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PubMed1993

Fatal occupational injury rates: Quebec, 1981 through 1988.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to estimate the death rates from occupational injuries in the province of Quebec for the period 1981 through 1988. METHODS: Worker's compensation files were used to ascertain numbers of deaths, which were used as the numerators in figuring the rates (it was estimated that these files reported 83% of the true number of deaths among men). Annual average estimates of the labor force were used as denominators. RESULTS: From 1981 through 1988, compensation was awarded for 1227 fatal work injuries. Among men (96% of the victims), rates declined from 1981 to 1988 (from 12.7 to 8.1 per 100,000); women's rates were stable (< or = 1.0 per 100,000). Compared with men, women had excess mortality from violent acts. Motor vehicle crashes accounted for 36% of all fatal injuries in 1984 and 1985 and declined thereafter. Fatal injury rates in forestry and mining rose to a 1987 maximum of 67.6 per 100,000. The construction sector had the largest number of deaths, despite a decline in rates from 1981 to 1988 (from 27.8 to 15.9 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Except for construction and agriculture, reported fatal occupational injury rates in Quebec were similar to those in the United States. Motor vehicle crashes, falls, violent acts, and farming-related injuries were the most frequent causes of death.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2001

Quantifying social consequences of occupational injuries and illnesses: state of the art and research agenda.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative methods for describing the social effects of occupational injury and illness are evaluated including surveys of prevalence and ratings of severity of social role disability. METHODS: The reliability and validity for the injured worker population of the most commonly used general and condition-specific role disability measures is reviewed and summarized. This review is used to support the development of a prototype strategy for quantifying the social consequences of occupational injuries and to identify areas of need for further research and development. CONCLUSIONS: Research is needed to: (a) determine which of existing measures is most precise in describing the severity of dysfunction due to a specific illness or injury, (b) expand the development of measures of specific role functioning (including paid work), and (c) develop item banks to support the construction of computer adaptive assessments of role functioning.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

A bivariate zero-inflated Poisson regression model to analyze occupational injuries.

The aim of many occupational safety interventions is to reduce the incidence of injury. However, when measuring intervention effectiveness within a period, population-based accident count data typically contain a large proportion of zero observations (no injury). This situation is compounded where injuries are categorized in a binary manner according to an outcome of interest. The distribution thus comprises a point mass at zero mixed with a non-degenerate parametric component, such as the bivariate Poisson. In this paper, a bivariate zero-inflated Poisson (BZIP) regression model is proposed to evaluate a participatory ergonomics team intervention conducted within the cleaning services department of a public teaching hospital. The findings highlight that the BZIP distribution provided a satisfactory fit to the data, and that the intervention was associated with a significant reduction in overall injury incidence and the mean number of musculoskeletal (MLTI) injuries, while the decline in injuries of a non-musculoskeletal (NMLTI) nature was marginal. In general, the method can be applied to assess the effectiveness of intervention trials on other populations at high risk of occupational injury.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Differential treatment of occupational disease v occupational injury by workers' compensation in Washington State.

Washington State's workers' compensation claims filed in 1984 and followed through 1988 contained 11,356 claims for occupational disease and 178,927 claims for occupational injury. There was a higher rate of rejection (18% v 4%) and resource utilization (14% v 5%) for occupational disease when compared to occupational injury. The factors most predictive of rejection included the specific disease category and the provider frequency of filing. Development of diagnostic guidelines would aid health providers in identifying and properly characterizing occupational diseases.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Estimation of reduced life expectancy from serious occupational injuries in Taiwan.

This study assesses the loss of life expectancy and potential working life in Taiwan, between 1986 and 2000, from various types of occupational accidents resulting in mortality or permanent disability. The databases on occupational mortality and permanent disability were obtained from the Bureau of Labor Insurance, with this information then being linked to national death registry data to construct the survival function. A Monte Carlo simulation method was subsequently used to extrapolate the survival rate for up to 600 months, to derive the life expectancy for different types of occupational accidents leading to permanent disability (n=81,249). Based upon the life table for each calendar year, the life expectancy lost by age-gender cohort was also estimated for cases of mortality (n=20,001). In those cases resulting in permanent occupational disability, variations in the expected years of life lost (EYLL) were demonstrated by different occupational injuries, ranging from 7.4 to 13.6 years per case. The overall EYLL through permanent occupational disability is found to be almost identical to that of occupational mortality, with a ratio of 1.04:1. We conclude that permanent disability resulting from occupational injuries has a significant impact on society as a whole.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Occupational injuries by hour of day and day of week: a 20-year study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine by hour of day and day of week the 750,000 compensation claims that were lodged by male workers in Queensland, Australia, during the 20-year period from 1968 to 1988, including an investigation into some possible reasons for the increased number of claims on Mondays and the reduced number of claims on Fridays. METHOD: The study was based on the collection entitled Industrial Accident Statistics (Bulletin 79), published annually by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland office. This was the only State collection to include data on compensated injuries categorised by hour of day and day of week. There was no Australia-wide dataset of compensated occupational injuries. RESULTS: Compensation claims were not evenly distributed through the working week. There were more injuries on Mondays (23.6% of the total) than on Tuesdays (21.8%), than on Wednesdays (20.3%), than on Thursdays (18%), than on Fridays (16.3%). There were more injuries in the mornings than in the afternoons for every day of the working week. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: This study confirms the existence of a steady reduction in workers' compensation injury claims on successive days of the working week. One possible explanation for this finding is offered as a basis for further research into the reasons for this trend. Hopefully, the results of these and later studies may suggest remedial measures that will help reduce the number of occupational injuries.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational injuries in Greece (1938-1955): history of medicine and descriptive epidemiology.

AIM: To describe the longitudinal trends in the rates of total and fatal occupational accidents in Greece during 1938-1955. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information on occupational injuries have been provided from the yearly reports of the Organization of Social Insurances (1938-1955) and on population data from the tables of National Statistic Agency. Bio-statistical analysis was performed by the use of SPSS software and Stat-Calc of Epi Info. RESULTS: The evolution of the longitudinal trend of occupational accidents has revealed a biphasic character, with a decreasing trend during 1938-1945 and an increasing trend during 1946-1955. The phenomenon was obvious in both sexes and in all age groups. On the contrary fatal occupational injuries increased across the period 1938-1945 and subsequently decreased. These temporal trends can be interpreted on the light of the important reduction in the level of economic activity during the second world war and the subsequent gradual recovery in the post war period. CONCLUSION: The biphasic characteristics of the occupational accidents longitudinal trend seems to be influenced by historical factors. Important lessons were learnt from the period of war. The decrease of the rate of total occupational accidents does not necessary reflect a satisfactory level of safety at work. The level of the economic activity, the efficiency of the registration and prevention agencies play a role. In addition, the rate of fatal injuries has a critical role in benchmarking national occupational health performance.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2005

Substance use and occupational injuries among high school students in South Texas.

This cross-sectional study examined the association between self-reported nonfatal occupational injuries among high school students in South Texas and their self-reported general use of substances. Data were collected using a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire (n = 3365). The independent variables included alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, inhalant, and steroid use. The dependent variable was occupational injury. Adjusting for grade, sex, ethnicity, and work intensity, odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression. Supporting an association with each substance, odds ratios consistently strengthened as use increased. Additional research is merited given the scant number of previous studies. The associations for inhalant (OR, 5.61) and steroid (OR, 7.63) use argue for their inclusion in future research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Costs of occupational injury and illness in Pennsylvania.

A variety of state and federal data sources are used to estimate two critical components of the annual economic costs of occupational injuries and illnesses in Pennsylvania: foregone earnings of affected workers and medical costs. Foregone earnings costs resulting from occupational injuries and illnesses are estimated at between $1.22 billion and $2.02 billion in 1988. A number of potential adjustments to these estimates widen the range considerably. Estimates of medical costs range from $740 million to $797 million. Combining these two estimates gives total estimated costs of $1.96 billion to $2.82 billion.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

Adolescent occupational injuries requiring hospital emergency department treatment: a nationally representative sample.

Data from a nationally representative sample of emergency departments for the 6-month period July through December 1992 were used to examine nonfatal occupational injuries sustained by adolescents aged 14 through 17 years. There were 679 occupational injuries, corresponding to an estimated 37,405 injuries nationwide. Males constituted 65.8% of the injury victims. The injury rate for males was 7.0 per 100 full-time employees, compared with 4.4 for females. Lacerations to the hand or finger accounted for 25.6% of all injuries. The majority of injuries occurred in retail trades (53.7%), which also had the highest rate (6.3 per 100 full-time employees). Seventy-one percent of the injuries in retail trade occurred in eating and drinking establishments.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and safety issues.

Case-study research was carried out with a view to find the attributes of occupational injury among workers in the chemical industry and to enhance safety issues. Injury data were collected and processed in terms of different variables, such as age, gender, skills, type of hazard, etc. Pareto analysis was then applied to find a pattern of occupational injury among the workers. The study revealed that 79.52% of the injured workers were in the 40-59 age group; 57.14% of accidents occurred during the 1st shift; 73.26% of accidents caused injury to hands, feet, chest to thigh, arms and eyes; and 70.93% of injuries were caused by pumps, carrying and lifting, vehicles, pipelines, valves, and grinding. Surprisingly, no one was injured in the group of temporary workers. The paper also provides specific suggestions followed by some action plans.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1998

Fatal occupational injuries--United States, 1980-1994.

CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) monitors occupational injury deaths through death certificates compiled for the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities (NTOF) surveillance system. Previous reports analyzed data from 1980-1989. This report updates these estimates on the magnitude of work-related injury deaths for the United States from 1980 through 1994, the most recent year for which data are available from this system, and identifies high-risk industries and occupations at national and state-specific levels. The findings indicate that the annual total number of deaths and crude death rates decreased from 7405 (7.5 per 100,000 workers) in 1980 to 5406 (4.4 per 100,000 workers) in 1994.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Occupational injury and illness meet the labor market: lessons from labor economics about lost earnings.

Recent labor economics studies in the United States and Canada have demonstrated that occupational injuries and illnesses often lead to substantial lost earnings for workers and their families. Other studies have shown substantial long-term lost earnings attributable to large-scale layoffs, where no health impairment has taken place. This article uses evidence from these and other studies of apparently different situations to draw inferences about how managers' actions and public policy choices can affect the costs of occupational injuries and illnesses. Although primary prevention remains the policy of choice, reduction in the impact of workplace injuries and illnesses can decrease the costs of these events and can provide substantial benefits. This article proposes two hypotheses and discusses the evidence for each: (a) Loss of the job held at the onset of illness or injury increases time off work and exacerbates workers' lost earnings. (b) Workers' losses may be substantially reduced by policies that encourage employers to rehire people recovering from or disabled by workplace injuries and illnesses.

Canada↗
PubMed1990

[Occupational eye injuries].

Occupational eye injuries are common. The authors found that these constituted 2.5% of all the injuries treated in the Central Hospital in Esbjerg during the period 1.8.1987-31.12.1987. A total of 224 patients were included in the investigation. Of these, 145 had not employed any form of protection of the eyes when the injury occurred. This was mandatory where 34% were concerned and not mandatory for 66%. Occupational eye injuries resulted in 0-4 days of sick-leave and young men were particularly affected. Metal workers were most exposed and unskilled workers employed with grinding and welding. Forty-five patients had sustained more than two occupational eye injuries within the past year. Twenty-one of these had not notified any of the injuries, 11 had notified some of the injuries and 13 had notified all of the injuries. Approximately 80% had received instruction about employment of protective measures.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1993

Occupational injury deaths in Alaska's fishing industry, 1980 through 1988.

OBJECTIVES: Studies from other countries have identified fishing as a hazardous industry, but little is known about occupational injury mortality related to fishing in the United States. Alaska was chosen for this study because approximately 45,000 people annually participate in Alaska's fishing industry and fishing is thought to be a major contributor to occupational injury mortality in the state. METHODS: Work-related injury deaths in Alaska's fishing industry were identified by means of death certificates and US Coast Guard mortality data. Fatality rates were calculated by using average annual fishing industry employment estimates. RESULTS: The 5-year average annual fishing-related fatality rate was 414.6 per 100,000 fishermen. The majority of the decedents were Caucasian men who drowned while fishing. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasizes that fishing is a dangerous industry in Alaska and demonstrates the benefit of using multiple data sources to identify fishing-related deaths in the state.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1993

The occurrence and epidemiologic features of alcohol-related occupational injuries.

This paper presents a review of published literature on alcohol-related occupational injuries. Based on the information presented the true magnitude of the problem of alcohol- and work-related injuries has not been accurately assessed and the epidemiologic features of this problem have not been properly evaluated. There is some evidence, albeit incomplete, that alcohol contributes to work-related injuries, but the extent is not known. Further, the risk of injury by specific industry and occupation has not yet been elucidated. Analytic studies which include control groups and which assess confounding variables are needed so as to aid in the design of effective countermeasure strategies. Even when alcohol is detected, its role in the causal pathway from the worker-energy interaction to injury onset (or exacerbation) has not been studied.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

Fatal occupational injuries among self-employed workers in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that rates of occupational injury and death may be higher among self-employed workers than in the wage and salaried population. This analysis was conducted to describe the demographic and occupational characteristics, as well as injuries, activities, and occupations of self-employed workers who are fatally injured on the job. METHODS: Characteristics of workers by type of employment were compared using data from the North Carolina Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1978-1994. Age-, activity-, and industry-specific fatality rates in self-employed workers (N=395) were contrasted to those privately employed (N=1,654). RESULTS: Highest fatal injury rates among the self-employed occurred in agriculture, retail, and transportation industries. Homicide deaths occurred more frequently among self-employed workers; deaths resulting from unintentional injuries occurred more frequently among non-self-employed workers. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated occupational fatality death rates among self-employed workers, especially in retail and transportation industries, provide justification for addressing work-related conditions of self-employed workers in North Carolina.

Accidents, Occupational↗