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PubMed2002

Physical fitness and physical activity during adolescence as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in young adulthood. Danish Youth and Sports Study. An eight-year follow-up study.

The purpose of this study was to determine if physical activity, aerobic fitness and isometric strength during adolescence were predictors of cardiovascular risk factor levels in young adulthood. The following measurements were carried out: maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)max), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in four muscle groups, physical activity (questionnaire), blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, anthropometric variables and body fat % (sum of four skinfolds). The data were collected from the Danish Youth and Sports study, an observational longitudinal study in which two measurements were carried out over an eight-year period. The findings in this study indicated that the relationships between the absolute levels of physical fitness and activity in adolescence and the subsequent level of CVD risk factors are weak. However, the changes in physical fitness and physical activity were related to the absolute levels of CVD risk factors in young adulthood, especially in men. Weak relationships were found between the changes in physical fitness/activity and changes in CVD risk factor levels in both sexes. In conclusion, many subjects changed their levels of physical activity and physical fitness between adolescence and young adulthood and the changes, especially in aerobic fitness, seemed to be the best predictor of CVD risk factor levels in young adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Genome physical mapping from large-insert clones by fingerprint analysis with capillary electrophoresis: a robust physical map of Penicillium chrysogenum.

Physical mapping with large-insert clones is becoming an active area of genomics research, and capillary electrophoresis (CE) promises to revolutionize the physical mapping technology. Here, we demonstrate the utility of the CE technology for genome physical mapping with large-insert clones by constructing a robust, binary bacterial artificial chromosome (BIBAC)-based physical map of Penicillium chrysogenum. We fingerprinted 23.1x coverage BIBAC clones with five restriction enzymes and the SNaPshot kit containing four fluorescent-ddNTPs using the CE technology, and explored various strategies to construct quality physical maps. It was shown that the fingerprints labeled with one or two colors, resulting in 40-70 bands per clone, were assembled into much better quality maps than those labeled with three or four colors. The selection of fingerprinting enzymes was crucial to quality map construction. From the dataset labeled with ddTTP-dROX, we assembled a physical map for P.chrysogenum, with 2-3 contigs per chromosome and anchored the map to its chromosomes. This map represents the first physical map constructed using the CE technology, thus providing not only a platform for genomic studies of the penicillin-producing species, but also strategies for efficient use of the CE technology for genome physical mapping of plants, animals and microbes.

Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial↗
PubMed1982

Attitudes of consumers of physical therapy in California toward the professional image of physical therapists.

The purpose of this study was to identify attitudes of California physical therapy consumers toward the professional image of physical therapists. Attitudes toward the professional image of physicians were elicited for comparative purposes. Independent variables were selected to determine their influence on the perceived professional images. The results indicated that consumers viewed physical therapists as possessing four of the five criteria of professionalism; the exception was autonomy of judgment. No significant difference existed between the consumer views of the professional image of physical therapists and the professional image of physicians. A significant relationship existed between the variable of age and the criteria of perceived autonomy of judgment of physical therapists and physicians. Older consumers believed physical therapists and physicians possess less autonomy of judgment than younger consumers believed. The majority of physical therapy consumers perceived physical therapists and physicians as having equally high professional status.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1985

Acceptance of physical therapist assistant course work by programs preparing physical therapists.

I developed and sent a questionnaire to the directors of entry-level physical therapy programs to determine if course work taken in an associate degree program could be credited toward requirements leading to a higher degree or certificate in physical therapy. I sent 86 questionnaires; 45 were returned. Results of the survey revealed that basic science courses taken by the physical therapist assistant (PTA) students are more likely to be credited (up to half of the respondents replied positively) toward a higher degree or certificate than are technical courses like therapeutic exercise, fundamentals of physical therapy, or physical modalities. Moreover, as many as 79 percent of the respondents reported that PTAs would not be granted transfer credit for their technical courses. Of those respondents whose programs do give credit for the technical courses, the courses are usually considered as elective hours. Although the concept of upward mobility appears to remain viable in the educational philosophy of the American Physical Therapy Association, students who view the associate degree program as an entry point into a physical therapy program must be aware of the problems of acceptance of PTA credits in an entry-level physical therapy program.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Physical fitness, physical activity, and functional limitation in adults aged 40 and older.

PURPOSE: A cohort of middle-aged and older men and women were followed for an average of 5.5 yr to examine the association between physical fitness, physical activity, and the prevalence of functional limitation. METHODS: The participants received medical assessments between 1980 and 1988 and responded to a mail-back survey regarding functional status in 1990. RESULTS: Among 3495 men and 1175 women over 40 yr of age at baseline, 350 (7.5%) reported at least one functional limitation in daily or household activities at follow-up. The prevalence of functional limitation was higher among women than men. Physically fit and physically active participants reported less functional limitation than unfit or sedentary participants. After controlling for age and other risk factors, the prevalence of functional limitation was lower for both moderately fit (odds ratio = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2-0.6) and high fit men (odds ratio = 0.3, 95% CI = 0.2-0.4), compared with low fit men. Corresponding figures for women were 0.5 (0.3-0.7) and 0.3 (0.2-0.5) for moderately fit and high fit women. The association between physical activity and functional limitation was similar to the data for physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS: These data support a protective effect of physical fitness and physical activity on functional limitation among older adults and extend this protective effect to middle-aged men and women.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Relationships between blood pressure and measures of dietary energy intake, physical fitness, and physical activity in Australian children aged 11-12 years.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to examine associations between blood pressure and dietary energy intake, physical activity, and physical fitness in Australian children. DESIGN: The study was a survey of year 7 children attending schools in metropolitan Perth. SETTING: Survey schools were located in suburbs representative of the range of socioeconomic strata in metropolitan Perth. PARTICIPANTS: Data were obtained on 1311 out of 2045 eligible children (64%). The sample included 681 boys and 630 girls. Mean age was 12.0 (SD 0.4) years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Triplicate blood pressure measurements were obtained using a Dinamap oscillometric recorder. Dietary energy intakes were computed from two week day 24 h records. Physical activity was assessed using questionnaires. Physical fitness was measured using a shuttle run test. Additional measurements included weight, height, and skinfold thickness at four sites. A previous observation of an inverse relationship between diastolic blood pressure and dietary energy intake in boys was confirmed. There was evidence of an inverse relationship in girls but not in boys between blood pressure and physical activity. There was little evidence of relationships between blood pressure and physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with weight and body mass index, dietary energy intake and the chosen measures of physical activity and physical fitness are poor predictors of blood pressure in the population studied.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2004

Five months of physical exercise in hemodialysis patients: effects on aerobic capacity, physical function and self-rated health.

BACKGROUND: The number of chronic renal failure patients treated by hemodialysis (HD) is continuously increasing. Most patients have reduced physical capacity and have a high risk of cardiac and vascular diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 5 months physical exercise of HD patients' physical capacity, self-rated health and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. METHODS: 33 HD patients were included in the study. INCLUSION CRITERIA: HD for more than 3 months, age >18 years. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Diabetes mellitus, symptomatic cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal limitations, severe peripheral polyneuropathy, inability to speak Danish or English, dementia or other mental disorders. The patients were randomly assigned to an exercise group (EG, n = 22) or a control group (CG, n = 11). Prior to randomization, baseline testing was performed. The effects were measured by aerobic capacity, '2-min stair climbing', 'squat test', self-rated health (SF36), blood pressure and lipids. All tests were carried out by blinded testers. The intervention consisted of 1 h of physical exercise twice a week for 5 months. RESULTS: 20 patients completed the intervention. Attendance was 74% of all sessions. There were no dropouts caused by complications related to the intervention. The EG had a significant increase in aerobic capacity, 'squat test' and Physical Function and Physical Component Scale (SF36). No significant changes were observed in any of the parameters in the CG. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise twice a week for 5 months increases physical function and aerobic capacity in HD patients. An exercise program with only two exercise sessions per week seems easy to implement in clinical practice with high attendance among participants. Further investigation is needed to determine the effects on blood pressure and lipids. There were no medical complications related to the exercise program.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Physical activity, physical fitness, and insulin and glucose concentrations in an isolated Native Canadian population experiencing rapid lifestyle change.

OBJECTIVE: Little is known about the relation of physical activity and physical fitness to insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in isolated subarctic Native Canadian populations. The purpose of this effort was to examine the relation between activity and fitness and obesity and glucose concentrations in such a unique population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This study describes 530 men and women from the community of Sandy Lake, Ontario, located in the boreal forest region of central Canada. Fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations were determined after an overnight fast. Past year physical activity levels were assessed using a modified version of an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Maximal oxygen uptake, a measure of cardiovascular fitness, was estimated using a submaximal step test. RESULTS: Total (leisure and occupational) physical activity and physical fitness were significantly associated with fasting insulin concentrations after adjusting for age, BMI or percent body fat, waist circumference, and fasting glucose concentration in men but not in women. The relations between physical activity, fitness, and fasting glucose concentrations were not as strong or as consistent as they were when fasting insulin concentration was the dependent variable. CONCLUSIONS: In this isolated Native Canadian community, both physical activity and fitness were independently associated with fasting insulin concentrations, suggesting a beneficial role of physical activity/fitness on insulin sensitivity that is separate from any influence of activity on body composition. The fact that this relation was found in men but not in women is most likely explained by issues related to the measurement of activity and fitness in this study and the fact that the women in this population appear to be less active than the men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Use of self-reports of physical fitness as substitutes for performance-based measures of physical fitness in older adults.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the association between self-reported physical fitness and performance-based measures of physical fitness in older adults. The specific components of physical fitness evaluated included aerobic endurance, muscular strength, and flexibility. Adults (25 men and 47 women) ranging in age from 56 to 92 years (M age=75 yr.) were recruited from the local community. Generally, the associations between self-reported and performance-based measures of physical fitness were low to moderate (r = 30-.01). Based on these findings, self-reports of physical fitness should not be used as substitutes for performance-based measures of physical fitness in older adults. Furthermore, present findings suggest that older adults, when asked to rate subcomponents of physical fitness, may not do so but rather evaluate a more general concept of physical fitness with aerobic endurance as the dominant factor.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Daughters and mothers exercising together (DAMET): a 12-week pilot project designed to improve physical self-perception and increase recreational physical activity.

This paper presents the results of a 12-week single-sex, family-based physical activity intervention grounded in Social Cognitive Theory. Mother/daughter pairs and triads (n = 20) attended physical activity and classroom sessions twice weekly. Physiological data (VO2peak, height, and weight), psychological data (physical self-perception profile subscale scores), information about physical activity participation (PAP, d x wk(-1)) and qualitative impressions (QI) of the program were collected pre- and post-intervention. PAP and QI were also collected 6-months after completing the intervention. Although no significant increases in physical activity were reported, significant improvements in perceived sport competence, physical condition, and strength and muscularity were reported over time. The social cognitive theory, as used to plan this physical activity intervention, offered a promising theoretical perspective for facilitating improved physical self-perception in adolescent girls and their mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The physical therapist-patient relationship. Does physical therapist' occupational stress affect patients' quality of life?

Our pilot study investigated the patient-physical therapist relationship. Physical therapists see and are actively involved in the consequences of and the improvements in patients' health status. This close involvement, together with their own expectations, renders physical therapists vulnerable to different kinds of stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether physical therapists' occupational stress is related to patients' perceived quality of life. Eight patient-physical therapist pairs were enrolled. The following measures were administered to the participants: Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI); World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQoL-Brief); Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Our study demonstrated the existence of different kinds of relationship between physical therapists' occupational stress (measured by OSI) and patients' perceived quality of life (measured by WHOQoL-Brief). It was found that patients' quality of life and therefore outcome are affected by the possible presence of physical therapists' occupational stress. Our study identified traits (both personal and professional) in physical therapists that positively affect patients' perceived quality of life.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Physical activity level and physical, mental and social factors in community-dwelling elderly people].

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between physical activity level (PAL) and physical, mental and social factors in community-dwelling elderly people. METHODS: The subjects comprised 428 residents aged 70 or over living in Kusatsu-machi, Gunma, who took part in an interview and tests of physical fitness as part of the "NIKKORI-KENKOSODANJIGYO". Data for 330 out of the 428 residents were adopted for this study. The PAL was evaluated with a questionnaire developed by Naito et al. (2003). Subjects were interviewed on physical, mental and social functioning including the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology (TMIG) Index of Competence and cognitive function (Mini Mental State Examination: MMSE). Physical fitness tests included assessment of handgrip strength, usual and maximal walking speed, and one-leg standing balance with eyes open. RESULTS: Correlations between PAL and the TMIG Index of Competence, physical (e.g. physical fitness), mental (e.g. depression) and social (e.g. roles at home) factors, and smoking status were significant by ANCOVA adjusted for age and sex. Analysis using a general linear model indicated that smoking status, usual walking speed, depression, roles at home, frequency of going outdoors and visual impairment all together explained 13.5% of the PAL variance. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that PAL in the community-dwelling elderly aged 70 years or over is associated with physical, mental and social factors.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1996

Physical activity and cardiovascular health. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health.

OBJECTIVE: To provide physicians and the general public with a responsible assessment of the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular health. PARTICIPANTS: A nonfederal, nonadvocate, 13-member panel representing the fields of cardiology, psychology, exercise physiology, nutrition, pediatrics, public health, and epidemiology. In addition, 27 experts in cardiology, psychology, epidemiology, exercise physiology, geriatrics, nutrition, pediatrics, public health, and sports medicine presented data to the panel and a conference audience of 600 during a 2-day public session. Questions and statements from conference attendees were considered during the open session. Closed deliberations by the panel occurred during the remainder of the second day and the morning of the third day. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched through MEDLINE and an extensive bibliography of references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel, answering predefined questions, developed their conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. CONSENSUS STATEMENT: The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. There-after, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. CONCLUSIONS: All Americans should engage in regular physical activity at a level appropriate to their capacity, needs, and interest. Children and adults alike should set a goal of accumulating at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, and preferably all, days of the week. Most Americans have little or no physical activity in their daily lives, and accumulating evidence indicates that physical inactivity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, moderate levels of physical activity confer significant health benefits. Even those who currently meet these daily standards may derive additional health and fitness benefits by becoming more physically active or including more vigorous activity. For those with known cardiovascular disease, cardiac rehabilitation programs that combine physical activity with reduction in other risk factors should be more widely used.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Associations between daily physical activity and physical fitness in Flemish males: A cross-sectional analysis.

The relationship of physical activity to several components of physical fitness was investigated in a sample of 166 males 40 years of age. In addition to Pearson correlations, multivariate canonical correlations were calculated. Physical activity during work (work index), sport (sport index), and leisure time (leisure time index) was assessed by the Baecke questionnaire. Physical fitness included cardiorespiratory fitness measures, the body mass index (BMI), the sum of seven skinfold thicknesses (SKI), percentage body fat (PFAT), balance, and several tests of muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and speed of limb movement. More than 86% of the variance was shared by the two first canonical variables. The first canonical variable can be interpreted as a health-related fitness function. Carciorespiratory fitness, balance, speed of limb movement, explosive strength, and trunk muscle strength are clearly related to this function. From the physical activity measures, the Baecke sport index correlated significantly with this health-related fitness function. The second canonical variable can be explained as a fatness function, since body weight, BMI, SKI, and PFAT showed the highest correlations with the variable. The Baecke work index was inversely related to this canonical variable. The sample was also divided into physical activity groups in order to look for differences in physical fitness. The data indicate that physical activity during work was modestly, but inversely related to adiposity. Sport activity was beneficially associated to several fitness components, including cardiorespiratory fitness, trunk muscle strength, and upper body muscular endurance. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:587-597, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Physical fitness, body fatness, and physical activity: The Amsterdam Growth and Health Study.

The purpose of this study was to examine sex-specific longitudinal relationships between physical fitness (cardiopulmonary and neuromotor fitness) and body fatness (sum of skinfolds) and to examine the influence of physical activity (weighted activity score) on these relationships. The data were obtained from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study (AGHS), an observational longitudinal study of 98 females and 83 males, with six repeated measurements over a period from 13 to 27 years of age. The longitudinal relationship between body fatness and physical fitness was analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE). For each of the eight fitness items used as outcome variables, standardized regression coefficients were calculated for the relationships with body fatness and for the relationships with physical activity with and without correcting for height and weight. In all analyses, body fatness was inversely related to running speed, standing high jump, leg lift speed, and maximal oxygen uptake. Physical activity was positively related to leg lift speed and maximal oxygen uptake, and only in females to the standing high jump. Thus, body fatness is inversely related to most fitness items, while physical activity is positively related to only several fitness items. Further, body fatness and physical activity are independently related to physical fitness. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 12:593-599, 2000. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Enhancing physical and psychological functioning in older family caregivers: the role of regular physical activity.

Although informal caregiving among older adults creates a range of physical and psychological burdens for the caregiver, little research has been directed at evaluating strategies for preserving caregivers physical functioning in addition to their psychological well-being. The purpose of the current research was to examine, through population-based survey sampling procedures, levels of physical activity and related health practices and preferences among a random sample of older family caregivers; evaluate, using an experimental design, the feasibility of initiating a four-month supervised home-based moderate-intensity physical activity regimen among older family caregivers; and explore the potential effects of physical activity on anger expression, caregiver burden, and related psychological outcomes in this population. The results suggest that: (a) physical inactivity is a prevalent risk factor among family caregivers that requires systematic attention; (b) a significant proportion of family caregivers of both sexes are interested in improving their physical activity levels, especially through programs that do not require ongoing attendance at a class or group; and (c) supervised home-based programs that focus on brisk walking and similar moderate-intensity physical activities appear to be both feasible and potentially beneficial in health (e.g. ambulatory blood pressure) as well as mental health (e.g. anger expression) areas.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1998

Relationship of childhood sexual, physical, and combined sexual and physical abuse to adult victimization and posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Prior research has suggested that women who experience childhood sexual abuse are at increased risk for sexual victimization and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. However, previous studies have paid insufficient attention to the overlap of childhood sexual and physical abuse. In the present study we disentangled the separate and combined effects of childhood sexual and physical abuse by comparing groups of participants who reported contact childhood sexual abuse only (SA), sequelae of childhood physical abuse only (PA), combined childhood sexual and physical abuse (CA), or no child abuse (NA). METHOD: A sample of 475 female college students completed measures of sexual and physical abuse in childhood (before age 15) and adulthood (after age 15), PTSD and trauma symptoms, and demographic variables. Of these participants, 27 were assigned to the SA group, 53 to the PA group, 31 to the CA group, and 211 to the NA group. RESULTS: The highest rate of adult sexual and/or physical victimization was reported by the CA group, followed by the PA group, with lower rates reported by the SA and NA groups. Using adult victimization as a covariate, the analyses revealed that the CA group reported significantly higher rates of PTSD and trauma symptoms compared to the NA group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that prior reports of differences in rates of adult victimization and PTSD between women who experienced childhood sexual abuse and women who did not may be attributable to the inclusion of participants with a history of combined childhood sexual and physical abuse in childhood sexual abuse groups. The importance of separating physical and combined forms of victimization from sexual abuse is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity.

Environmental determinants of health are receiving growing attention in the literature, although there is little empirical research in this area. The Study on Environmental and Individual Determinants of Physical Activity (known as the SEID project) was a social ecological project that examined the relative influence of individual, social environmental and physical environmental determinants of recreational physical activity. It involved a community survey of 1803 healthy workers and home-makers aged 18-59 years living in a 408 km2 area of metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. Physical environmental determinants were mainly conceptualised as spatial access to popular recreational facilities. Overall, 59% of respondents exercised as recommended. Recreational facilities located near home were used by more respondents than facilities located elsewhere. The most frequently used facilities were informal: the streets (45.6%); public open space (28.8%) and the beach (22.7%). The physical environment's directs the influence on exercising as recommended was found to be secondary to individual and social environmental determinants. Nevertheless, accessible facilities determined whether or not they were used and in this way, support and enhance the achievement of recommended levels of physical activity behaviour by providing opportunities. The results suggest that access to a supportive physical environment is necessary, but may be insufficient to increase recommended levels of physical activity in the community. Complementary strategies are required that aim to influence individual and social environmental factors. Given the popularity of walking in the community, it is recommended that greater emphasis be placed on creating streetscapes that enhance walking for recreation and transport.

Adolescent↗