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PubMed2006

Phosphorus availability to rice (Oriza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum estivum L.) in a Vertisol after eight years of inorganic and organic fertilizer additions.

Integrated use of inorganic fertilizer N and well decomposed cattle manure (CM) or 30-35 days old Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.), a weed grown off site as green manure (GM) under repeated applications of fertilizer P and urea N for eight years in a rice (Oriza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum estivum L.) sequence was studied on transformation of fertilizer P applied to soil at the National Research Center for Weed Science, Jabalpur, India. Based on the results, it appeared that, repeated applications of 52 kg super-phosphate P resulted in a marked increase in Olsen P linearly with time. Conjunctive use of urea fertilizer N with organic manure resulted in a larger increase in Olsen P in the Vertisol. Studies further revealed that the greater accumulation of fertilizer P applied in excess to crop removal occurred in inorganic P in the plots receiving only fertilizer N. However, plots receiving fertilizer N along with organic manures led to P accumulation predominantly in organic forms. The study suggests that these two pools of P acted as a sink when fertilizer P was applied in excess to crop removal and are bio-chemically active. The Olsen P status after 8 cycles of rice-wheat crops revealed that the average amount of fertilizer P required after adjusting for crop uptake to increase Olsen P by 1 mg kg(-1) soil was 7.2 kg Pha(-1) in the plots receiving only fertilizer N. Whereas, application of 5t FYM or 6t GM reduced it to 4.6 kg Pha(-1). The plots receiving manure always maintained a greater concentration of Olsen P. The application of CM or GM with fertilizer N enriched short-term inorganic P as well as long-term organic P fertility. After eight years, larger concentrations of organic P in the subsurface layer (16-30 cm), compared to initial values, indicates downward movement of P in organic forms.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus on weed plants.

Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq.:Fr.) Kumm. ITCC 3308 (collected from Indian Type Culture Collection, IARI, New Delhi, India, 110012) was grown on dry weed plants, Leonotis sp, Sida acuta, Parthenium argentatum, Ageratum conyzoides, Cassia sophera, Tephrosia purpurea and Lantana camara. Leonotis sp. was the best substrate in fruit body production of P. ostreatus when it was mixed with rice straw (1:1, wet wt/wet wt) for mushroom cultivation. The fruiting time for P. ostreatus was also less on Leonotis sp. than on any other weed substrates tested in the present investigation. T. purpurea was the least suited weed for oyster mushroom cultivation. The main problem of oyster mushroom cultivation on weed substrates was found to be low yield in the second flush that could be overcome by blending weed plants with rice straw. The protein contents of the fruit bodies obtained from Cassia sophera, Parthenium argentatum and Leonotis sp. were not only better than rice straw but also from the rice straw supplemented weeds.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1992

A bioassay for inhibition of serotonin release from bovine platelets.

A bioassay was developed to study agents capable of inhibiting the release of serotonin from bovine blood platelets. It is a simple, inexpensive, and reproducible high-throughput bioassay suitable for quality control of feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium, a crude drug with proven migraine prophylactic activity that is being considered for governmental registration and regulation. The bioassay, which requires no experimental animals or human subjects, was used to assess the in vitro activity of T. parthenium samples grown from seed obtained from 10 different regions of Europe. The activity was found to vary significantly within and between samples, with no geographical correlation. Serotonin release inhibition was shown to be significantly correlated with the content of the germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone, parthenolide, although other sesquiterpene lactones from this plant and other members of the Asteraceae were also shown to be active. The activities of six other species of Tanacetum, as well as of Artemisia absinthium (wormwood) and Zingiber officinale (ginger), and two commercial drugs for migraine prophylaxis, verapamil hydrochloride and propranolol hydrochloride, were also assessed. The relevance of the bovine platelet serotonin release inhibition bioassay to antimigraine research is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae plants in northern India.

60 patients (45 male and 15 female) with suspected airborne contact dermatitis from Compositae (Asteraceae) plants and 20 age-matched controls (15 male and 5 female) were investigated. Patch tests were performed with ethanolic plant extracts of 4 Compositae plants, Parthenium hysterophorus, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Dahlia pinnata and Tagetes indica, all prevalent in northern India. 55 (92%) patients showed positive patch tests, with 35 (64%) demonstrating positive tests to extracts of only 1 of the 4 plants tested. No positive patch tests were seen in the controls. Parthenium hysterophorus (78%) was the most frequent plant reacting, followed by Chrysanthemum morifolium (42%), Dahlia pinnata (18%) and Tagetes indica (7%).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Common contact sensitizers in Chandigarh, India. A study of 200 patients with the European standard series.

200 patients (122 male, 78 female) with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with the European standard series (ESS) and the results compared with other Asian centres. 131 (65.5%) patients showed 1 or more patch test positives to the ESS. Patch tests were positive to all allergens except primin. Potassium dichromate was the most common allergen (20.5%) followed by nickel sulfate (16.5%), SQL mix (14%), PPD (11.5%), cobalt (8%), fragrance mix (7.5%), formaldehyde (6.5%), colophony (5.5%), neomycin sulfate and mercapto mix (5% each). In women, nickel sulfate was the commonest allergen (30.8%) followed by SQL mix (16.7%) and potassium dichromate (15.4%). In men, potassium dichromate was the commonest sensitizer (23.8%) followed by SQL mix and PPD (12.3% each). Our results are at variance with other centres in Asia. SQL mix was able to detect less than 1/2 (42.2%) of patients allergic to ethanolic dilutions of ether extracts of parthenium. We conclude that the European standard series, with exclusion of primin, is suitable for detection of allergic contact dermatitis in India. However, SQL mix is not a adequate screen for parthenium sensitivity and patch testing with extracts of the plant should be continued, wherever indicated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Aeroallergens in clinical practice of allergy in India. An overview.

Allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis are dramatically increasing all over the world including developing countries like India. Today, more than 30 % of the population is known to suffer from one or other allergic ailment. Major causative agents implicated are pollen grains, fungal spores, dust mites, insect debris, animal epithelia, etc. Several aerobiological studies have been conducted in different parts of the country to ascertain aerial concentration and seasonality of pollen grains and fungi. Recently, an "All India Coordinated Project on Aeroallergens and Human Health" was undertaken to discover the quantitative and qualitative prevalence of aerosols at 18 different centres in the country. Predominant airborne pollen are Holoptelea, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Eucalyptus, Casuarina, Putanjiva, Cassia, Quercus, Cocos, Pinus, Cedrus, Ailanthus, Cheno/Amaranth, Cyperus, Argemone, Xanthium, Parthenium and others. Clinical and immunological evaluations have revealed allergenically important texa - some of them for the first time. Allergenically important pollen are Prosopis juliflora, Ricinus communis, Morus, Mallotus, Alnus, Querecus, Cedrus, Argemone, Amaranthus, Chenopodium, Holoptelea, Brassica, Cocos, Cannabis, Parthenium, Cassia and grasses. Further cross-reactivity of the IgE antibodies is a common phenomenon among various pollen allergens. Ricinus communis pollen from commonly growing weeds in India, cross-reacts with latex (Hevea brasiliensis), Mercurialis annua and also with seeds of Ricinus communis - all belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. Areca catechu cross-reacts with other members of Arecaceae such as Phoenix sylvestris, Cocos nucifera and Borassus flabelifer. Several reports on pollen and fruit syndrome have been analyzed. Experiments conducted by us revealed that pollutants (NO(2) and SO(2)) not only affect pollen morphology but also changes their allergenic potency. Immunotherapy with recombinant proteins having similar epitopes from different allergens have been advocated, besides allergen avoidance.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1987

Compositae dermatitis in childhood.

Compositae dermatitis occurred in a 9-year-old boy with a strong personal and family history of atopy. Positive patch test reactions were 2+ for dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), false ragweed (Ambrosia acanthicarpa), giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida), short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifolia), sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), wild feverfew (Parthenium hysterophorus), yarrow (Achillea millifolium), and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and 1+ for Dahlia species and English ivy (Hedera helix). Patch tests were negative for another 30 plants, including cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), dog fennel (Anthemis cotula, fleabane (Erigeron strigosus), sneezeweed (Helenium autumnale), and feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). The eruption resembled atopic dermatitis morphologically but was prominent on the palms and face and dramatically spared the area of the boy's feet covered by his shoes. The condition has always been seasonal, worsening in summer, especially July, and it clears on avoidance of contact. This case is believed to represent a contact dermatitis to oleoresins of Compositae plants; inhalants as a cause of systemic aggravation are not likely to be important in this patient.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Cross-reactivity of alternate plant sources of latex in subjects with systemic IgE-mediated sensitivity to Hevea brasiliensis latex.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that there is cross-reactivity in subjects sensitive to natural rubber proteins with other plant proteins such as banana, chestnut, and avocado. There are numerous other plants known to produce rubber including Parthenium argentatum and Ficus elastica. It is not known whether patients with IgE-mediated systemic reactions caused by the common source of natural rubber Hevea brasiliensis are also sensitive to the rubber-containing material from these other plant sources of latex. It is also not certain how much the allergenicity of latex made from Hevea brasiliensis can be reduced by extracting proteins from the sap since some proteins are tightly associated with the cis-1,4-polyisoprene. OBJECTIVE: In this study we investigated whether there would be cross-reactivity to other natural sources of latex in these patients. METHODS: Seven patients with histories of systemic type I hypersensitivity to latex products had strongly positive skin tests to Hevea brasiliensis latex from two different sources. These subjects were tested by the prick method for sensitivity to three other natural sources of latex. These included latex-containing material from Parthenium-argentatum and Ficus elastica as well as washed and centrifuged rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis sap. RESULTS: All subjects had negative skin tests to all dilutions of the rubber samples from these other natural sources of latex. CONCLUSION: These results suggest several potential sources of natural hypoallergenic latex that might be tolerated by latex-sensitive individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Feverfew for preventing migraine.

BACKGROUND: Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) is a popular herbal remedy for migraine. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the evidence for or against the efficacy of feverfew versus placebo for the prevention of migraine. SEARCH STRATEGY: Electronic literature searches were performed using the databases CISCOM (Research Council for Complementary Medicine, London, UK), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis and the Cochrane Library (each from its inception to April 1998). Manufacturers were contacted and the bibliographies of identified articles checked for further trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials assessing the efficacy of feverfew for preventing migraine were included. No restrictions regarding the language of publication were imposed. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data on patients, interventions, methods, outcomes and results were extracted in a pre-defined, standardised manner. Methodological quality was evaluated using the scoring system developed by Jadad and colleagues. Both data extraction and the assessment of methodological quality were performed independently by two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS: Four trials met the inclusion criteria. The majority of these trials suggested beneficial effects of feverfew compared with placebo. However, the trial with the highest methodological quality, which was also among the largest, found no significant difference between feverfew and placebo. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of feverfew for the prevention of migraine has not been established beyond reasonable doubt.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed2004

Feverfew for preventing migraine.

BACKGROUND: Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) extract is a herbal remedy used for preventing attacks of migraine. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the evidence from double-blind randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the clinical efficacy and safety of feverfew versus placebo for preventing migraine. SEARCH STRATEGY: Publications describing (or which might describe) double-blind RCTs of feverfew extract for migraine were sought through the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2003); PREMEDLINE/MEDLINE (1966 to July 2003); EMBASE (1974 to July 2003); the trials register of the Cochrane Pain, Palliative and Supportive care group (July 2003); and AMED (1985 to July 2003). Manufacturers of feverfew were contacted and the bibliographies of identified articles checked for further trials. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials assessing the efficacy of feverfew for preventing migraine were included. Trials using clinical outcome measures were included. Trials focusing exclusively on physiological parameters were excluded. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data on patients, interventions, methods, outcome measures, results and adverse events were extracted systematically. Methodological quality was evaluated using the scoring system developed by Jadad and colleagues. Two reviewers independently selected studies, assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Disagreements concerning evaluation of individual trials were resolved through discussion. MAIN RESULTS: Five trials (343 patients) met the inclusion criteria. Results from these trials were mixed and did not convincingly establish that feverfew is efficacious for preventing migraine. Only mild and transient adverse events were reported in the included trials. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence from randomised, double-blind trials to suggest an effect of feverfew over and above placebo for preventing migraine. It appears from the data reviewed that feverfew presents no major safety problems.

Humans↗
PubMed2001

Feverfew extracts and the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide inhibit intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts.

Previous studies have shown that extracts of the aromatic herb feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) and one of its bioactive components, parthenolide, have anti-inflammatory properties in vivo and in vitro. We examined both crude feverfew extracts and purified parthenolide for their ability to modulate adhesion molecule expression in human synovial fibroblasts. Pretreatment of synovial fibroblasts with either feverfew extracts or purified parthenolide could inhibit the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) induced by the cytokines IL-1 (up to 95% suppression), TNF-alpha (up to 93% suppression), and, less strongly, interferon-gamma (up to 39% suppression). Inhibition of ICAM-1 was dose and time dependent; as little as a 30-min pretreatment with feverfew resulted in inhibition of ICAM-1. The decrease in ICAM-1 expression was accompanied by a decrease in T-cell adhesion to the treated fibroblasts. Other herbal extracts with reported anti-inflammatory effects were similarly tested and did not decrease ICAM-1 expression. The modulation of adhesion molecule expression may be an additional mechanism by which feverfew mediates anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents↗
PubMed1983

Characterization of phospholipase A2 activity in rat aorta smooth muscle cells.

Phospholipase A activity was measured in homogenates and acid extracts of smooth muscle cells from rat aorta and mesenteric artery using [1-14 C]oleate-labeled autoclaved Escherichia coli and 1-[1-14C]stearyl-2-acyl-3-sn-glycerophosphorylethanolamine as substrates. The results demonstrate the presence of neutral-active phospholipase(s) A that exclusively catalyze the release of fatty acid from the 2-position of phospholipids. Optimal activity was at pH 7.5, and there was an absolute requirement for low concentrations of Ca2+. Mg2+ did not substitute for Ca2+, and EGTA inhibited the activity. Phospholipase A2 activity was predominantly membrane-associated and was solubilized by homogenization in 0.18 N H2SO4. Sulfuric acid extracts of rat aortic smooth muscle cells were four times more active than extracts of mesenteric artery (710 vs. 170 nmol/h per mg protein). By comparison, acid extracts of rat lung, heart, and liver were less active (60-75 nmol/h per mg). Indomethacin, sodium meclofenamate, mepacrine and chlorpromazine, but not dexamethasone or aspirin, inhibited acid-solubilized phospholipase(s) A2 between 10(-6) and 10(-3) M in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with p-bromophenacyl bromide or diethylpyrocarbonate inhibited phospholipase(s) A2, suggesting the presence of a histidine residue at the active site. An extract from the leaves of feverfew plant (Tanacetum parthenium) was also a potent inhibitor of aortic smooth muscle phospholipase(s) A2.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase in leukocytes by feverfew. Involvement of sesquiterpene lactones and other components.

Leaves or infusions of feverfew, Tanacetum parthenium, have long been used as a folk remedy for fever, arthritis and migraine, and derived products are widely available in U.K. health food shops. Previous reports have suggested interactions with arachidonate metabolism. Crude chloroform extracts of fresh feverfew leaves (rich in sesquiterpene lactones) and of commercially available powdered leaves (lactone-free) produced dose-dependent inhibition of the generation of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) by ionophore- and chemoattractant-stimulated rat peritoneal leukocytes and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Approximate IC50 values were in the range 5-50 micrograms/mL, and inhibition of TXB2 and LTB4 occurred in parallel. Isolated lactones (parthenolide, epoxyartemorin) treated with cysteine (to neutralize reactive alpha-methylene butyrolactone functions of the sesquiterpenes). Inhibition of eicosanoid generation appeared to be irreversible but not time-dependent. We conclude that feverfew contains a complex mixture of sesquiterpene lactone and non-sesquiterpene lactone inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis of high potency, and that these biochemical actions may be relevant to the claimed therapeutic actions of the herb.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Extracts of feverfew inhibit granule secretion in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

Extracts of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) inhibited secretory activity in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs). Release of serotonin from platelets induced by various aggregating agents (adenosine diphosphate, adrenaline, sodium arachidonate, collagen, and U46619) was inhibited. Platelet aggregation was consistently inhibited but thromboxane synthesis was not. Feverfew also inhibited release of vitamin B12-binding protein from PMNs induced by the secretagogues formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, sodium arachidonate, and zymosan-activated serum. Feverfew did not inhibit the secretion induced in platelets or PMNs by the calcium ionophore A23187. The pattern of the effects of the feverfew extracts on platelets is different from that obtained with other inhibitors of platelet aggregation and the effect on PMNs is more pronounced than has been obtained with very high concentrations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1988

Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of feverfew in migraine prevention.

The use of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) for migraine prophylaxis was assessed in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. After a one-month single-blind placebo run-in, 72 volunteers were randomly allocated to receive either one capsule of dried feverfew leaves a day or matching placebo for four months and then transferred to the other treatment limb for a further four months. Frequency and severity of attacks were determined from diary cards which were issued every two months; efficacy of each treatment was also assessed by visual analogue scores. 60 patients completed the study and full information was available in 59. Treatment with feverfew was associated with a reduction in the mean number and severity of attacks in each two-month period, and in the degree of vomiting; duration of individual attacks was unaltered. Visual analogue scores also indicated a significant improvement with feverfew. There were no serious side-effects.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The anti-inflammatory natural product parthenolide from the medicinal herb Feverfew directly binds to and inhibits IkappaB kinase.

BACKGROUND: Biologically active natural products continue to be useful in the exploration and control of intracellular signaling processes. For example, the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide from the anti-inflammatory medicinal herb Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) appears to inhibit the pro-inflammatory signaling pathway. Parthenolide's direct molecular target, however, remains unknown. We set out to identify the molecular mechanisms of parthenolide's anti-inflammatory activity. RESULTS: A parthenolide affinity reagent was synthesized and shown to bind directly to and inhibit IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta), the kinase subunit known to play a critical role in cytokine-mediated signaling. Mutation of cysteine 179 in the activation loop of IKKbeta abolished sensitivity towards parthenolide. Moreover, we showed that parthenolide's in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity is mediated through the alpha-methylene gamma-lactone moiety shared by other sesquiterpene lactones. CONCLUSIONS: In recent years, the multi-subunit IKK complex has been shown to be responsible for cytokine-mediated stimulation of genes involved in inflammation and as such represents an attractive target for pharmaceutical intervention. Our finding that parthenolide targets this kinase complex provides a possible molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of parthenolide. In addition, these results may be useful in the development of additional anti-inflammatory agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Intra-specific variability of feverfew: correlations between parthenolide, morphological traits and seed origin.

Parthenolide, a biologically active sesquiterpene lactone found in feverfew [Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip., Asteraceae], has been indirectly linked to the anti-migraine action of feverfew preparations. Commercial preparations of feverfew leaves are known to vary widely in parthenolide content. Thirty-one feverfew accessions of diverse origin were examined for morphological traits and parthenolide content. Significant variation in parthenolide content was found among the populations. Mean parthenolide levels ranged from non-detectable to 1.68% +/- 0.97 (per dry weight) based upon HPLC-UV-MS. In general, feverfew plants grown from wild-collected seed from botanical gardens and the USDA accessions had higher mean parthenolide levels (0.72% +/- 0.57) than plants from commercial sources, including the generic material (0.34% +/- 0.23) and cultivars (0.35% +/- 0.40). Feverfew varieties with a light green/yellow leaf color had significantly higher mean parthenolide levels (1.61% +/- 0.61%) than darker-leafed varieties. A significant positive correlation between days to anthesis and parthenolide content was observed. Parthenolide levels did not correlate with floral morphology. This study shows that further selection for improved horticultural attributes and natural product content has potential to improve feverfew for the botanical/medicinal plant industry.

Plants, Medicinal↗
PubMed2004

In vitro behaviour of sesquiterpene lactones and sesquiterpene lactone-containing plant preparations in human blood, plasma and human serum albumin solutions.

The interactions of the three sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) dihydrohelenalin acetate, dihydrohelenalin methacrylate and helenalin isobutyrate from Arnica montana and of parthenolide from Tanacetum parthenium as well as of three ethanolic Arnica preparations with human blood proteins using different matrices, human serum albumin (HSA), plasma and whole blood, were investigated. The extent of protein binding in human plasma or to human albumin differed significantly between individual SLs (dihydrohelenalin methacrylate < dihydrohelenalin acetate < helenalin isobutyrate << parthenolide), e. g., 30 % to 50 % of the SLs were bound to plasma. On the whole, SLs in the ethanolic preparations showed a lower degree of protein binding. Interestingly, although HSA has a reactive thiol group at its cysteine-34 position which is prone to react with the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl of SLs, our studies showed that less than 6 % of SLs are bound to this position within 60 minutes. Thus, a reaction with other amino acids as well as non-covalent interactions with plasma proteins have to be considered. Considering the biological activity of SLs in whole blood, our studies demonstrate that knowledge of their plasma protein binding is important for interpreting the reported data of in vitro and ex vivo assays.

Arnica↗