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PubMed1996

[Compulsory notification of cysticercosis in Ribeiräo Preto-SP, Brazil].

Cysticercosis is a severe public health problem in several regions of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Epidemiologic studies based on the frequency of cases observed in specialized neurology, neurosurgery and computed tomography services, at autopsy and in seroepidemiologic studies do not permit the determination of the true prevalence of the disease in the population. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of cysticercosis by compulsory notification. The coefficient of prevalence was 54 cases/100,000 inhabitants in the municipality of Ribeirão Preto. The results also indicated that cysticercosis is not under control in our region since 21% of cases presented the active form of the disease. Compulsory notification proved to be a valuable resource for the epidemiologic study of cysticercosis, also permitting the mapping of more affected areas for a better direction of prevention strategies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Impact of the Minnesota Parental Notification Law on abortion and birth.

BACKGROUND: The impact of the Minnesota Parental Notification Law on abortion and birth was examined. METHODS: Using linear models, outcome parameters were compared before and after enactment of the law. Time by age group interactions also were examined. RESULTS: The pre-enactment to post-enactment change in the Minnesota abortion rate reflected a greater decline for minors (less than or equal to 17 years old) than for 18-19 year-olds (who were not under the law). An increase in abortion rate occurred for women ages 20-44. The law appeared to have had no impact on birth rate in minors. Following the enactment of the law, the rate of early abortions (less than or equal to 12 weeks) declined among minors more than the rate of late abortions (greater than 12 weeks). This resulted in a pre-enactment to post-enactment increase in the ratio of late-to-early abortions among minors. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that parental notification facilitated pregnancy avoidance in 15-17 year-old Minnesota women. Abortion rates declined unexpectedly while birth rates continued to decline in accordance with a long-term trend.

Abortion, Legal↗

PubMed2000

[Measles epidemiology in the Netherlands: a exploratory analysis of notification].

OBJECTIVE: Explorative analysis of the effects of vaccination policy on measles incidence. DESIGN: Retrospective study and mathematical modelling. METHOD: Analysis of national and regional case notifications of measles provided by the Inspectorate of Health in the Netherlands over the period from January 1976 (when vaccination was started) through September 1999. Also computer simulations with a mathematical epidemic model of measles were used to calculate the incidence of measles from 1976 onwards. RESULTS: According to the model results, measles should not persist with the current vaccination programme. However, the case notification data showed that measles appeared to persist at a nation-wide level. At a regional level, measles did not persist, not even in regions with low vaccine coverage. A possible cause of the unexpected persistence at the national level is the asynchronous regional course of the 6-year epidemic cycle of measles, where measles infection 'jumps' from one region to the other.

Child↗

PubMed1995

Accident experience and notification rates in people with recent seizures, epilepsy or undiagnosed episodes of loss of consciousness.

Collaborating neurologists provided a central office with clinical information, driving experience and accident rates in all drivers they counselled after diagnosing seizures or other unexplained episodes of loss of consciousness. Each patient received and was asked to return a notification slip to DVLA. Of 638 patients counselled, 11% had been involved as a driver in a road traffic accident in the previous year. Six patients had been involved in an accident producing serious injury. These estimates do not differ from those expected in a population of non-epileptic drivers with the same age and sex distribution. Of patients counselled, 27.1% returned a reply slip to the DVLA. Notification was more likely if the patient was aged 50 or over at the time of counselling, if the counselling was undertaken by a consultant, if an accident had occurred in the previous year and if the subject had also been advised to start or was already taking anti-epileptic drugs. Patients counselled after a single seizure were more likely to notify than those with a diagnosis of epilepsy.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1994

Notification of pesticide poisoning in the western Cape, 1987-1991.

There is a paucity of data on pesticide-related morbidity and mortality in South Africa. A review of notifications to the western Cape office of the Department of National Health and Population Development from 1987 to 1991 was undertaken to describe the epidemiological profile of pesticide poisoning in the region. Two hundred and twenty-five cases of pesticide poisoning were identified, of which the majority were from rural areas. Farmers, farm workers and their families were most frequently involved in poisoning events, which included accidents arising outside of workplace production (44%), self-inflicted injury (35%) and direct occupational contamination (11%). Farm pesticide stores were the most frequent source of pesticide and a seasonal variation in the trend of poisoning events could be discerned; this corresponded to agricultural spraying practices in the region. The mortality rate was significantly higher among those with self-inflicted injury, particularly farm workers. A concurrent review of hospital admissions for 1991 found that 78% of cases had not been notified. In view of the key role of surveillance in reducing pesticide-related morbidity and mortality, a call is made to improve notification of pesticide poisoning so as to facilitate control of an important potential public health problem.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

[Experiences with the Swiss mandatory disease notification].

Advantages and setbacks of the existing Swiss disease notification system are reviewed. The public takes interest in the notification data output. The voluntary sentinels provide useful early warning. Currently, 60 conditions are notifiable. It is intended to lower this number to < 30. Other measures to upgrade the system include annual review and publication of an updated list of notifiable diseases, limitation to an essential core of parameters collected from physicians on initial and follow-up questionnaires, and practical advice on diagnostic and control measures provided for in questionnaires for the infectious disease under query.

Disease Notification↗

PubMed1993

Perspective on the content of worker notifications.

The concept of worker notification has evolved over the years to a prevailing view that workers should be notified of all epidemiologic studies that make use of their medical information. To adequately communicate health information to workers, epidemiologists must consider the intended audience along with its need for risk information that is scientifically valid and clearly outlines areas of uncertainty. This goal is facilitated by full disclosure to workers of information pertinent to the planning, conduct, and interpretation of research efforts. Subjectivity in choosing unanticipated research findings for inclusion in worker notifications may permit bias toward a personal viewpoint, but this can be minimized by prestudy agreement on appropriate criteria for selecting which research findings to communicate. Epidemiologic theory and principles of causal inference should guide the development of appropriate criteria. The timeliness of worker communications has received limited attention, and workers have often been the "last to know" about important studies. This may influence workers' receptivity to the risk message. Sponsoring organizations should ensure that an acceptable communications plan is included in research protocols and that the plan accords priority to notifying workers about study results.

Causality↗

PubMed1993

Social aspects of high-risk notification among chromium-exposed workers.

This study, based on 169 telephone interviews, explores how a sample of chromium-exposed workers responded to notification of their cohort's elevated risk of lung cancer. It is important to recognize that notified workers do not react as isolated individuals. Their responses are social, actively constructed through interaction with others, unfolding over time within a context of relationships and shared symbols that mediate the risk information. This report illustrates some of the ways that socially-based beliefs and interaction with the social environment can influence worker response, and suggests a more sociologically sophisticated concept of notification to fit the realities of workers' lives.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Evaluation issues in the Drake Chemical Workers Notification and Health Registry Study.

The Drake Chemical Workers' Health Registry combined notification of workers about bladder cancer risk with access to a free program for screening and diagnosis. Evaluation of the project has given rise to several findings and new research questions. Findings in this article illustrate the following evaluation issues: 1) studying the combination of strategies that are most effective and cost effective to notify workers of their disease risks, 2) determining the realistic yield from strategies to gain participation in health screening and other protective services for notified workers, 3) identifying the notification strategies that were most effective for different kinds of participants, 4) using process evaluation to identify key activities for ensuring continued participation of cohort members in screening, and 5) examining the extent to which participants are willing to quit smoking to protect their health.

2-Naphthylamine↗

PubMed1994

Notification and follow-up of Pap test results: current practice and women's preferences.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine women's knowledge of their Pap test results and predictors of accurate knowledge, adherence to follow-up recommendations for abnormal results, current methods of notifying women about their Pap test results, women's preferences for notification method, and women's satisfaction with the current notification system. METHOD: A telephone survey was undertaken of 315 women with a recent normal or abnormal Pap test result, drawn from pathology records in Sydney, Australia. RESULTS: Findings revealed that 61% of women with a normal result and 93% of women with an abnormal result self reported having been notified about their result. According to women's reports, 7% of those with abnormal results had not been notified and a further 11% of women with abnormal results were unaware that their result was abnormal, giving a total of 18% of abnormal results not communicated adequately to women. Self-reported adherence with follow-up recommendations among women with an abnormal result was less than optimal. The most common methods of notifying women of their results were initiated by the women such as the woman phoning the doctor or receptionist. However, women strongly preferred doctor-initiated methods, such as a written record from the doctor, the doctor phoning the woman, or consultation with the doctor. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that better methods of notifying and educating women about their Pap test results are necessary to improve women's knowledge and satisfaction and, even more importantly, to improve their level of adherence with follow-up recommendations for abnormal results.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effectiveness of family notification efforts and compliance with measles post-exposure prophylaxis.

Exposures to measles in medical settings have contributed to the recent resurgence of the disease in the United States. Following a measles exposure in two pediatric medical facilities serving an inner-city population, we investigated the effectiveness of a disease notification strategy and compliance of the exposed population with recommendations for post-exposure prophylaxis, two requirements of a successful intervention program. Of 106 families with children eligible for a prophylactic vaccination by standard guidelines, 64% were notified of exposure by telephone. Compliance was assessed by a brief telephone questionnaire based upon the Health Belief Model, and verified by medical records. Forty-six families were interviewed regarding their decisions to comply with the recommendations. Most (75%) families were compliant. Compliant parents perceived measles to be severe and their children to be in excellent health. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, only the perceived severity of measles significantly contributed to the model. We conclude that: infection control outreach may need to extend beyond telephone notification for an inner-city population, and that once notified, most people will comply with recommendations. The Health Belief Model explains compliance with infection control measures and may be useful in guiding public health interventions.

Communication↗

PubMed1987

National survey of tuberculosis notifications in England and Wales in 1983: characteristics of disease. Report from the Medical Research Council Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Unit.

The number of newly notified, previously untreated patients in a survey of notifications of tuberculosis in England and Wales conducted by the MRC in 1983 was 26% lower than in the previous MRC survey in 1978/79. In both surveys the great majority of patients were of White (about half) or Indian subcontinent (Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi) ethnic origin (just over a third). The notification rates in the Indian subcontinent (ISC) ethnic groups were much higher than for the White group and were highest in those most recently arrived in the UK. There were a number of differences in the findings for the White and the ISC ethnic groups. Nearly two-thirds of the White patients but less than half of the ISC patients were male and the White patients were, on average, older, about half aged 55 years or more compared with 14% of the ISC patients. Respiratory disease occurred in 82% of the White patients compared with 66% of the ISC patients. Radiographically, at independent assessment, more of the White patients had pulmonary lesions, 88% compared with 63% and these were, on average, more extensive and cavitated than in the ISC patients. Isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy, however, was more common in the ISC patients. The diagnosis was confirmed bacteriologically on culture of a respiratory specimen in a higher proportion of the White than the ISC patients (65% and 41% respectively) and more were positive on smear as well (45% and 25% respectively). The level of initial drug resistance was lower in the White patients: only 10 (1.6%) of the 623 strains tested were resistant compared to 23 (12.8%) of the 179 from ISC patients. In both White and ISC ethnic groups the commonest non-respiratory lesion was peripheral lymph node involvement, namely 37% of the 369 White and 53% of the 503 ISC patients with non-respiratory disease. The diagnosis was confirmed by bacteriological examination of the lymph node in 47% of the ISC patients compared with 29% of the White patients with a lesion. Bone or joint disease occurred in 11% of the White and 20% of the ISC patients; the commonest site in both groups was the spine. Genitourinary disease was present in 98 (27%) of White and 24 (5%) of ISC patients with a non-respiratory lesion. There were 61 patients with tuberculosis involving the central nervous system, including 55 with meningitis, the proportions being similar for the White and the ISC ethnic groups, 7% and 5% respectively.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Efficacy of partner notification for HIV infection.

Since 1985, partner notification has been part of Swedish policy to prevent the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Potentially infected partners of a newly diagnosed seropositive patient are notified either by the index patient or by the physician and referred for counselling. The efficacy of this strategy was assessed over 18 months in 1989-90. 365 HIV-seropositive index patients (91% of the 403 patients diagnosed in Sweden during the study period) reported 564 sexual or needle-sharing contacts. 390 contacts were located and counselled and HIV test results are known for 350 of them. In 53 of the 350 cases, previously unknown seropositivity was diagnosed. Partner notification for HIV should be viewed as a strategy to offer counselling and testing to a high-prevalence group of people. In a country where general HIV prevalence is low, the strategy is cost-effective for location and counselling of unknowingly seropositive individuals.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2000

Understanding partner notification (Patient self-referral method) by young women.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To understand the communication process involved in the patient-self referral method among adolescent females with chlamydia and gonococcal infection. DESIGN: A cross-sectional descriptive study using a convenience sample was conducted in 54 predominantly African-American females, 13 to 20 years-old, with gonococcal and/or chlamydia cervicitis at an urban hospital based reproductive health clinic. Subjects interviewed at their treatment visit were asked what method of notification they used to tell their partner(s). Subjects who had not notified their partner were asked about their intended communication method and what they envisioned they would say to their partner. Coding methodology was used to analyze the information. In addition to qualitative information, outcome measures were the proportion of subjects who notified their partner(s), their communication method, style, and barriers to communication. RESULTS: According to the treatment visit, 57% (31/54) of subjects reported notifying their partner. Most had notified their partner by phone or face-to-face, stated basic facts about the infection, and used a "direct" and "sensitive" communication style. Of the subjects who had not notified their partner (23/54), several barriers to notification were reported, but 82% said they intend to notify their partner(s). CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to promote the patient-self referral method among young women who do not notify their partner(s) need further assessment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Evaluation of the notification procedure for physician-assisted death in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: In the Netherlands, a notification procedure for physician-assisted death has been in use since 1991. It requires doctors to report each case to the coroner, who in turn notifies the public prosecutor. Ultimately, the Assembly of Prosecutors General decides whether to prosecute. Although physician-assisted death remains technically illegal, doctors are extremely unlikely to be prosecuted if they comply with the requirements for accepted practice. In 1995, the ministers of health and justice commissioned an evaluation to determine the adequacy of the notification procedure. METHODS: A random sample of 405 physicians were interviewed. We also interviewed 147 physicians who had reported cases of physician-assisted death and 116 coroners, and we reviewed 353 judicial files of reported cases. In addition, we interviewed 48 public prosecutors and reviewed the minutes of the Assembly of Prosecutors General for 1991 to 1995 and all published court decisions from 1981 through 1995. RESULTS: In 1995, about 41 percent of all cases of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide were reported. There were no major differences between reported and unreported cases in terms of the patients' characteristics, clinical conditions, or reasons for the action. Most patients had cancer and were described as suffering "unbearably" and 'hopelessly." Of the 6324 cases reported during the period from 1991 through 1995, only 13 involved prosecution of the physician. The majority of respondents in the groups interviewed thought that all cases of physician-assisted death should be reviewed, although most doctors thought the review should be performed by other doctors, and there was substantial concern about the burden associated with the reporting procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Substantial progress in the oversight of physician-assisted death has been achieved in the Netherlands. The reporting procedure could be more streamlined and less threatening.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1990

Death notification.

Family notification in sudden, unexpected, and violent death is a major responsibility of law enforcement, medical examiner, and coroner offices. This report reviews and discusses the process and procedures utilized in death notification and provides suggestions to accomplish this difficult task more effectively.

Attitude to Death↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Notification of the sex and needle-sharing partners of individuals with human immunodeficiency virus in rural South Carolina: 30-month experience.

The authors conducted a confidential and voluntary partner notification program to identify and educate the sex and needle-sharing partners of individuals with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a rural health district in South Carolina. During the first 30 months, of 485 named contacts, 290 (60%) were residents of the health district and were contacted and offered testing. Of the 290 contacted, 280 (97%)--53 women and 227 men; age range 14-74 years--accepted counseling and testing and 49 (18%) were HIV-antibody positive. Only 3 of the 49 (6%) had been previously tested. All HIV-infected individuals received appropriate physician, laboratory, and public health referrals. During the study, the mean number of sex partners per 6-month period decreased from 5.6 to 1.1 (80% reduction) for HIV-antibody positive persons and from 4.0 to 2.0 (50% reduction) for HIV-antibody negative persons. The authors conclude that in a rural setting, partner notification of HIV exposure can accurately target education and testing and can produce positive behavior change.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Human immunodeficiency virus partner notification in a low incidence urban community.

BACKGROUND: Notification of the partners of a person newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is legally mandated in Missouri. METHODS: In a four-year period, the Kansas City Health Department tested for HIV antibodies in 61,464 of 61,700 (99.6%) eligible persons using the sexually transmitted disease clinic. RESULTS: A total of 366 newly diagnosed HIV cases were identified of whom 291 named 662 sex or needle-sharing partners. Only 447 partners could be located, counseled and/or tested. Of these partners, 165 were HIV infected, but only 33 represented newly diagnosed cases. CONCLUSION: HIV partner notification can be successfully conducted in an urban community.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗