Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Olfactometry”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

[Olfactory disturbance caused by chronic sinusitis].

Sinusitis has been reported to be one of the major causative etiologies of olfactory disorder. According to our data during last 3 years, 47.5% of all cases of olfactory disorder were attributed to sinusitis. Persistent olfactory disturbance was often critical even after resection of the pathological sinus mucosa by surgery for chronic sinusitis. Accordingly, olfactory epithelial inflammation involved in sinusitis may be considered another important causative factor disturbing the restoration of olfactory acuity. To elucidate this hypothesis, the following experimental and clinical studies were carried out. (1) A morphological study was done with specimens taken from the olfactory cleft of rabbits with experimentally induced sinusitis to analyze the inflammatory effects, and the degree of inflammatory damage was compared, histopathologically between olfactory and respiratory epithelium. SEM observation in the morphological study showed delayed healing in the olfactory portion in comparison with the respiratory portion (p < 0.01). Cell proliferation activity as determined by immunohistochemical study with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was significantly greater in the respiratory area of the cases with sinusitis than in the control (p < 0.01). Cell proliferation status may play a significant role in this delay. (2) Olfaction tests were performed in patients with sinusitis accompanied with olfactory disturbance. In addition to both T&T olfactometry and intravenous olfactometry using fursultiamine (Alinamin Test), Smell Identification Test (SIT) and Threshold Test by graded Phenyl Ethyl Alchol (PEA) were applied to estimate the olfactory acuity of the patients with sinusitis. The results of SIT and PEA tended to parallel not the Alinamin Test but T&T olfactometry. Results showed that the olfactory disorder caused by sinusitis tended to be severe. The results showed that the epithelial factor is important in explaining olfactory disorder etiologically in cases of sinusitis. In particular, olfactory disturbance tended to persist.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Examination of the olfactory analyzer].

A method of threshold olfactometry is proposed consisting in the use of three olfactive substances (tincture of valerian, acetic acid, liquid ammonia) in selected concentrations. This allows to investigate the thresholds of certain modality. Each concentration of the olfactive substance is placed into a glass bottle (100 ml) and stored at the temperature 18-20 degrees C. The examination of the state of the olfactory analyzer within a 24-h working day showed stability of threshold olfactometry when the organism is tired. Utilization of threshold olfactometry in some diagnostic areas is shown.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Olfactory dysfunction: its diagnosis and surgical treatment].

This paper discusses the results of diagnosis and surgical therapy of olfactory dysfunction. It describes a method of qualitative and quantitative olfactometry which involves olfactory investigation by means of an olfactory unit and an olfactometer based on the smelling principle. The olfactory unit and olfactometer permit qualitative and quantitative olfactory measurements. Objective olfactometry was performed in 34 patients using the galvanic skin reflex, olfactory-pupillary reflex (OPR), pneumography, and ECG. The method, developed by the present author for recording pupils responses by means of an optic pupillometer, allows differentiation of olfactory and trigeminal sensitivity during OPR examination. Objective olfactometry demonstrated that olfactory investigation with the aid of a custom built olfactometer gives reliable data. The procedure of endonasal operation of concha nasalis media in the olfactory fissure area in the case of hypertropic rhinitis accompanied by olfactory dysfunction is described.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Olfactory disorders induced by cadmium exposure: a clinical study.

The evaluation of olfaction is not only widely applied and undeniably valuable in clinical diagnostics but it is also of interest to industrial medicine. It should be borne in mind that in certain workplaces, particularly in the chemical industry, the olfactory receptor has to act as an organ which warns the worker against threatening intoxication, and this is possible only when it functions properly. Cadmium, as a highly toxic metal, found widely in industry and in the environment, is frequently included in the list of chemicals known to cause olfactory impairment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate olfaction in workers occupationally exposed to cadmium. The correlation between olfaction and concentrations of cadmium in urine, blood and in the workplace air as well as employment duration was examined in workers of the "CENTRA" S.A., an electrochemical plant in Poznań. In this plant cadmium-nickel batteries are produced, and there is chronic occupational exposure to cadmium in quantities exceeding maximum allowable concentration (MAC). A group of 73 workers aged 20 to 60 years (42.0 +/- 18.0), employed from 4 to 24 years (12.5 +/- 8.5) were examined. Of the 73 workers who completed the evaluation, 53 people (72.7%) were smokers (10-40 cigarettes per day). In addition to medical history, medical and ENT examinations, blood and urine tests were taken and olfactometry performed. Olfactometry was performed according to Elsberg and Levy's method, modified by Pruszewicz, in which natural coffee as well as aniseed, lemon and mint oils were used. The quantitative and qualitative olfactory disorders were evaluated on the basis of the established odor detection threshold (ODT) and odor identification threshold (OIT). The examinations revealed numerous cases of hyposmia (26.0%) and parosmia (17.8%) and one case of anosmia (1.4%). In the majority of people with olfactory disorders, hypertrophic changes in the nasal mucosa, dependent on the duration of employment, were identified. Statistically significant relationship between olfactory impairment and cadmium concentration in blood, urine and the workplace air was observed. However, such a relationship was not found in regard to the duration of employment. The study indicated the need to carry out routine olfactometries. The results of these examinations could be the ground to perform certain preventive and therapeutic procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of two sample preparation techniques for sniffing experiments with broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck).

The suitability of the headspace solid phase microextraction (HSSPME) for gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) with aroma extract dilution analysis in comparison to the dynamic head space sampling on a Tenax trap was tested exemplarily by the aroma volatiles of fresh broccoli. A high number of odour sensations in qualitative olfactometry was registered with both sample preparation techniques. The key aroma compounds of the fresh broccoli material are represented by high flavour dilution factors with dynamic head space sampling and headspace SPME. The SPME method has found to be a convenient and fast technique suitable especially for qualitative GC-O. The adsorption selectivity of the fiber and the substance discrimination have to be taken into account for quantitative use like aroma extract dilution analysis.

Brassica↗
PubMed2006

Development of a headspace-solid phase micro extraction method to monitor changes in volatile profile of rose (Rosa hybrida, cv David Austin) petals during processing.

In the present study, headspace solid phase microextraction combined to capillary gas chromatography (HS-SPME-GC) has been applied for the determination of changes in the volatile profile of rose petals (Rosa hybrida, cvs David Austin) following processing (heat treatment and addition as an ingredient to a food product--for example yoghurt). Four SPME fibres at two sampling temperatures (40 and 60 degrees C) with a sampling time of 30 min were examined. Volatile profiles were detected either by FID or/and by olfactometry (ODP-II, Gerstel). Fibre testing was performed using raw rose petals for sampling temperature selection and an 18 characteristic rose volatile standard mixture in water was used to compare fibre performances at the sampling temperature of 60 degrees C. Polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fibre at the sampling temperature of 60 degrees C was the most suitable to sample the rose alcohols phenyl ethanol, citronellol, nerol, geraniol and eugenol, as assessed by GC-olfactometry, not only from raw petals, but also from processed rose petals and the food product. PDMS-DVB fibre also showed a desired low affinity to volatiles from yoghurt, which reduces the influence of food matrix on the volatile profile. The method was linear over two orders of magnitude and had satisfactory repeatability, with limits of detection for the rose alcohols ranging from <1 to 10 ng/ml concentration levels.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2006

Critical components of odors in evaluating the performance of food waste composting plants.

The current Taiwan government policy toward food waste management encourages composting for resource recovery. This study used olfactometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas detector tubes to evaluate the ambient air at three of the largest food waste composting plants in Taiwan. Ambient air inside the plants, at exhaust outlets and plant boundaries was examined to determine the comprehensive odor performance, critical components, and odor elimination efficiencies of various odor control engineering. Analytical results identified 29 compounds, including ammonia, amines, acetic acid, and multiple volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, terpenes and S-compounds) in the odor from food waste composting plants. Concentrations of six components--ammonia, amines, dimethyl sulfide, acetic acid, ethyl benzene and p-Cymene--exceeded human olfactory thresholds. Ammonia, amines, dimethyl sulfide and acetic acid accounted for most odors compared to numerous VOCs. The results also show that the biotrickling filter was better at eliminating the concentrations of odor, NH(3), amines, S-compounds and VOCs than the chemical scrubber and biofilters. All levels measured by olfactometry at the boundaries of food waste composting plants (range, 74-115 Odor Concentration (OC)) exceeded Taiwan's EPA standard of 50 OC. This study indicated that the malodor problem continued to be a significant problem for food waste recovery.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Olfactory dysfunction in patients with head trauma.

OBJECTIVE: There are few reports about following up olfactory acuity of the patients who have post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction. In this study, we studied about patients with post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction for a short period under a treatment. METHODS: The olfactory function of 27 patients with head trauma was studied. The olfactory acuities of all the patients were examined using olfactory tests before the treatment, and 18 patients were examined again after the treatment. Olfactory functions were evaluated in 26 patients by T&T olfactometry and in 27 patients by Alinamin test. All of the patients were treated with a local injection of suspended steroid solution into the nasal mucosa [J Otolaryngol Jpn 102 (1999) 1175]. RESULTS: Before the treatment, 16 patients (61.5%) presented anosmia, five patients (19.2%) presented severe hyposmia, three patients (11.5%) presented moderate hyposmia, and two patients (7.7%) presented mild hyposmia. Eighteen cases (69.2%) were negative for the Alinamin test and eight cases (30.8%) were positive. The improvement rates of recognition and detection thresholds by T&T olfactometry were 35.3 and 23.5%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Olfactory dysfunction caused by head trauma can be recovered to a limited degree in some cases by the local injection of steroid within the relatively short period from the start of the therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the representativeness of the odor of cooked mussel extracts and the relationship between sensory descriptors and potent odorants.

The representativeness of the odor of mussel extract was assessed after each step of the distillation-extraction-concentration process. Results showed that the whole process was convenient for cooked mussels, but the extract was representative only when it was reincorporated into a suitable matrix such as water. Sensory and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) analyses were then performed on representative extracts of wild and bouchot mussels. Most of the sensory attributes were related to odors detected during olfactometry. Methional and (Z)-4-heptenal were two of the most potent odorants of mussels and, thus, were identified as the major contributors to the characteristic boiled potato-like odor of cooked mussels distinguished during sensory analysis. The sulfury note, highlighted for wild mussels during sensory analysis, could be linked to dimethyl disulfide, which was significantly more perceived in wild mussels by GC-O. Dimethyl disulfide could then be considered to be a characteristic compound of wild mussels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Synthesis and analysis of thio-, thiono-, and dithio-derivatives of whiskey lactone.

Cis- and trans-3-methyl-4-octanolide (1, whiskey lactones) were converted into their thio- (2), thiono- (3), and dithio- (4) derivatives by reaction with phosphorus pentasulfide. The reaction products were characterized by GC-mass spectrometry, (1)H NMR spectroscopy, and GC-olfactometry. Two-dimensional NOESY spectra showed that sulfur is incorporated into the ring with reversal of the absolute configuration at C-4, whereas substitution of the keto-oxygen atom by sulfur occurs with retention of ring configuration. The cis- and trans-pairs of 2, 3, and 4 were separated into enantiomers by GC on heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin and heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin as chiral stationary phases. GC-olfactometry revealed a sweet coconut-like odor for the cis-thio- and pleasant mushroom-like flavors for the cis-thiono- and trans-dithio-derivatives of whiskey lactone.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed2002

Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and multidimensional gas chromatography olfactometry (GC/GC-O) were utilized to study the aroma profile and the aroma active components of commercial kiwi essence and the initial fresh fruit puree. Totals of 29 and 33 components were identified and quantified in the essence and the puree, respectively. Ten components were quantified for the first time as constituents of the kiwi fruit including 3-penten-2-ol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-butenal, 2-hexanol, nonanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl 3-buten-2-one, and octane. Analysis of these samples by multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) allowed for the identification of >80% of the aroma active components present at level traces in this fruit. A total of 35 components appear to contribute to the aroma of kiwi fresh puree and its aqueous essence. Components described for the first time as constituents of the aroma profile in this fruit were 2-ethylfuran, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, (E,E)-2,6-nonadienal, diethyl succinate, and hexyl hexanoate.

Actinidiaceae↗
PubMed2006

Changes in headspace volatile concentrations of coffee brews caused by the roasting process and the brewing procedure.

Headspace-solid-phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) were used to characterize the aroma compounds of coffee brews from commercial conventional and torrefacto roasted coffee prepared by filter coffeemaker and espresso machine. A total of 47 volatile compounds were identified and quantified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to differentiate coffee brew samples by volatile compounds. Conventional and torrefacto roasted coffee brews were separated successfully by principal component 1 (68.5% of variance), and filter and espresso ones were separated by principal component 2 (19.5% of variance). By GC olfactometry, a total of 34 aroma compounds have been perceived at least in half of the coffee extracts and among them 28 were identified, among which octanal was identified for the first time as a contributor to coffee brew aroma.

Coffee↗
PubMed2003

Odor concentration decay and stability in gas sampling bags.

This paper presents results of an experimental study into factors contributing to decay of odor samples during storage, between 4 and 40 hr after sample collection. The odor studied was sampled from a tobacco processing plant as part of collaborative research with a view to establishing a manual outlining methods for odor annoyance management, specifically for the tobacco industry. In August and September 1997, an experimental program was carried out in which two types of tobacco odor were sampled: Burley Toaster and Mix. The dependent variable was odor concentration in the bag, measured by dynamic olfactometry in accordance with the draft Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) standard EN13725 "Air Quality-Determination of Odor Concentration by Dynamic Olfactometry." The independent variables were sampling bag material, degree of dilution during sampling, dilution gas used, particle removal during sampling, and age of sample in hours. In the first phase, 94 odor analyses were carried out. In a second test, 32 samples were analyzed for odor concentration. In addition, 16 samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis of the results (analysis of variance) led to the unexpected conclusion that Nalophan film bags performed significantly better than metalized Cali-Bond layered film as a bag material. The odor concentration of samples in Nalophan bags remained relatively stable between 4 and 12 hr after sampling. After 30 hr, decay to about half the initial concentration, as measured at 4 hr, was observed. Particle removal during sampling caused the odor concentration in the bags to be reduced by approximately 20%. For practical reasons, particle removal remains useful, to avoid contamination of equipment. Using air or nitrogen as the neutral gas for pre-dilution during sampling or the dilution factor used (between factor 2 and 6) did not appear to have an effect on the decay characteristic of odor samples. The following recommendations are suggested for the practice of collecting odor samples and apply specifically to tobacco processing emissions: Analyze samples as soon as possible, preferably within 12 hr; When samples age for more than 12 hr, decay is likely to cause a reduction in odor concentration to half the original concentration at age 30 hr; Use sampling bags made of Nalophan NA or benchmark performance of other materials against Nalophan NA before using alternative materials; Use pre-dilution when sampling only for the purpose of avoiding condensation during sample storage. Use an appropriate minimum dilution factor to avoid condensation; Both nitrogen and high-purity (synthetic) air are suitable to use as neutral gas for pre-dilution; and When sampling tobacco odors, use an odorless filter to remove particles. This practice removes a source of variation and avoids contamination of equipment. The effect on results, despite being consistently lower in odor concentration, is not meaningful in terms of perceived intensity or annoyance potential.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Intranasal volume and olfactory function.

The aim of this exploratory study was to identify the volume intranasal segments as they relate to parameters of olfactory function. Fifty healthy male volunteers (age range 22-59 years, mean age 28.5 years) were included. Olfactory function was measured by lateralized phenyl ethyl alcohol odor thresholds and odor discrimination, and by bilateral odor identification. Magnetic resonance imaging of the nasal cavity was performed immediately following olfactometry. To correlate the results of olfactometry with intranasal volume, each nasal cavity was divided into 11 segments. Significant correlations were found between the odor thresholds and volumes of the anterior part of the lower and upper meatus of the right nasal cavity. These results reveal that two nasal segments are important for inter-individual differences of odor thresholds in healthy subjects: (i) the segment in the upper meatus below the cribriform plate and (ii) the anterior segment of the inferior meatus. The latter finding is of special interest for nasal surgery, which allows modification of this volume through resection of the inferior turbinate and/or septoplasty.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effect of surgical treatment of olfactory disturbance caused by localized ethmoiditis.

Twenty patients who had disturbance of the sense of smell caused by localized inflammation of the ethmoid sinus were studied to determine the effects of endonasal ethmoidectomy on olfaction. The patients were evaluated pre and post-operatively regarding their subjective olfaction, and with the T&T olfactometry and the Alinamine intravenous administration test, both of which are widely used in Japan. The improvement rate was 70.0% subjectively and 80.0% with T&T olfactometry 6 months after surgery. It is concluded that surgery is worthwhile treatment for olfactory disturbances caused by localized ethmoiditis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Material odor-odoractive compounds identified in different materials--the surprising similarities with certain foods, possible sources and hypotheses on their formation.

UNLABELLED: Increased efforts have been undertaken by manufacturers to reveal the secrets of material odors, the structure of the odorants responsible, with regard to finding out the source(s) of odor and possible starting points for odor reduction, and therewith product improvement, increased consumer satisfaction and improved indoor air quality. The identification of odor-active compounds in materials by means of gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O, also called GC-sniffing), performed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics (IBP) during the previous years, showed surprising similarities between certain odorants found in materials and those previously identified in certain kinds of food. Examples of important odorants found in different material samples and similarities with food odorants were analyzed. Odorant sources are indicated as regards materials, and possible conditions and mechanisms of formation suggested to show starting points for odor reduction and odor improvement in material development. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: If technical materials are planned to be used indoors and if they spread a distinct odor, the analysis of the compounds contained and emitted by this material using gas chromatography-olfactometry is a means to help reveal the compounds being responsible for that odor. The exact knowledge of the structure of the odorants is the prerequisite for drawing conclusions on possible sources and formation mechanisms and to reveal starting points for odor reduction and product improvement, e.g. by changing ingredients or production conditions. This contributes to an improvement of indoor air quality. Furthermore, quite often the concentrations of certain single odorants found in materials can be very low and the same odorants can be part of other well-known food flavors. This information might be useful to reduce consumers' fears of a possible impairment of their health in the future.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2002

Effects of dietary ingredients on manure characteristics and odorous emissions from swine.

Two feeding studies were conducted to examine the impact of dietary inclusion of specific feed ingredients on manure characteristics and manure odor. In one study, 72 finishing pigs were used to evaluate the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on pig performance, manure characteristics, and odorous emissions. Three diets containing 0, 5, and 10% DDGS were fed during six 4-wk feeding periods. Week 1 served as a dietary adjustment period. Animals were housed in two feeding rooms (six pigs/room) with one treatment/room. A new group of animals (average initial BW = 85.8 kg) was used for each feeding period. Diets were replicated four times. Rooms were equipped with individual shallow manure storage pits that were cleaned once weekly (d 7). On d 4 and 7 of each week, manure pit samples, for chemical analyses, and air samples, for olfactometry analysis, were collected from each room. Odor dilution threshold was greater on d 7 than on d 4 of manure storage across all treatments (P < 0.01). No treatment differences in manure composition were noted. In the second study, weaned pigs (approximately 5 wk old) were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 1.5, or 3% bloodmeal. Pigs were housed by diet (three pigs/diet) in one of four individual feeding rooms. A new group of pigs was used for each of the two, 4-wk feeding periods. During period 1, the 3% bloodmeal diet was fed in two of the four rooms; the 0% bloodmeal diet was fed in two rooms during period 2. Manure samples, for chemical analyses, and air samples, for olfactometry analysis, were collected 2 d per week (d 4 and d 6) from each room during wk 2 through 4. No significant treatment differences were observed for odor dilution threshold (P = 0.30). Longer manure storage time, 6 d vs 4 d, resulted in a larger odor dilution ratio (P < 0.01). Manure composition was unaltered by storage time. Results suggest that odor intensifies during storage.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Modelling to solve odour problems.

The use of dispersion modelling is a powerful tool to establish levels of treatment required to remove odour complaints. Odour is an extremely sensitive issue and is key to the public perception of wastewater environmental protection. This paper describes a case study of the successful resolution of long-standing odour problems at the East Worthing Wastewater Treatment Works (WTW), on the South Coast of England, utilising modelling and appropriate treatment technologies. A number of odour surveys have been conducted on the site to identify the major sources on the works, which were found to be the sludge press house and the primary settlement tanks, situated only 10 metres from the nearest properties. As a result attempts to resolve the odour problem have been made including the covering of identified sources, treating extract using activated carbon filters and installing perfume sprays. During the site development all sources were contained and ventilated to a 60,000 m3/hr Jones & Attwood ODORGARD unit. Its requirement was to ensure that no receptor was exposed to a concentration in excess of 4 ouEm3 (Odour units), in accordance with the odour planning condition. Dispersal modelling was performed to determine the maximum permissible outlet concentration. The results of the modelling exercise established that emissions from the odour control plant should not exceed 675 ouEm3 to ensure that the receptor standard was attained. An optimisation programme was conducted to ensure that the unit was providing the optimum level of treatment prior to taking the olfactometry samples. Following the plant's optimisation the results of the olfactometry analysis confirmed that the discharge levels were below the required 670 ouEm3. Since completion of the sludge treatment centre scheme there have been no registered odour complaints directed at the East Worthing WTW, and the local air quality has been greatly improved for the residents surrounding the works.

Consumer Behavior↗