliveries. Results indicated that: (1) placental location was not influenced by existing uterine scars; (2) anterior uterine wall implantations occur with sufficient frequency (35%) to warrant ultrasonic placentography prior to third trimester amniocentesis for fetal maturity studies; and (3) lower anterior uterine segment implantations occur with sufficient frequency (8%) to warrant ultrasonic placentography prior to surgical entry of the lower uterine segment.
Cesarean Section↗
[Placenta previa--from the past to the present].
The author present contemporary methods for diagnosis of placenta praevia. He compare old methods as X-ray placentography, radioisotope placentography with using ultrasound to determine the location of placenta. Placenta praevia can be diagnosed prenatally using ultrasound through transabdominal, afterwards with transvaginal ultrasound. This decrease prolonged hospitalization and needless Cesarian section. The author made parallel between frequency in beginning of pregnancy with frequency at term. With advance of gestational age the frequency of placenta praevia decrease. This decreasing incidence with increasing gestational age is attributable to the concept of placental migration. When the placental edge was inicially > 2 cm from cervical os, migration occurred in all cases and no Cesarean sections were necessary for placenta praevia. When the placenta overlapped the cervical os by > 20 mm at 26 weeks, all the women required Cesarian delivery. The author present basic strategies to reduce maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity from placenta praevia. All pregnant women should have a routine sonogram at 20 weeks gestation. When the area over the internal os cannot be identified, a transvaginal sonogram should be performed. Women who have a lower placental edge which is < 1 cm from internal os should have a sonogram at about 34-35 weeks gestation. When placenta praevia is present should be perform prior Cesarian delivery.
Cesarean Section↗
Distribution of the bulk of the normal placenta. Review and classification of 800 cases by ultrasonography.
A series of 800 ultrasonographic placentographies is reviewed and categorized by the location of the main bulk of the placenta. It represents, to our knowledge, the first such study of the undisturbed placenta and demonstrates a remarkably even distribution with frequent overlapping of more than one uterine sector. A simple form of categorization is presented and the clinical implications and value of ultrasonography are underscored.
Female↗
Midtrimester placenta previa: normal or pathologic finding.
During the years 1974-1977 ultrasonic placentography demonstrated midtrimester placenta previa (MTPP) in 123 women. The procedure was performed because of vaginal bleeding in 65 cases and prior to amniocentesis in 58 asymptomatic cases. Eighty-eight patients were found to have grade I placenta previa (PP), 12 to have grade II, 14 to have grade III, and 9 patients to have grade IV PP. These different variants of PP were correlated with the ultimate outcome of these pregnancies: Bleeding due to PP or PP at term were reasons for cesarean section in 4 cases of grade I PP, in 2 cases of grade II, in 7 cases of grade III, and in 7 out of 9 cases of grade IV PP. Among those patients who had grades III and IV PP, 13 out of 23 had premature or immature deliveries. These results suggest that finding of MTPP, especially symptomatic MTPP, should alert the physician to the clinical significance of PP later in pregnancy.
Cesarean Section↗
The role of fetal movements assessment in cases of severe RH immunized patients.
Two cases of severe Rh-immunization are presented. The obstetric history, maternal serum anti-D titre, amniotic fluid spectrophotometric evaluation, amniography and ultrasound placentography suggest the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. The reduction of fetal movements until cessation in the presence of an audible fetal heart point to a severely distressed fetus and impending death, thus providing additional data confirming the diagnosis of hydrops fetalis. The importance of diagnosed hydrops fetalis lies in the fact that most authors agree that in these cases treatment of the fetus should not be attempted.
Adult↗
[Echomorphologic parallels in the ultrasound examination of the placenta].
Results of the ultrasound and morphological examination of the villous chorion of women with physiological pregnancy (34 cases) and with late pregnancy toxicoses (280 cases) were compared. A gradual decrease of the chorion acoustic density in physiological pregnancy correlates with a development of the compensatory-adaptive reaction (CAR) on the tissue level and serves a favourable prognosis for the pregnancy outcome. In patients with late pregnancy toxicosis, alterations of the chorion echogenicity occur at different periods of the pregnancy and reflect the CAR disturbances facilitating the development of various forms (stages) of the placenta insufficiency. The results obtained indicate possibilities of placentography use for a differential approach to the choice of methods and terms of delivery in late pregnancy toxicoses.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
[Clinical significance of factors affecting the course of pregnancy and the status of newborn infants born to women with uterine scar].
Clinical, ultrasonic (fetoscopy, placentography, Doppler metry of uteroplacental and fetoplacental blood flow), and radioimmunological methods (measurement of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, estradiol, estriol, progesterone) were used to examine 98 pregnant with a cicatrix onto the uterus. The early neonatal period was studied thoroughly in some newborns. The acid-base balance, umbilical vascular blood gases, arterial blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were measured. Having no clear-cut negative action on the uteroplacental and fetoplacental blood flow, an inadequate cicatrix was found to be a risk factor for fetal hypotrophy. Due to lower adaptative possibilities, the newborns to mothers having a cicatrix onto the uterus should constitute a risk group for complications in the neonatal period. It is concluded that repeated elective cesarean section performed in the period close to delivery is one of the factors that lower perinatal mortality and morbidity of babies born to mothers with a cicatrix on the uterus.
Adult↗
[Changes in the fetoplacental system in threatened abortion].
Comprehensive assessment of the hormonal status of the fetoplacental system in 110 pregnant women, carried out over the course of treatment for threatened abortion, included radioimmunoassays of blood serum estriol, progesterone, and placental lactogen, cardiotocography of the fetus, ultrasonic fetometry and placentography. Trophic, hormonal, and hypoxic disorders of the fetoplacental system were revealed. The therapy resulted in essential improvement of the trophic and hypoxic conditions, though the hormonal function did not normalize as a rule.
Abortion, Threatened↗
Value of ultrasonic placental localization in pregnancy after caesarean section.
Ninety-four women who had undergone previous lower segment caesarean section (CS) were evaluated in the third trimester of pregnancy using ultrasound for localization of the placenta. Results obtained showed that posterior upper uterine segment placental implantation occurred with the highest frequency of 36.2pc followed by anterior upper uterine segment and fundal implantations which each had a frequency of 19.1pc. For anterior lower segment implantation the frequency was 18.1pc while placenta praevia occurred with frequency of 5.3pc. Altogether, anterior uterine wall placental implantation occurred with combined frequency of 37.2pc and justifies routine ultrasonic placentography in pregnant women with previous CS who are being considered for surgical procedures like amniocentesis or another CS.
Adult↗
[Dosimetric basis for the use of radionuclide methods in obstetrics].
The problem of a possible use of radionuclide methods of investigation (placentography and renography) in obstetrics was considered. Doses and permissible activities in pregnant women of the AP category belonging to groups at high risk of obstetric and perinatal pathology were worked out on the basis of the "Rules and standards of open radiopharmaceuticals in diagnostic purposes" (1984). The above investigations using the administration of short-lived radionuclides with total activity of 7.4 MBq (99mTc-albumin and DTPA) were shown to be safe for mother and fetus.
Female↗
[Experiences in diagnosis of placenta praevia by ultrasonic B scanning (author's transl)].
In a clinical experiental report the ultrasonic placentography is evaluated as a very reliable method in the diagnosis of pathological insertion and in the differentiation between the low lying placenta and the placenta praevia. In late pregnancy a control examination is required to find a favourable development as a result of the placental migration.
Diagnosis, Differential↗
[Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio "its prognostic importance to pregnancy" of diabetics (author's transl)].
The lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio was determined by the authors, applying Gluck's technique to 98 amniotic fluid samples of 55 pregnant patients with diabetes, depending on gestational age. Amniocentesis was preceded by ultrasonic placentography. Carbohydrate metabolism of this group was kept under optimum management and regulation. Its L/S ratio (3.1) was twice as much as that recorded from another group of patients (1.5) without adequate management of the carbohydrate metabolism. The rate of complications in the first group was below that in the second. -- It has been emphasised by the authors that variation in the L/S ratio along with gestational age depended not only on the severity of the given course of diabetes but, as well, on the management of the carbohydrate metabolism during pregnancy. They found that in any pregnancy under the conditions of diabetes the L/S ratio was an important criterion for diagnostic assessment of foetal lung maturity.
Amniotic Fluid↗
[Localization of the placenta by means of nuclear medical methods].
Accurate localization of the placenta in the cavity of the uterus is indicated prior to transabdominal amniocentesis and in cases where hemorrhages occur during pregnancy. Several nucleo-medical techniques are available for this purpose. Earlier a so-called placentography was performed, a method later replaced by placental scintigraphy. Today the gamma scintillation camera is ideal for localizing the seat of the placenta. In case of a normally embedded placenta, the profile view makes it possible to determine whether the placenta is attached to the anterior or posterior wall. In case of an anterior wall placenta it is possible with a radioactively labelled marker to draw the outline of the placenta on the abdomen of the patient so that the examiner is certain to puncture in an area that does not contain the placenta. Diagnosis of placenta praevia is assured in all cases by use of the gamma scintillation camera. Short-term introduction of an emitter into the posterior fornix vaginae makes it possible to determine the position of the internal orifice of the cervix uteri. If the caudal part of the placenta extends up to this mark, a placenta praevia is likely and all obstetrical precautions indicated have to be taken.
Female↗
[Chronic nonspecific lung diseases, pregnancy and labor].
External respiration and microcirculation were studied in 203 pregnant women with chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases (CNPD). The uterus, placenta and fetus were subjected to echography in the course of pregnancy. Placental morphology was examined in 73 cases. The relationships existed between the course of pregnancy, delivery and severity, variant of CNPD, between characteristics of the complications and external respiration function, severity of obstructive syndrome, microcirculatory abnormalities. The results of microcirculation studies and placentography confirmed morphologically provided criteria of birth outcome prognosis, fetal and newborn condition.
Adult↗