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PubMed2002

Digital photography of the larynx.

Digital photographic technology has ushered in a new era in medical documentation. The author's method of still digital photography for direct and indirect laryngeal photodocumentation using a single-lens-reflex camera and rigid rod-lens telescopes is described, and the results are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of different systems using still or video photography are discussed, and the importance of storing the archival image securely is emphasized. It is concluded that digital photography is convenient and versatile and gives good-quality images. It is the way of the future.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Digital photography in orthopaedic surgery.

Digital photography has become a practical alternative to film photography for documentation, communication, and education about orthopaedic problems and treatment. Digital cameras may be used to document preoperative and postoperative condition, intraoperative findings, and imaging studies. Digital photographs are captured on the charged coupler device (CCD) of the camera, and processed as digital data. Images may be immediately viewed on the liquid crystal display (LCD) screen of the camera and reshot if necessary. Photographic image files may be stored in the camera in a floppy diskette, CompactFlash card, or SmartMedia card, and transferred to a computer. The images may be manipulated using photo-editing software programs, stored on media such as Zip disks or CD-R discs, printed, and incorporated into digital presentations. The digital photographs may be transmitted to others using electronic mail (e-mail) and Internet web sites. Transparency film slides may be converted to digital format and used in digital presentations. Despite the initial expense to obtain the required hardware, major cost savings in film and processing charges may be realized over time compared with film photography.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of 10 digital SLR cameras for orthodontic photography.

Digital photography is now widely used to document orthodontic patients. High quality intra-oral photography depends on a satisfactory 'depth of field' focus and good illumination. Automatic 'through the lens' (TTL) metering is ideal to achieve both the above aims. Ten current digital single lens reflex (SLR) cameras were tested for use in intra- and extra-oral photography as used in orthodontics. The manufacturers' recommended macro-lens and macro-flash were used with each camera. Handling characteristics, colour-reproducibility, quality of the viewfinder and flash recharge time were investigated. No camera took acceptable images in factory default setting or 'automatic' mode: this mode was not present for some cameras (Nikon, Fujifilm); led to overexposure (Olympus) or poor depth of field (Canon, Konica-Minolta, Pentax), particularly for intra-oral views. Once adjusted, only Olympus cameras were able to take intra- and extra-oral photographs without the need to change settings, and were therefore the easiest to use. All other cameras needed adjustments of aperture (Canon, Konica-Minolta, Pentax), or aperture and flash (Fujifilm, Nikon), making the latter the most complex to use. However, all cameras produced high quality intra- and extra-oral images, once appropriately adjusted. The resolution of the images is more than satisfactory for all cameras. There were significant differences relating to the quality of colour reproduction, size and brightness of the viewfinders. The Nikon D100 and Fujifilm S 3 Pro consistently scored best for colour fidelity. Pentax and Konica-Minolta had the largest and brightest viewfinders.

Color↗
PubMed2003

An easy-to-use intraoperative digital videography, still photography, and X-ray-capture system.

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to evaluate an easy-to-construct digital system for documentation of intraoperative still and motion photography. In addition, the management of pre- and postoperative images was considered. METHODS: A Macintosh system (both hardware and software) is described in detail, as are techniques and use. RESULTS: The system has proved to be easy to use. It is user-friendly and makes it possible to rapidly edit and store data from preoperative studies, as well as intraoperative videography and still photography. The cost is minimal, compared with other commercially available systems. CONCLUSION: Digital videography and still photography can easily be accomplished with minimal modifications to existing hardware and software systems. Patient x-rays can also be incorporated into this system, for easy retrieval.

Central Nervous System Diseases↗
PubMed2004

Use of dental photography by general dental practitioners in Great Britain.

This study assesses, by means of a postal questionnaire, the numbers of general dental practitioners who use clinical photography, and the uses to which this is applied. The questionnaire was distributed to 1000 randomly selected GDPs in Great Britain. A response rate of 76% was achieved. Of the respondents, 36% used clinical photography, with 65% of those using an intra-oral 35 mm camera, 18% a digital camera and 12% an intra-oral digital video camera. Principal uses of clinical photography were patient instruction/motivation (72%), medico-legal reasons (68%), treatment planning (63%), and liaison with laboratory (43%).

Communication↗
PubMed2005

[Photography in medical research].

Medical photography is an adequate scientific document when performed on a standard fashion. A proper photography is an important issue on a scientific publication. Plastic surgeons are experts in clinical photography and, frequently, an image is a more significant data than the written part of a paper. The purpose of this article is to describe the principles developed in this specialty. Basic photographic equipment used for clinical pictures is described. Standardized pictures determined by patient position and framing using anatomical references are reported. Using these rules it is possible to compare pre and post operative pictures. Topics such as intra operative pictures in endoscopic surgery, computer fotogrametry and in Experimental Surgery are also analyzed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Two-field photography can identify patients with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy: a screening approach in the primary care setting.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of two 45 degrees photographic fields per eye in the screening for diabetic retinopathy with the routine ophthalmologist's examination and to study the effectiveness of visual acuity measurement in the detection of diabetic macular edema. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients without a known history of more than minimal retinopathy (n = 469) had a routine examination by an ophthalmologist, including visual acuity measurement, indirect retinoscopy, and biomicroscopy. At the same time, two-field nonstereoscopic retinal photographs were made of both eyes and assessed in a masked fashion by a retinal specialist. The results were compared. RESULTS: The prevalence was 4.3% for vision-threatening retinopathy and 24% for any retinopathy. The sensitivity of two-field photography in identifying diabetic patients with sight-threatening retinopathy was 95% (specificity 99%) and sensitivity for detecting any retinopathy was 83% (specificity 88%). The percentage of referrals to an ophthalmologist was 6.2%. All patients with macular edema detected by biomicroscopy were classified as having vision-threatening retinopathy on the photographs. CONCLUSIONS: Two-field retinal photography is a promising alternative to the routine ophthalmologist's examination in the screening for diabetic retinopathy. Visual acuity measurement is not a sensitive tool for the detection of macular edema. Screening for diabetic retinopathy using two-field retinal photography is feasible in a primary care setting and can substantially lower the number of ophthalmic referrals.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Photography in forensic medicine.

Forensic photography, although similar to medical photography, has different aims, and different objectives. The main consideration is that the images are taken primarily for legal reasons, therefore the results must be accurate and detailed, and of use in court. The photographer must have an understanding of the technical requirements as well as the related medical and legal requirements. Autopsy photography must produce the minimum delay to the autopsy as well as being extremely reliable, as the images are not repeatable. This requires a combination of easily portable equipment and additional technical support. A good photograph clearly demonstrates the required information and minimizes distortion and misleading information. Factors to consider include identification, backgrounds, lighting, colour, scale, perspective, orientation and cropping. The requirements for the effective photographic documentation of forensic subjects are discussed, with reference to the current practices of a specialist forensic pathology service in South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Autopsy↗
PubMed1994

Ethics, morals and patient photography.

This article reports on an investigation into the ethical and moral aspects of patient photography in an attempt to raise awareness of these issues among medical photographers. A questionnaire was used to determine common practices and attitudes towards the photography of patients in medical illustration departments across the country. Some wider issues, including the photography of fetuses and perinatal deaths are also examined. The results of the survey indicate that the majority seem to act with the patients' best interests in mind, however there are still areas that could be improved upon.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

Photography as a method of recording and improving skill in laparoscopy.

The techniques of photography in diagnostic laparoscopy are presented. It is suggested that photography, as well as being the best method of recording information, is of great use in improving and teaching laparoscopic skill, through comparison of case findings either at subsequent laparotomy on the same patient, or in similar conditions found at laparoscopy in different patients. Presumptive and hurried diagnoses cannot be made if a camera is used; the abnormality must be found to be photographed and recorded. A plea is made for the increased use of photography. Experience is presented with both polaroid and reflex 35 mm cameras.

Female↗
PubMed1998

The cost-effectiveness of a retinal photography screening program for preventing diabetic retinopathy in the First Nations diabetic population in British Columbia, Canada.

Seven-field stereo retinal photography is both 100% sensitive and specific for diagnosing diabetic retinopathy and is the standard for evaluating the severity of retinopathy both for clinical and epidemiological studies. It is also very useful for follow-up of diabetics and eventual treatment of complicated cases with laser and other treatment modalities. If the 450 First Nations diabetic cases that were surveyed in 1992 in British Columbia, Canada, were to receive an annual assessment by an ophthalmologist, the cost is estimated at $164,000 (Canadian). This amount includes travel, hotel, and meal costs of patients traveling to the ophthalmic centers in their areas and the fee for specialist services. Alternately, retinal photography screening is estimated to cost $61,000. This amount includes photo-technician labor, travel costs to the community, hotel and meal costs, ophthalmologist interpretation of the photographs, and annualized capital maintenance costs. In the first year, the cost of vehicle purchase with accessories and a camera with accessories is estimated at $61,000, with an estimated four-year lifespan of equipment. Maintenance and insurance, including vehicle fuel, will cost $12,256 annually. A retinal photography program could travel to the diabetic patient, and nearly 100% of First Nations diabetic patients could receive this service annually. This program could be highly effective in preventing blindness in First Nations diabetic patients in British Columbia through early intervention in diabetic retinopathy.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Usefulness of fluorescence photography for diagnosis of oral cancer.

This study was carried out to evaluate the validity of fluorescence photography as an adjunctive diagnostic method for oral cancer. Fluorescence photography was performed on 130 oral lesions in 130 patients. Lesions showing red, orange or pink fluorescence on the photographs were defined as positive, while all other lesions were considered negative. Seventy-two (91.1%) of 79 carcinomas and 6 (85.7%) of 7 epithelial dysplasias were judged as positive, whereas two (4.5%) of 44 benign lesions that were not dysplasias showed positive fluorescence. Sixty-nine (94.5%) of 73 squamous cell carcinomas showed positive fluorescence. These results suggest that fluorescence photography is useful as an adjunctive diagnostic method for oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Portrait photography for the dentist.

The increase in popularity of esthetic dentistry and the dental profession's enthusiasm for providing these services are leading to a new paradigm of dental practice. The design of a dental office must now relate to visual and esthetic values rather than just to treating disease or maintaining health. Photography has always been important in dentistry, mostly as documentation and more recently for patient education. Patients' high esthetic expectations put great demands on professional providers. It is the duty of the dentist who provides esthetic services to become schooled in the goals of beauty for a person's entire face, not just the teeth. Portrait photography heightens a dentist's and patient's value of the mouth as the center of beauty in the face. It helps educate the patient and dentist alike, is important for the education of other patients, creates value, markets the dentist's services, enhances the image of the office, and helps in the evaluation and planning for cosmetic treatment. This paper describes the basics of portrait photography and a simple two-light and reflector arrangement that can be used in most offices.

Esthetics, Dental↗
PubMed2001

Polarized light photography and videomicroscopy greatly enhance the capability of estimating the therapeuic response to a topical retinoid (adapalene) in acne vulgaris.

Assessment of improvement in acne lesions following treatment is often based on clinical evaluation and photographs. However, limitations are associated with this sublective evaluation, making it difficult to accurately review individual acne lesions and to observe early response to therapy. Conventional photographs do not allow us to visualize small lesions, and it can be difficult to differentiate inflammatory lesions as papules or small nodules. Our objective was to evaluate a new standardized method for tracking individual acne lesions based on photographs. The effect of adapalene gel 0.1% on both inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions was evaluated using this technique. Polarized light photography and videomicroscopy were used to record the evolution of acne lesions over a 16-week period in 5 volunteers with moderate acne vulgaris. During the first 4 weeks before treatment, acne lesions were evaluated on a 3-times weekly basis to establish a pattern of progression and determine the length of time to resolution. Sebum secretion rates were monitored using Sebutape adhesive patches applied to the forehead and both cheeks for 1 hour. After 4 weeks, adapalene gel 0.1% was used once daily at bedtime for 8 weeks; polarized light photography, videomicroscopy, and assessment of sebum production followed treatment response. This treatment period was followed by a further 4-week phase, after which acne lesions and sebum secretion rates were evaluated. Our results showed that the new methodology was appropriate to track acne lesions and allowed an accurate and more oblective evaluation of individual lesions. Using this methodology demonstrated that adapalene gel 0.1% causes rapid resolution of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions. The probability of clearing inflammatory and noninflamma tory lesions during the treatment period increased, and the probability of new lesions appearing decreased. Sebum secretion rates declined in patients while on study drug, returning to near pretreatment levels following therapy cessation. Using sophisticated photography and videomicroscopy every other day proved to be a valuable, noninvasive, and reliable method of following response to adapalene treatment in patients with moderate acne vulgaris.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1975

[Monitoring the progress of lens opacities in cases of senile cataract by retro-illumination photography (author's transl)].

A follow-up study of lens opacities, utilizing retro-illumination photography with the fundus camera is described. After giving technical details, results are discussed and possible errors pointed out. If evaluation by planimetry or other devices is not possible, a useful procedure is the evaluation of simultaneous projected slides by a group of ophthalmologists not directly involved in the trial. This is demonstrated by testing the effect of 1-hydroxy-pyrido-(3,2alpha)-5-phenoxazone-3-carboxylic acid on the progress of senile cataract in a total of 48 eyes. Together with slit image photography of Brown (2, 3) the method of retro-illumination photography of the lens presented in this paper is a definite improvement in demonstrating the temporal course of cataract development.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of quantitative mapping and stereoscopic fundus photography grading of retinal thickness in diabetic eyes with macular edema.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of a retina specialist's grading of 30 degrees color stereoscopic fundus photographs to identify areas of significant retinal thickening as assessed by the Retinal Thickness Analyzer (RTA) and to determine whether this ability was affected by the presence of retinal pathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two eyes in 29 patients clinically diagnosed as having diabetic macular edema underwent RTA scanning and nonsimultaneous 30 degrees color stereoscopic fundus photography. Retinal thickness maps of the macular area were generated, and regions with significant retinal thickening (> or = 2 SD above normal values) were identified. A retina specialist reader, masked to the RTA measurements, identified areas with macular edema on the stereoscopic fundus photographs, which subsequently were overlaid on the retinal thickness maps. The sensitivity (percent of significant retinal thickening areas identified by the retina specialist grading the stereoscopic fundus photographs) was calculated separately for areas with and without retinal pathology. Specificity of the stereoscopic fundus photograph grading was assessed similarly. RESULTS: The retina specialist's stereoscopic fundus photography grading identified 78.8% of areas with significant retinal thickening (range over eyes: 20.4%-100%) and was slightly more likely to identify significant retinal thickening when pathology was present (89.6%) than when pathology was not present (78.4%; pooled risk ratio, 1.14 [95% CI = 0.54, 2.42]). Specificity of stereoscopic fundus photography grading was 58%, ie, 42% of areas without significant retinal thickening were (incorrectly) identified as edematous by the stereoscopic fundus photograph grading. This misidentification was more likely if pathology was present (76.9%) than if pathology was not present (41.1%; pooled risk ratio, 1.87 [95% CI = 1.28, 2.73]). CONCLUSION: This study shows the determination of macular edema by a retina specialist reading color stereoscopic fundus photographs is sensitive but not specific with reference to edema identified by the RTA. Furthermore, the presence of retinopathy tends to cause false-positive readings with reference to edema identified by the RTA. These findings indicate the need to use objective, quantitative methods in clinical studies to detect and monitor macular edema.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of the effectiveness of detecting diabetic eye disease: diabetic retinal photography versus ophthalmic consultation.

INTRODUCTION: This study determines the accuracy of reading a Polaroid retinal photograph in the diabetic retinal photography programme as compared to a clinical fundal examination in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. METHODS: A prospective study recording the additional findings obtained from clinical examination of the eye using indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit lamp biomicroscopy in a restructured tertiary hospital serving an urban community was performed. RESULTS: Seventy-eight eyes in 39 diabetic patients were reviewed by an ophthalmologist for diabetic changes seen on fundus photography. The sensitivity of diabetic retinal photography in diagnosing diabetic eye conditions was 91.6 percent, with a specificity of 99.8 percent and a positive predictive value of 95.6 percent. The degree of agreement kappa was 0.94. CONCLUSION: The use of diabetic retinal photographs to screen for diabetic eye disease achieved a high sensitivity by capturing diabetic retinal lesions. It was comparable to an examination performed by the ophthalmologist. With appropriate training, the person reading the diabetic retinal photographs can accurately diagnose diabetic eye conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Laryngeal photography.

Various methods of still photography and videography of the larynx are described in this article, some simple, inexpensive, and recommended for residents and occasional laryngeal photographers, while others are more involved, costly, and recommended for serious laryngologists. The choice of a specific method depends upon the physician's need, the availability of the equipment, budget, and more importantly, photographic skill and imagination. Although still photography is a valuable method of laryngeal documentation today, videography increasingly is gaining favor. Because of its simplicity, reproducibility, time and cost effectiveness, and capacity to simultaneously record laryngeal images and voice, videography has distinct advantages and may someday replace still photography of the larynx.

Humans↗