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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Airborne contact dermatitis from methylchloroisothiazolinone in wall paint. Abolition of symptoms by chemical allergen inactivation.

Preservatives such as isothiazolinones in paints have been reported to cause airborne contact dermatitis. The patients whom we report experienced acute dermatitis on air-exposed skin and respiratory symptoms after staying in recently painted rooms. Kathon (methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone) added as preservative to the wall paint was identified as causative agent. In one individual symptoms rapidly disappeared after treatment of the painted walls with inorganic sulfur salt, which leads to inactivation of the allergenic properties of methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone. We describe the patients, the clinical course and review the literature pertinent to such cases. In addition we report on the chemical analyses of the decorating paints used, and on experiments on emission and air concentration of methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone from a painted surface before and after inactivation by sodium bisulfite.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Old Masters' lead white pigments: investigations of paintings from the 16th to the 17th century using high precision lead isotope abundance ratios.

White lead (2PbCO(3).Pb(OH)(2)), a common component in 17c. artists' painting materials, was singled out to investigate the potential of lead isotope abundance ratios in the field of authentication and origin assignment. Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens, Anthony van Dyck and other Old Masters of the Northern and Southern schools were chosen for this study. An interdisciplinary approach was chosen using both analytical instrumental methods, art technological and art historical knowledge. Minute samples taken from paintings from selected art collections worldwide were investigated using mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The high precision lead isotope abundance ratios were measured by multiple collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). The determination of the calcium matrix influence with respect to possible bias effects to the isotope ratios gave clear decision support, to whether a result lies within the stated combined measurement uncertainty of the result, to eliminate time-consuming matrix separations. The scatter plots of the measured isotope abundance ratios for the painting pigments from P. P. Rubens, A. van Dyck and other Flemish painters exhibit a very narrow distribution forming a cluster. The range of the measured ratio (206)Pb/(204)Pb amounts to 0.55% and for the ratio (207)Pb/(204)Pb to 0.2%. The comparison of the data to cis-alpine (Italian) sample pigments from paintings from the same time period reveals a clear distinction between the two fields. With respect to the lead isotope data originating from the ores it is assumed that the pigment isotope ratio distribution can be explained by very distinct origin of raw materials. Presumably, no mixing of different lead ores from Europe took place. The comparison of the measured white lead isotope ratio values (Flemish paintings) and the data from ore samples led to the unexpected conclusion that local ores were not used for the pigment production but British or German sources.

Carbonates↗
PubMed2003

Inspection method for the identification of TBT-containing antifouling paints.

In order to ensure the effectiveness of the international convention which will prohibit the use of organotin compounds in antifouling paints applied to ships, it is essential to establish an inspection system to determine the presence of the prohibited compounds in the paint. In the present study, a method for the identification of organotin containing antifouling paints using a two-stage analysis process is investigated. Firstly, X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) is utilized, which could be used at the place of ship surveys or port state control. Using a portable XRF instrument customized for ship inspection, analysis is automatically executed and determines whether tin is present or not. If the presence of tin is confirmed by XRF, the sample is subsequently examined at an analytical laboratory using more rigorous analytical techniques, such as gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A sampling device has been designed. It is a disc of approximately 10 mm diameter and has abrasive paper pasted to one of its flat surfaces. The device is pressed onto and then slid along a ship hull to lightly scrape off fragments of paint onto the abrasive paper. Preliminary field tests have revealed that sampling from a ship in dock yields successful collection of the paint for XRD analysis and that the resultant damage caused to the antifouling paint surface by the sampling technique was found to be negligible.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed2000

Exposures to 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate during polyurethane spray painting in the U.S. Air Force.

1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) exposures were measured during polyurethane enamel spray painting at four Air Force bases. Breathing zone samples were collected for HDI monomer and polyisocyanates (oligomers) using three sampling methods: NIOSH Method 5521, the Iso-Chek sampler, and the total aerosol mass method (TAMM). Exposures to HDI monomer are low when compared to current occupational exposure limits; the highest 8-hr time-weighted average (TWA) exposure found was 3.5 micrograms/m3, below the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) of 34 micrograms/m3. HDI oligomer levels were higher; mean task exposures indicated by either the Iso-Chek sampler or TAMM are above the Oregon ceiling limit of 1 mg/m3. Eight-hour TWA exposures, however, were much lower, with only one exceeding the Oregon standard of 0.5 mg/m3. Poor worker practices commonly observed during this study included: standing in downwind positions so paint overspray passed through breathing zones; spraying toward other painters; and using excessive paint spray gun air cap pressures. Workers should stand in upwind orientation relative to the aircraft being painted, causing overspray to move away from the painter's breathing zone; adjust their position to prevent spraying other painters or limit paint application to one worker at a time; and use air cap pressure gauges prior to spraying to limit spray gun air cap pressures and reduce paint overspray generation rates. These improved techniques will result in reduced worker exposures to isocyanates.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2001

Worker exposure and health risks from volatile organic compounds utilized in the paint manufacturing industry of Kenya.

This study provides a means for the evaluation of cleaner manufacturing and the provision of cost-effective worker health improvements in developing nations. Individual worker exposure to volatile organic compounds was measured in the paint manufacturing plants of Nairobi, Kenya. A variety of different paint production jobs were monitored, including laboratory researchers, mixers, tinters, fillers, cleaners, raw materials deliverers, and resins producers. Exposure levels were calculated based on a time-weighted average over an entire 8-10 hour workday. The paint solvents used can cause both acute and chronic health problems for the workers exposed. For example, over half of the organics monitored, i.e. benzene, styrene, and xylene, exhibit carcinogenic properties. The lifetime cancer risk from exposure to these paint solvents was estimated utilizing published cancer potencies, and the risks range from 1.90 x 10(-4) for raw materials deliverers to 2.60 x 10-2 for cleaners. The highest exposure tasks included cleaning the mixing vats and mixing the paint product, ranging from risks of 8.5 x 10(-4) to 2.6 x 10(-2), providing evidence that solvent exposure occurs due to point sources. Because of this, simple and inexpensive technologies should significantly reduce the excess exposure of workers in these manufacturing facilities. The cost of minor-innovations in the plants themselves, such as fans, drum and mixing vat covers, and respirators, could amount to as much as five times less than the estimated cost of treating workers who develop cancer due to paint solvent exposure.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2003

An evaluation of one-time professional cleaning in homes with lead-based paint hazards.

A key challenge in reducing the burden of lead poisoning is to identify cost-effective interventions that minimize lead-based paint hazards. One-time professional cleaning of lead-contaminated dust and debris was conducted in 37 housing units with deteriorated lead-based paint and dust lead hazards. These study units are a subset of a larger cohort of the nearly 3500 housing units enrolled in the Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program. Dust lead loading measurements were taken prior to cleaning, immediately after cleaning (i.e., clearance), and six months, one, two, and three years post-intervention. The cleaning intervention significantly reduced dust lead loadings on floors, windowsills, and window troughs immediately following the work. However, these reductions did not persist at six months and one year post-intervention. Six months and one year post-intervention dust lead loadings are not significantly different from the pre-intervention loadings on either bare floors or windowsills. Although window trough lead loadings declined over 50 percent from pre-intervention to one year post-intervention, the loadings rebounded markedly from the geometric mean at clearance of 101 microgram/ft(2) to 5500 microgram/ft(2) at 6 months and 5790 microgram/ft(2) at one-year post-intervention. These results demonstrate that a single professional cleaning of dust and debris without addressing potential sources of lead dust (such as deteriorated lead-based paint) or repeating the cleaning are unlikely to result in significant and sustained reductions in dust lead loadings. More extensive interventions that address deteriorated lead-based paint, although more expensive, are likely to provide longer term reductions in dust lead loadings. Cleaning strategies, however, may be useful in emergency situations to reduce lead dust hazards when paint repair and other lead hazard control activities cannot be done immediately.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMed1988

Lead exposure in a ship overhaul facility during paint removal.

Lead exposures from paint sanding and chipping during ship overhaul were evaluated. Several hundred workers were included in the study. Lead concentrations in 275 bulk paint samples ranged from 0.03% to 17.0% with a 0.25% geometric mean. The geometric mean air lead concentration was 61.0 micrograms/m3 when these paints were sanded and 2.4 micrograms/m3 when they were chipped. Air lead concentrations exceeded the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit (PEL) when paints containing as little as 0.2% lead were sanded but did not exceed the PEL or the action level when paints containing up to 6.0% lead were chipped. Poor correlation was found between paint lead contents and air lead concentrations for sanding (r = -0.27) and for chipping (r = 0.44). Similarly, poor correlation was found between air lead concentrations and blood lead levels for sanding (r = -0.14) and chipping (r = 0.24). Despite higher air lead concentrations, sanders' blood lead levels were not elevated compared with chippers and were only slightly elevated compared with non-lead workers. An extensive blood monitoring program was found to be particularly effective in assessing lead exposures and uptake while air lead monitoring was of limited value because of the high variability in air lead concentrations and in the nature of the sanding and chipping work during the overhaul. Lead-worker training was felt to be a particularly effective control measure. Blood samples collected toward the end of the overhaul revealed that blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin levels were not rising as the overhaul progressed and neared completion.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Occupational exposure during application and removal of antifouling paints.

Exposure data on biocides are relatively rare in published literature, especially for secondary exposure. This is also the case for antifouling exposure. Therefore, a field study was carried out measuring exposure to antifouling paints. Both primary exposure (rolling and spraying) and secondary exposure (during sand blasting) were studied. Exposure during rolling was measured in boatyards where paints containing dichlofluanid (DCF) were applied. Spraying was measured in dockyards (larger than boatyards) where paints containing copper were applied. Furthermore, during sand blasting the removal of old paint layers containing copper was measured. A total of 54 datasets was collected, both for inhalation and dermal exposure data. For paint and stripped paint bulk analyses were performed. The following values are all arithmetic means of the datasets. Inhalation of copper amounted to 3 mg m-3 during spraying and to 0.8 mg m-3 during sand blasting. Potential body exposure loading amounted to 272 mg h-1 copper during spraying and 33 mg h-1 during sand blasting. For dichlofluanid the inhalation exposure loading was 0.14 mg m-3 during rolling, whereas the potential body exposure loading was 267 mg h-1 and potential hand exposure loading 277 mg h-1. The results for primary exposure compare well to the very few public data available. For the secondary exposure (sand blasting) no comparable data were available. The present study shows that the exposure loading should be considered more extensively, including applicable protective gear. In this light the findings for the potmen during sand blasting suggest that personal protective equipment should be (re)considered carefully.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2002

Altamira cave Paleolithic paintings harbor partly unknown bacterial communities.

Since it has been reported that microorganisms can affect painting pigments, Paleolithic painting microbiology deserves attention. The present study is the first report on the bacterial colonization of the valuable Paleolithic paintings in the famous Altamira cave (Spain). One sample taken from a painting area in the Polychromes Hall was analyzed culture-independently. This was the first time microbiologists were allowed to take sample material directly from Altamira paintings. Identification methods included PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNA) and community fingerprinting by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The applied approach gave insight into a great bacterial taxonomic diversity, and allowed the detection of unexpected and unknown bacteria with potential effects on the conservation of the painting. Regarding the number of 29 visible DGGE bands in the community fingerprint, the numbers of analyzed clones described about 72% of the phylogenetic diversity present in the sample. Thirty-eight percent of the sequences analyzed were phylogenetically most closely related to cultivated bacteria, while the majority (62%) were most closely related to environmental 16S rDNA clones. Bacteria identified in Altamira were related with sequence similarities between 84.8 and 99.4% to members of the cosmopolitan Proteobacteria (52.3%), to members of the Acidobacterium division (23.8%), Cytophaga/Flexibacter/Bacteroides phylum (9.5%), green non-sulfur bacteria (4.8%), Planctomycetales (4.8%) and Actinobacteria (4.8%). The high number of clones most closely related to environmental 16S rDNA clones showed the broad spectrum of unknown and yet to be cultivated bacteria in Altamira cave.

Archaeology↗
PubMed1999

Reciprocal chromosome painting shows that genomic rearrangement between rat and mouse proceeds ten times faster than between humans and cats.

Reciprocal chromosome painting between mouse and rat using complete chromosome probe sets of both species permitted us to assign the chromosomal homology between these rodents. The comparative gene mapping data and chromosome painting have a better than 90% correspondence. The reciprocal painting results graphically show that mouse and rat have strikingly different karyotypes. At least 14 translocations have occurred in the 10-20 million years of evolution that separates these two species. The evolutionary rate of chromosome translocations between these two rodents appears to be up to 10 times greater than that found between humans and cats, or between humans and chimpanzees, where over the last 5-6 million years just one translocation has occurred. Outgroup comparison shows that the mouse genome has incorporated at least three times the amount of interchromosomal rearrangements compared to the rat genome. The utility of chromosome painting was also illustrated by the assignment of two new chromosome homologies between rat and mouse unsuspected by gene mapping: between mouse 11 and rat 20 and between mouse 17 and rat 6. We conclude that reciprocal chromosome painting is a powerful method, which can be used with confidence to chart the genome and predict the chromosome location of genes. Reciprocal painting combined with gene mapping data will allow the construction of large-scale comparative chromosome maps between placental mammals and perhaps other animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Composition and health hazards of water-based construction paints: results from a survey in the Netherlands.

Water-based construction paints may have beneficial effects toward man's occupational and general environment when compared to traditional paints that contain large amounts of organic solvents. The aim of this study was to describe the health hazards of the application of these alternative paints. The composition of these paints was obtained by a questionnaire survey among the main producers and importers in The Netherlands. Physicochemical parameters and toxicity data of the constituents were used to estimate occupational and environmental health hazards. Mucous membrane of skin irritation and sensitization are predicted to be the most frequently occurring health hazards after contact with these paints during professional or do-it-yourself application. Health hazards from environmental pollution may be irritation of the mucous membranes when the indoor environment is painted and fish mortality due to slowly degradable polyacrylate binders. The health hazards can be reduced by replacing some toxic compounds with less toxic ones and by hygienic (ventilation, skincare, no cleaning of application materials under the tap) measures.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

[Effect of painting work on alcoholic liver dysfunction].

The effect of painting on alcoholic liver dysfunction was investigated. The subjects were male workers engaged in small-scale enterprises under contract to with heavy industries. Painting involved metal cleaning and painting, and the air concentrations of organic solvents were frequently high. The study population consisted of 1,157 male workers over 40 yr of age. Of them, 85 were painters engaged for a mean duration of 20.9 +/- 9.8 yr. There was no significant difference in GOT and GPT between painters who did not drink and non-painters who did not drink, but GOT and GPT were significantly higher in painters drinking several days a week than in non-painters. A past history of hepatitis affected GOT, GPT and gamma-GTP. Painting, daily alcohol consumption, drinking frequency and body mass index affected gamma-GTP. A questionnaire survey of hepatitis was also conducted in 206 male workers (age range 18-67 yr). Of them, 134 were painters (mean duration of painting, 16.8 +/- 10.4 yr). This questionnaire survey showed that 13 painters (9.6% of the painters) and two non-painters (2.6% of the non-painters) had a history of hepatitis. Of the 13 painters, five painters had a history of hepatitis C and four had a history of alcoholic hepatitis. All of these 13 painters had the habit of drinking. This study indicated that painting had little effect on the liver function in painters not drinking, but increased alcoholic liver dysfunction in painters with the drinking habit.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of radiographic evidence of paint chip ingestion among children with moderate to severe lead poisoning, St Louis, Missouri, 1989 through 1990.

Although experts once believed that ingesting chips of lead-based paint was the major cause of lead poisoning among children, conventional wisdom now holds that lead-contaminated dust and soil are the major routes of exposure. Data from a childhood lead-poisoning treatment clinic were examined to assess the frequency with which children ingest paint chips. For this study, the reports on abdominal radiographs of 90 children with moderate to severe lead poisoning who had received their first chelation treatment during 1989 or 1990 were reviewed. According to a radiologist's evaluation, 13 of 90 abdominal radiographs (14%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7% to 22%) showed evidence of paint chip ingestion. Of 46 children with blood lead levels greater than or equal to 55 micrograms/dL, 12 (26%) had radiographs that showed paint chips, whereas only 1 (2%) of 44 children with blood lead levels less than 55 micrograms/dL had such radiographs (prevalence ratio = 11.5; 95% CI 1.6 to 84.6). The actual proportion of children with moderate to severe lead poisoning who have consumed leaded-paint chips is likely to be higher than this estimate based on radiographic evidence. While lead-contaminated dust is a major source of lead exposure, ingestion of leaded-paint chips clearly remains an important source of exposure among children with moderate to severe lead poisoning.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1997

Old paint removal and blood lead levels in children.

AIM: To identify risk factors, particularly paint removal and clean up practices, for elevated blood lead levels in children, 12 to 24 months old, living in Wellington city. METHODS: Children living in residences more than 50 years old, where residential paint removal had taken place in the last two years, were recruited. Care givers were interviewed, a blood sample was taken from the child's arm and a dust wipe sample was collected from the kitchen floor. Blood and dust samples were analysed for lead content. RESULTS: Data were collected for 141 children (75% of those eligible). The mean blood lead level was 0.24 mumol/L (5.06 micrograms/dL). Higher blood levels were associated with lower income of the main family earner, playing outside, eating dirt and parental hobbies involving lead use. Children receiving regular medical treatment were at lower risk of lead absorption. With the exception of paint removal involving blow torches, none of the paint removal, clean up, or disposal practices was more strongly associated than the other methods with elevated blood lead levels in children living in the household. Dust wipes from the kitchen floor had little predictive value for blood lead level. CONCLUSIONS: High temperature methods of paint removal and parental hobbies involving lead are associated with higher lead levels in children. Given the availability of alternative means of paint removal, continuing use of high temperature methods is unnecessary. Further work is needed to assess lead absorption risks associated with hobbies involving lead.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1998

Comparative study of psychiatric morbidity among workers at a paint factory in Nigeria.

Inspite of numerous reports on the neurobehavioural effects of paints, there have been no such studies from Nigeria, where there are now many paint factories. The general aim of this study was, to assess the prevalence of specific psychiatric morbidity among workers in a large paint manufacturing factory. Using the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (PAS), 60 workers (mean age, 38.1) directly involved in paint manufacture, 60 administrative staff (mean age 41.1) in the factory, and 60 postal workers (mean age 37.7) were assessed. Although higher proportions of factory workers (80%), and postal workers (73.3%) had positive PAS scores compared with administrators (36.7%), there were no significant differences in mean PAS scores across the groups. Two subjects each of factory workers (agoraphobia and dysthymia) and postal workers (dysthymia and generalised anxiety) fulfilled DSM-IIIR criteria for specific diagnosis. However, the paint workers had a wider spread of PAS symptoms, were significantly more likely to experience the symptoms constituting neurasthenia, had many more psychological complaints, experienced a wider variety of spontaneously reported symptoms, and constituted the most frequent users of health services. They had no knowledge of the possible mental health effects of exposure to paint. This level of distress is comparable to many reported findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

The effects of hyalurodinase upon tumor formation in BALB/c mice painted with 7,12-dimethylbenz-(a)anthracene.

Experiments were performed to investigate the effects of hyaluronidase on chemical carcinogenesis. Two experiments were carried out using BALB/c mice. In the first experiment the mice were divided into three groups, viz. (1) painted with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), (2) injected with hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA and (3) injected with saline and painted with DMBA. In the second experiment the mice were divided into three groups: (1) painted with DMBA, (2) injected with hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA and (3) injected with heat-inactivated hyaluronidase and painted with DMBA. The tumor incidence and size of tumors were significantly lower in the group treated with hyaluronidase than in the other groups. The latent period was increased. The mitotic index of the skin adjacent to the tumors at the end of the experiment was decreased. These studies show that hyaluronidase can act as an anticarcinogenic agent.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1996

Paternally inherited chromosomal structural aberrations detected in mouse first-cleavage zygote metaphases by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization painting.

We describe a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedure for assessing zygotic risk of paternal exposure to endogenous or exogenous agents. The procedure employs multicolour FISH with chromosome-specific DNA painting probes plus DAPI staining for detecting both balanced and unbalanced chromosomal aberrations in mouse first-cleavage (1-Cl) zygote metaphases. Four composite probes specific for chromosomes 1, 2, 3 or X, each labelled with biotin, plus a composite probe specific for chromosome Y labelled with digoxigenin, were used. We applied this method to evaluate the effects of paternal exposure to acrylamide, a model germ cell clastogen. First-cleavage zygote metaphases, collected from untreated females mated to males whose sperm or late spermatids were treated with acrylamide, were scored for the induction of structural aberrations using both chromosome painting (PAINT analysis) and DAPI analysis. Structural chromosomal aberrations were observed in the sperm-derived, but not in the egg-derived, pronuclei. While 59.4% of the zygotes had structural aberrations by DAPI analysis, 94.1% of the same zygotes had structural aberrations by PAINT analysis (P < 0.001), illustrating the increased sensitivity for detecting translocations and insertions obtained by adding chromosome painting. These findings show that FISH painting of mouse 1-Cl zygotes when used in conjunction with DAPI analysis is a powerful model for investigating the cytogenetic defects transmitted from father to offspring.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Zoo-FISH with microdissected arm specific paints for HSA2, 5, 6, 16, and 19 refines known homology with pig and horse chromosomes.

Microdissected arm specific paints (ASPs) for human (HSA) chromosomes (Chrs) 2, 5, 6, 16, and 19 were used as probes on pig (SSC) and horse (ECA) metaphase chromosomes. Regions homologous to individual human arms were delineated in the two species studied. Of the ten ASPs used, HSA6 and 16 ASPs showed complete synteny conservation of individual arms as single blocks/ arms both in pig and horse. A similar trend was, in general, also observed for HSA19 ASPs. However, contrary to these observations, synteny conservation of individual arms of HSA2 and HSA5 was not observed in pig and horse. The arm specific painting data, coupled with the available gene mapping data, showed that, although HSA2 corresponded to two arms/chromosomes each in pig and horse, the breakpoint of this synteny in humans was not located at the centromere, but at HSA2q13 band. Similarly, arm specific paints for HSA5 showed that of the two blocks/ chromosomes painted in pig and horse, one corresponded to HSA5q13-pter, the other to HSA5q13-qter. The findings suggest that 5q13 band may also be an evolutionary break point, similar to the one detected on HSA2q13. The microdissected human arm specific painting probes used in the present work provide more accurate and refined comparative information on pig and horse chromosomes than that available through the use of human whole chromosome specific paints.

Animals↗