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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Manual asymmetries and saccadic eye movements in right-handers during single and reciprocal aiming movements.

Two experiments examined the coordination of eye and hand movements in right-handed subjects who completed single (Experiment 1) and reciprocal (Experiment 2) aiming movements with each hand. In both experiments eye movements preceded hand movement, and arrived well in advance of the hand to allow pickup of visual information about relative position of the hand and target to correct te ongoing movement. With reciprocal aiming differences emerged between the hands. A right hand advantage was found for movement execution, and a left hand advantage for movement initiation. Manual asymmetries were not due to practice differences between hands. Subjects made larger initial saccades and more corrective saccades when aiming with the left hand. The pattern of eye-hand coordination was consistent with Woodworth's (1899) two component model of limb control, and at odds with models of limb control which suggest that online visual pickup is of minor importance.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Motoric response inhibition in finger movement and saccadic eye movement: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: To study cortical potentials associated with suppression of intended motoric actions. METHODS: Electro-encephalographic activity was recorded in a Go/NoGo reaction time paradigm. Subjects viewed computer-generated pacing stimuli, which provided information concerning the time at which an imperative Go/NoGo signal occurred. A motoric response was required following Go stimuli while motoric response inhibition was required following NoGo stimuli. To examine whether previously reported 'Go/NoGo effects' on event related potential (ERP) components may be generalized across movement modalities, the present experimental paradigm was performed with either finger movement or saccadic eye movement as required motoric response. RESULTS: For both movement modalities, comparable differences in the morphology, amplitude and scalp topography of ERP components were observed between Go trials, with proper movement execution, and NoGo trials, with complete suppression of motoric activity. In addition, for either movement modality a similar 'error related negativity' (ERN) was found for NoGo trials in which motoric activity was present. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that cortical activity underlying the Go/NoGo differences in ERP components represent general cortical processing associated with detection and/or suppression of inappropriate response behaviour, independent of movement modality.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Influence of choice of reference point on the condylar movement paths during mandibular movements.

Series of four open-close, protrusive and lateral movements were recorded by the six degrees of freedom jaw movement recording system OKAS-3D in 20 healthy subjects. Consequently the movement paths of nine condylar points, the palpated lateral pole and eight points located on a square parallel to the sagittal plane with an edge of 10 mm and centred around the lateral pole were calculated. For all movements except the protrusive movements, the 3-D excursions of the condylar points strongly depended upon the choice of condylar reference point (ANOVA, P < 0.001). During laterotrusive movements the Bennett angle and the Bennett shift also varied significantly according to the position of the reference point (ANOVA, P < 0.001). The results of this study underline that comparison of condylar movements between different studies is only possible when the same condylar reference point is used. General consensus on the choice of condylar reference point is thus needed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Ligand-induced movement of lymphocyte membrane macromolecules. V. Capping, cell movement, and microtubular function in normal and lectin-treated lymphocytes.

Capping of surface Ig by anti-Ig antibodies involves a membrane perturbation requiring an energy-dependent step. Lymphocytes treated with anti-Ig are stimulated to move. Previously, we had shown that movement was not essential for capping, although it influenced the localization of the cap. We have investigated the role of cell movement and of microtubular proteins in this phenomenon. Treatment of B lymphocytes with colchicine does not affect capping of Ig nor does it affect the increase in translational movement produced by anti-Ig antibodies. Treatment of lymphocytes with cytochalasin B stops translational movement and may affect capping to some degree under appropriate circumstances. Lymphocytes treated with both drugs are impaired in capping. We surmise that there may be two cytoplasmic events regulating directly or indirectly capping: one associated with the process of translational movement, the other associated with the activity of microtubules. Lymphocytes treated with concanavalin A do not cap Ig. Colchicine reverses this inhibition. Certain experimental procedures antagonize the colchicine effect, the most striking of which is the use of cytochalasin B. Colchicine appears to increase movement of the Con A-treated lymphocyte, and this increased movement appears responsible for the accumulation of complexes to the posterior part of the cell. Con A inhibits patching of Ig by anti-Ig, and this is not reversed by colchicine.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Hip-spine movement interaction and muscle activation patterns during sagittal trunk movements in low back pain patients.

Profiles of hip-spine movement interaction and muscle activations were characterized in 10 low back pain patients and in 10 normal subjects during trunk forward bending and extension. Electrogoniometric recordings showed that patients performed the movements significantly more slowly than normal subjects when asked to choose a comfortable cadence. For movements performed at the same velocity and amplitude, only the movement profiles at the spine and activation patterns of the erector spinae (ES) muscle during flexion were found to be significantly different between the two groups. A detailed analysis revealed that a subgroup of six patients (SG2) with an abnormal hip-spine movement interaction showed a significant (P < 0.01) lack of relaxation in ES muscle at the end of flexion. Patients from SG2 had pain for a longer time (P < 0.01) compared to patients from SG1 with normal movement and electromyographic profiles. Given the small sample size, these results are not conclusive, but they suggest that the lack of relaxation of the ES muscle may be associated with perturbation of movement patterns and the duration of the symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Visually guided hand movements in children with minor neurological dysfunction: response time and movement organization.

Many children with signs of minor neurological dysfunction (MND) are unable to adapt precisely their movements to external goals, in particular when they are under time pressure. Pilot studies in our laboratories suggested that response times in various sorts of tapping tasks were longer in such children than in controls with an optimal neurological status. In the present study an experimental tapping task, presented in 'self-paced mode', is applied to explore further the relationships between response time and spatio-temporal organization of movements in children with MND as compared to optimal controls. Differences were found with respect to inter-response intervals as well as to the organization of the movements; children with MND have longer overall response times than controls, more movement elements per tap and shorter first movement elements. Further, the moment of maximal acceleration comes later in the children with MND than in the controls. Such differences in response time and movement organization may be due to information processing limitations and increased attentional demands for the execution of movements in MND children.

Attention↗
PubMed1980

Studies of parkinsonian movement: 1. Programming and execution of eye movements.

Rapid voluntary eye movements in bradykinetic parkinsonian patients and normal subjects were recorded when the movement was executed with visual feedback (closed-loop mode) and in darkness without visual feedback (open-loop mode). The patients had a tendency to generate abnormal saccades consisting of multiple small steps (multiple step saccade), both in the closed-loop and open-loop mode. They were, however, also capable of generating large amplitude saccades. The amplitude-velocity relation of both the small step saccades and the large saccades was normal. The presence of multiple step saccades in the open loop mode suggests that the patients used internal rather than external (visual) feedback to compare the actual eye position with the desired (programmed) eye position and the program for rapid movement is normal but its execution is defective. Horizontal eye movements were also recorded when the head was stationary with a target moving sinusoidally, and when the target was stationary with the head rotated sinusoidally. In both cases the amplitude of the eye movement relative to the head was about 50 degrees. The patients were observed to generate irregular, saccadic eye movements in pursuit of a slowly moving target when the head was stationary, but their eyes could follow a stationary target smoothly when their eyes could follow a stationary target smoothly when their head was moved sinusoidally. These findings suggest that the neuronal circuitry in the paramedian pontine reticular formation, responsible for the final integration of different types of eye movements, is physiologically normal in Parkinsonism.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Sensing limb movements in the motor cortex: how humans sense limb movement.

We can precisely control only what we can sense. Sensing limb position or limb movement is essential when we precisely control our limb movements. It has been generally believed that somatic perception takes place in the neuronal network of somatosensory areas. Recent neuroimaging techniques (PET, fMRI, transcranial magnetic stimulation) have revealed in human brains that motor areas participate in somatic perception of limb movements during kinesthetic illusion in the absence of actual limb movement. In particular, the primary motor cortex, which is an executive locus of voluntary limb movements, is primarily responsible for kinesthetic perception of limb movements. This probably forms the most efficient circuits for voluntary limb movements between the controlled muscles and the motor areas.

Extremities↗
PubMed2001

Impact of movement and movement-related feedback on the lamprey central pattern generator for locomotion.

A semi-reduced, minimally restrained lamprey preparation was used to investigate the impact of movement and movement-related feedback during D-glutamate-induced locomotion. The preparation consisted of the trunk alone with the spinal cord exposed to the bathing solution. Two conditions were compared using electromyography or nerve recording: (i) muscle and spinal cord, (ii) spinal cord alone supported by the notochord. Compared with the isolated spinal cord, movement in the presence of muscle consistently and significantly increased the frequency of the motor output and reduced the phase delay among the segments. In moving preparations, coupling among the segments was reduced by two staggered hemisections to permit the strength and direction of intersegmental coupling to be estimated. The estimates revealed that movement increased the total intersegmental coupling strength and increased the proportion of the coupling that was descending over those of the isolated spinal cord. The effects on the phase and frequency of bursting can be explained in the light of the excitation evoked by bending that we have reported previously. Thus, we demonstrate that movement and movement-related feedback that arise from spinally induced motor patterns can alter the form of the movement and the functional coupling strength among the segments of the lamprey spinal cord.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Dynamical origins of stereotypy: relation of postural movements during sitting to stereotyped movements during body-rocking.

The relation between the movement dynamic properties of sitting still and of seated body-rocking in adults with stereotyped movement disorder and mental retardation and a contrast group of typically developing age-matched adults was examined. Continuous measurement of sequential displacements in center-of-pressure was made using a force platform while subjects were engaged in seated body-rocking and quiet sitting. Properties of movement were compared across conditions (rocking, sitting) and groups (stereotyped movement disorder, contrast). The contrast group had the same modal frequency for both movement properties. The intrinsic dynamics of the stereotyped movement disorder group were similar to those of the contrast group for body-rocking but very different for quiet sitting. Findings support the suggestion that body-rocking in stereotyped movement disorder originates partly as an adaptation to an inability to control posture in a seated position.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Comparative studies of condylar movements on adult men and periodontal patients during quantitative lateral movement].

We constructed a small number superposition graph by computer program on a cephalometric laminagraph of five adult men and five periodontal patients who have all their teeth of maxillo-mandibular. Research was done on the sideway movements of the non-working side of the condyle which are fixed to be 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm quantitative lateral movement in anterior. These results are as follows: 1. The research of the movement of the condyle was on the basis of condylar top and condylar center. The condylar movement with right and left side quantitative lateral movement of the adult men indicated a distinct straight line type. But, the periodontal patients indicated a distinct zigzag line type. However, the moving condition of two measuring points on both subjects were much alike. 2. In spite of the condition of the occlusal surface of periodontal patients are different from that of adult men, it could be proved that the moving type of the condylar with the lateral movement is a bodily shift. 3. For both much and little quantity of lateral movement, the degree of moving obliquely of periodontal patients' condylar was less than that of the adult men's condylar. 4. Doubted that the difference of occlusal condition between periodontal patients and adult men were chosen on this study.

Dental Occlusion, Traumatic↗
PubMed1997

Age-related differences in performance of stereotype arm movements: movement and posture interaction.

Postural destabilizations in response to cyclic pull-and-push arm movements were compared in young and elderly subjects, with the goal of determining how age-related differences in postural stability influence strategies of cyclic arm movements made at different speeds, against different loads and while standing on support surfaces of different compliances. The results show that elderly subjects performed the experimental task more slowly with a lower mean movement frequency and a smaller amplitude. Despite of this fact, the elderly's upright posture was destabilized by this movement to a greater extent than in young subjects. The older adults exhibited lower damping of the disturbing torques produced by arm movements as evidenced by a higher amplitude of the center of foot pressure excursions. The results document close reciprocal motor and posture interaction and indicate that parameters of the voluntary movement task such as cyclic arm movements might be used as a sensitive measure of postural stability.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Quantifying the independence of human finger movements: comparisons of digits, hands, and movement frequencies.

To determine whether other digits move when normal humans attempt to move just one digit, we asked 10 right-handed subjects to move one finger at a time while we recorded the motion of all five digits simultaneously with both a video motion analysis system and an instrumented glove. We quantified the independence of the digits to compare (1) the different digits, (2) the right versus the left hand, and (3) movements at a self-paced frequency versus externally paced movements at 3 Hz. We also quantified the degree to which motion occurred at the proximal, middle, or distal joint of each digit. Even when asked to move just one finger, normal human subjects produced motion in other digits. Movements of the thumb, index finger, and little finger typically were more highly individuated than were movements of the middle or ring fingers. Fingers of the dominant hand were not more independent than were those of the nondominant hand. Self-paced movements made at approximately 2 Hz were more highly individuated than were externally paced movements at 3 Hz. Angular motion tended to be greatest at the middle joint of each digit, with increased angular motion at the proximal and distal joints during 3 Hz movements. Simultaneous motion of noninstructed digits may result in part from passive mechanical connections between the digits, in part from the organization of multitendoned finger muscles, and in part from distributed neural control of the hand.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[The extent of fetal heart rate accelerations associated with fetal body movements in relation to the duration of fetal body movement].

The temporal relations between fetal body movements and associated fetal heart rate accelerations were shown as the ratios of duration of acceleration or acceleration amplitude and the duration of associated fetal body movements in 44 normotrophic and 40 hypotrophic fetuses (body weights within the 6th to 10th percentiles, n = 19, and less than or equal to the 5th percentile, n = 21) between the 36th and 40th gestational weeks. Related to the duration of associated fetal body movements, hypotrophic fetuses proved to have gradually smaller heart rate accelerations than normotrophic fetuses. Moreover, the acceleration parameters duration and amplitude were dependent on the relative duration of fetal body movements. Short fetal body movements were accompanied by fetal heart rate accelerations of relatively highest degree and vice versa. As a consequence, no comparison is possible between temporally different fetal body movements and their associated heart rate accelerations. Of the two acceleration parameters duration and amplitude, the inclusion of the accelerations amplitude in the above mentioned ratio yielded the most obvious results. Taking into consideration that fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation are often in a state of chronic hypoxia, the ratios of acceleration amplitude and durations of associated fetal body movements indicated different degrees of this metabolic situation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison among various movement tasks of cerebral motor potential preceding voluntary movement.

We examined the relationship between the movement potential (MP) and various movement tasks. We found that the MP amplitudes were the highest for the hand grip movement among various movement tasks. Furthermore, the present results indicated that a significant correlation was found between the MP latencies and prereaction time. The present experiments showed that there were changes in the latency and amplitude of the MP in rapid movements from a slightly sustained contraction and in fast reaction movements. Therefore, we noted that the MP amplitudes and latencies change corresponding to the type of movement tasks. Accordingly, it may be concluded that there is a close relationship between the MP and central motor output, namely physical factors (force and speed).

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1988

Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three-dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population.

We describe a code by which a population of motor cortical neurons could determine uniquely the direction of reaching movements in three-dimensional space. The population consisted of 475 directionally tuned cells whose functional properties are described in the preceding paper (Schwartz et al., 1988). Each cell discharged at the highest rate with movements in its "preferred direction" and at progressively lower rates with movements in directions away from the preferred one. The neuronal population code assumes that for a particular movement direction each cell makes a vectorial contribution ("votes") with direction in the cell's preferred direction and magnitude proportional to the change in the cell's discharge rate associated with the particular direction of movement. The vector sum of these contributions is the outcome of the population code (the "neuronal population vector") and points in the direction of movement in space well before the movement begins.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Experimental analysis of the contralaterally associated-movements with the finger task movements (author's transl)].

To investigate features of the contralaterally associated-movements (AM) in connection with the main movements, 6-year-old children were asked to play "marbles" as the main movements, and both its performance and AM were checked. The first analysis indicated that AM contained two different movements, pre-associated-movements (PAM) and simultaneously associated movements (SAM). PAM and SAM showed different features in relation to their directions, changes through trial blocks and right-left-balances. When classified into three groups on the basis of their performance of the main movements, the subjects in the low group showed the maximum AM in both PAM and SAM. Furthermore, the kind of SAM patterns decreased in inverse proportion to performance level.

Child↗
PubMed1995

[Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) and voluntary movement--clinical usefulness of MRCPs].

The gradient of negative slope (Ns') changed in parallel with the velocity of step movement in normal individuals. We can not evaluate the MRCPs without considering this factor among patients and/or subjects. We recorded the MRCPs of thirty nine patients with cerebellar ataxias and sixteen patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Goniometer was attached on the patient's wrist to measure the velocity of the wrist movement. In the patients with spinocerebellar degeneration with denate nucleus lesion (Machado-Joseph disease, DRPLA, MERRF, dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, galactosialidosis), the gradients of Ns' were reduced, although the movements themselves were as fast as normal control. In the patients with spinocerebellar degeneration without this lesion, the MRCPs were able to record as normal control, and their gradients of Ns' became steeper according to the increase of the movement angular velocity. On the contrary, in the patients with Parkinson disease, the gradients of Ns' were steeper in the patients with slow movement than in those with fast movement. The MRCP helps us to investigate the pathophysiology of the movement disorders. It is desirable that physiological data on the MRCP are extensively accumulated.

Cerebellar Ataxia↗