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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Accumulation of organotin compounds in Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas, collected from aquaculture sites in Taiwan.

Butyltin and phenyltin residues were quantified in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), which were collected from several aquaculture sites along the west coast of Taiwan during different seasons. Butyltin compounds were detected in all of the samples, except in the oysters collected from the Wanggung site in November 2002. Monophenyltin and diphenyltin compounds were not detected in any of the samples. The average concentrations of monobutyltin, dibutyltin, tributyltin and tetrabutyltin in the oysters were n.d.-406.6+/-12.7, n.d.-280.9+/-15.3, n.d.-417.2+/-11.2 and n.d.-85.8+/-8.3 ng x g(-1) (wet wt.), respectively. Concentrations of butyltin compounds found in oysters varied both spatially and temporally.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Determination of organotin compounds in-water by headspace solid phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

This investigation evaluates headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine trace levels of organotins in water. The organotins were derivatized in situ with sodium tetraethylborate and adsorbed on a poly(dimethysiloxane) (PDMS)-coated fused silica fiber. The SPME experimental procedures to extract organotins in water were at pH 5, with extraction and derivatization simultaneously at 45 degrees C for 30 min in a 2% sodium tetraethylborate solution and a sample solution volume in the ratio of 1:1, and desorption in the splitless injection port of the GC at 260 degrees C for 2 min. Detection limits are determined to be in the low ng/L range. According to the analysis, the linearity range is from 10 to 10,000 ng/L with R.S.D. values below 12% except triphenyltin (24%). The proposed method was tested by analyzing surface seawater from the harbors on the Taiwanese coast for organotins residues. Some organotins studied were detected in the analyzed samples. Results of this study demonstrate the adequacy of the headspace SPME-GC-MS method for analyzing organotins in sea water samples.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry↗
PubMed2006

Masculinization of female gastropod mollusks induced by organotin compounds, focusing on mechanism of actions of tributyltin and triphenyltin for development of imposex.

Imposex, the superimposition of male-type genital organs (penis and vas deferens) on female gastropods, is cause-specific and induced by low concentrations of certain organotins, such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) from antifouling paints. Reproductive failure may be observed at severely affected stages. The history of imposex study and the legislation of organotins are summarized. The present statuses of gastropod imposex and organotin pollution in Japan, together with endocrine disruption observed in abalones, are also summarized, on the basis of the results of the field studies of the rock shell (Thais clavigera) conducted at 174 locations along the Japan coast between January 1999 and November 2001, the histopathological and analytical chemical studies of the ivory shell (Babylonia japonica), and both field and laboratory studies of the abalone (Haliotis madaka and H. gigantea). The fundamental knowledge of the endocrinology of gastropod mollusks is briefly described. Four hypotheses, such as that of aromatase-inhibition, regarding the induction mechanism of imposex induced by organotins in gastropods are reviewed. Finally, a new hypothesis that states that retinoid X receptor (RXR) plays an important role in inducing the development of imposex, i.e., the differentiation and growth of male-type genital organs in female gastropods, is reviewed and discussed to clarify the entire mode of action of TBT or TPT in the development of imposex in gastropods.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A modified phenylfluorone method for determining organotin compounds in the ppb and sub-ppb range.

The phenylfluorone method for tin analysis has been modified to be specific for organotin samples in the ppb and sub-ppb range (4-.1 micrograms of tin). Two extractions of an aqueous solution containing bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) and tin sulfate yield results which are quantitative for TBTO without interference from the tin sulfate. The extracts are wet oxidized with hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid. The tin is determined from its lambda max near 530 nm through its complex with 2,6,7-trihydroxy-9-phenylisoxanthane-3-one (phenylfluorone) in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. A Beer Lambert plot is obtained in the range of 0.1 to 7.0 micrograms of tin/sample with slope of 0.0344 with a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.990. The method has been successfully used to analyze over 400 environmental samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Lymphocytotoxicity and immunosuppression by organotin compounds. Suppression of graft-versus-host reactivity, blast transformation, and E-rosette formation by di-n-butyltindichloride and di-n-octyltindichloride.

Di-n-butyltindichloride (DBTC) and di-n-octyltindichloride (DOTC) represent a new group of organometallic compounds with antilymphocytic properties. In rats they induce lymphocyte depletion in thymus and thymus-dependent areas of spleen and peripheral lymph nodes without signs of myelotoxicity or a generalized toxicity. The number and viability of cells isolated from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs was severely decreased, whereas the number and viability of bone marrow cells was not reduced. Immunosuppressive properties of DBTC and DOTC are indicated, in this study, by a severe decrease of the graft-versus-host response and the response to the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. The T-cell selectivity of these compounds is discussed. In vitro DBTC and DTOC are extremely cytotoxic. Blast transformation of human as well as rat thymocytes was already inhibited at concentrations as low as 0.02 micrograms DBTC (or 0.1 micrograms DOTC) ml medium. Also the E-rosette formation was inhibited at very low drug levels. The similarity of effects upon rat and human lymphocytes suggests that DBTC and DOTC acts in the same manner in rat and man and offers the possibility of a therapeutic use of these compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Distribution of organotin compounds in the bivalves of the Aegean Sea, Greece.

Five bivalve species--Mytilus galloprovinciallis (Mediterranean mussels), Venus gallina (stripped venus), Modiola barbatus L. (bearded horse mussels), Pecten jacobeus (scallops) and Callista chione (hard clams)--were collected from seven areas in Aegean Sea, Greece, between August 2001 and January 2003 and analyzed for organotins (OTs). The concentrations (as geometric means) found were 17.1 ng g-1 for tributyltin (TBT), 18.8 ng g-1 for dibutytltin (DBT), 7.8 ng g-1 for monobutyltin (MBT) and 13.0 ng g-1 for triphenyltin (TPhT) (wet weight), which are at similar or lower levels than those reported worldwide. Studying OTs distribution between different bivalve species, lower concentrations were observed in mediterranean mussels, possibly due to their growth in water column (grown on sea net pens in mussel farms), in contrast to the free-ranging species, collected from fishing grounds. Concentrations of the OTs in the examined bivalves varied seasonally.

Animals↗