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PubMed1985

Illusions and reality in international migration: migration and development in post World War II Greece.

The author analyzes international migration using a case study of Greece, with a focus on the relationship between migration and development in the sending countries. He supports a view of international migration "as a central component of the international political economy--one whose investigation requires a sensitivity to, and intimacy with, the forces operative in the structure and process of the world economy." The role of Greek emigration in the areas of relief and unemployment, capital transfers or remittances, and the social realm is considered. (summary in FRE, SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1981

Different effect of (L)-fucose binding lectin on macrophage migration inhibition caused by guinea pig migration inhibitory factor and synthetic muramyl dipeptide.

(L)-Fucose binding lectin of Ulex europeus (UEA-I) was applied for the study of receptors for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The lectin was found to reduce the responsiveness of macrophages towards MIF when the cells were pretreated with the lectin. The suppressive effect of the lectin on MIF was reversed by (L)-fucose, but not by (D)-galactose, indicating that the effect of lectin is a sugar-specific phenomenon. By immunofluorescence technique the lectin appeared to be on the cell surface of the macrophages. These results suggest that the receptor for MIF and UEA-I lectin was identical or at least partially common. The lectin, however, did not prevent the responsiveness of cells toward MDP, which is known to inhibit macrophage migration just as MIF. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of the inhibitory effect on macrophage migration caused by the two substances (MIF and MDP) may be different, at least at the level of the receptors.

Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine↗
PubMed1989

A synthesis of macro and micro approaches to explaining migration: evidence from inter-state migration in the United States.

The interrelationships between macro and micro factors in the analysis of interstate migration in the United States are explored. A synthesis between these factors is attempted "by combining objectively calibrated characteristics of states with their subjectively measured counterparts....First, the relationships between the objective variables and their subjective counterparts are analyzed. Second, both sets of variables are used to explain residential preferences and migration. Third, a series of path models are constructed to indicate how the subjective variables act as intervening variables between their objective counterparts and migration."

Americas↗
PubMed1982

The role of households in international migration and the case of U.S.-bound migration from the Dominican Republic.

An analysis of the role of households in the process of migration between the Dominican Republic and the United States is presented. Several propositions are explored. "Principal among these is the claim that the structure within which Dominican migration occurs is capital's requirement for a continuous stream of cheap, vulnerable labor and the need of households to reproduce themselves at an historically and culturally prescribed level of maintenance. The article's emphasis on household strategies clarifies several important issues, such as variation in the rates of migration among groups in the same peripheral area, the increased impoverishment of nonmigrant members of sending communities, and the intensified dependency of emigrant households on the core economy."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

[Cohort size and propensity to migrate. Internal migration in Sweden between 1961 and 1988, by age and sex].

Internal migration patterns in Sweden and the propensity to migrate during the period from 1961 to 1988 are analyzed and compared. The author finds that "significant shifts between different age groups have occurred. However, no generation effect (link between the size of birth groups and migration intensity) can be detected. What seems to be the case...is that a new pattern of migratory movements emerges." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA)

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Estimates of net migration by age at migration from pairs of enumerations of the foreign born: United States, 1880-1930.

"This paper describes a new method for indirectly estimating age schedules of net migration. The method is illustrated with historical data for the United States. The analysis employs a recently developed technique--iterative intracohort interpolation--to estimate age schedules of net migration from pairs of enumerations of the foreign born by age. The data required for this application are enumerations of the foreign born (or more generally of those born outside the enumeration area) by age in two successive censuses, a life table presumed to reflect the mortality experience of the foreign born during the intercensal period, and, optionally, data on variations in the overall level of migration during the intercensal period. The procedure provides estimates of the average annual number of foreign born net migrants during a decade by their age at the time of entry/exit." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE)

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1993

Estimation of fecundability of migrated couples in the process of rural out-migration in India.

"Based on a simple procedure developed by Menken (1979), the estimate of fecundability of migrated couples in the process of rural out-migration [in India] has been obtained in this paper. It is found that the estimates of fecundabilities for females of different age-groups are significantly larger than the level of fecundability estimated for non-migrated couples. Some possible explanations for observing such a large gap [are] given."

Asia↗
PubMed1993

IL-10 inhibits the synthesis of migration inhibitory factor and migration inhibitory factor-mediated macrophage activation.

IL-10, in addition to being a cytokine synthesis-inhibitory factor, is a cytokine that exerts multiple effects on various cell types. Recombinant human migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibits the migration of human monocytes as well as that of guinea pig and murine macrophages. In addition, it has recently been shown to activate human monocyte-derived macrophages to suppress the growth of and/or kill both intracellular parasites and extracellular tumor targets in vitro and to have adjuvant activity in vivo. In this study, we examined the interactions between IL-10 and rMIF. We demonstrate that IL-10 reduces the production of MIF from T cells and abolishes rMIF-mediated migration inhibition of human monocytes. Incubation of IL-10 together with rMIF diminishes rMIF-induced intracellular killing of Leishmania donovani by human monocyte-derived macrophages and inhibits nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase activity by murine macrophages.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1990

[Studies on the pathogenic mechanism of beta-lactam hypersensitivity by the detection of leucocyte migration activating factor and leucocyte migration inhibitory factor].

In 145 suspected cases of beta-lactam hypersensitivity, the identities of the allergenic drugs were performed by leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT). The involvement of cell-mediated immunity using leucocyte migration activating factor (LMAF) and leucocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) was investigated for each allergic symptom. The proportion of LMIT positives was 74% of all 145 cases, and more than 70% for each allergic symptom except for anaphylactic shock, and in particular more than 90% for fever and eosinophilia. LMAF and LMIF were detected 39% and 35% of 145 cases, respectively, however LMAF was more frequently detected than LMIF in cases with hepatopathy. LMAF was more frequently detected than LMIF when the latent period (the duration of sensitization) of skin eruption or fever was less than 10 days, whereas LMIF was more frequently detected than LMAF when it was more than 10 days. The same result also was obtained at the boundary between 14 days of the latent period in hepatopathy. These results indicate that in the pathogenesis of beta-lactam hypersensitivity, cell-mediated immunity plays a major role. Both LMAF and LMIF are involved, and their production is dependent on the duration of allergenic drug-sensitization, LMAF is produced during the early period of sensitization, whereas LMIF is produced during the late period of sensitization.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1997

Migration policy objectives for European East-West international migration.

"The study contains selected results of Delphi research (subjective judgements concerning the future on a collective expert basis) on international migration between Central/Eastern (C/EEc) and Western European countries. Taking part in the research were 109 scholars and officers....from all over Europe.... Results indicate growing problems and tensions in societies, the division of Europe into two parts, and the triggering rather than pacifying of further antagonisms and hostile anti-immigrant attitude on the Western side.... Concerning policy objectives, the two most important general aims were how to contribute to migration stabilization in the East, and how to maintain and further develop stable democratic order and promote economic development." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Attitude↗
PubMed1986

From structural push to chain migration: notes on the persistence of migration to Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.

"Spatial differentiation in regional welfare is often assumed to be one of the most important explanatory factors in individual migration behaviour. By the weight of 'push' against 'pull', migrants walk in step with the unequal distribution of socio-economic opportunities. In the case of Ciudad Juarez [Mexico], these 'structural factors' only appear to have determined migration in its first stages; especially recently 'non-structural' factors seem to be at the root of the ever-increasing process."

Americas↗
PubMed1984

Influence of colchicine and vinblastine on the intracellular migration of secretory and membrane glycoproteins: I. Inhibition of glycoprotein migration in various rat cell types as shown by light microscope radioautography after injection of 3H-fucose.

Previous studies have shown that colchicine and vinblastine inhibit secretion in many cell types by interrupting the normal intracellular migration of secretory products. In the present work, radioautography has been used to study the effects of these drugs on migration of membrane and secretory glycoproteins in a variety of cell types. Young (40 gm) rats were given a single intravenous injection of colchicine (4.0 mg) or vinblastine (2.0 mg). At 10 min after colchicine and 30 min after vinblastine administration, the rats were injected with 3H-fucose. Control rats received 3H-fucose only. All rats were sacrificed 90 min after 3H-fucose injection and their tissues processed for light microscope radioautography. Examination of secretory cell types such as ameloblasts and thyroid follicular cells in control animals revealed reactions of approximately equal intensity over the Golgi region and over extracellular secretion products, while in drug-treated rats most of the reaction was confined to the Golgi region. In a variety of other cell types, including endocrine cells (e.g., hepatocytes) and cells generally considered as nonsecretory (e.g., intestinal columnar cells), reaction in control animals occurred both over the Golgi region and over various portions of the cell surface. In drug-treated animals, a strong Golgi reaction was present, but reaction over the cell surface was weak or absent. These results indicate that in many cell types, colchicine and vinblastine inhibit migration out of the Golgi region not only of secretory glycoproteins, but also of membrane glycoproteins destined for the plasma membrane.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Comparative study of macrophage migration in different strains of mice: absence of migration in C3H mice.

In the course of studying the susceptibility of mice to Salmonella infection, we discovered that C3H/HeJ mice differ from other strains in both their susceptibility to infection and their response to prior vaccination. Others have noted the absence of the usual B cell stimulation by LPS in these mice. To investigate the status of delayed hypersensitivity in C3H/HeJ mice, we tried to use the technique of macrophage migration. Under conditions of normal migration for other strains, C3H/HeJ peritoneal and splenic macrophages failed to migrate, thus establishing another differentiating immunological trait for this strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Leucocyte migration into cotton pellets: a new in vivo method for the study of chemotaxis and leucocytic migration.

A new in vivo method for studying chemotaxis and leucocyte migration was developed in male Wistar rats, using the well characterized chemoattractant, N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-phenylalanine (FMP) as positive control, and dental cotton pellets. 2.0 mg FMP attracted the greatest net leucocytes into test pellets, while doses higher or lower, attracted less cells. Use of L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (MLP) as negative control showed that the method could be used to distinguish chemotactic migrations from other migrations. The kinetics of the leucocytic infiltration showed the predominance of polymorphonuclear leucocytes at the early reactions and the arrival of mononuclear leucocytes in later stages. Use of Staphylococcal protein A and trypsin demonstrated that it was possible to assay the activities of those chemoattractants which require complement activation for chemotaxis. However, complement was not normally activated by the technique. The method requires simple surgery, seems a good model for evaluating the in vivo applicability of the numerous in vitro chemotactic findings, and should possibly be used to develop agents such as drugs destined to produce changes in the inflammatory process.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

The migration of larval Toxocara canis in mice. II. Post-intestinal migration in primary infections.

Following oral infection of NIH mice with Toxocara canis embryonated eggs the L2 pass the visceral phase of migration during te first week of infection. Larvae reach the liver and lungs and peak in number in these organs 2 and 3 days after infection, respectively. Larvae are then dispersed throughout the body and enter the myotropic--neurotropic phase by the 7th day of infection. Larvae injected directly into the brain are capable of migrating into the viscera and musculature. Considerable pathology occurs due to larval migrations, especially through the liver and lungs, and both acute and chronic disease are recorded. Studies of infections extending over a year show that the number of recoverable larvae declines gradually with periods of stable populations. On Days 3, 4 and 5 after infection, larvae were demonstrable in the faeces of infected mice. Prenatal infection was observed in a third of the offspring of mice infected the same day as conception.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Deterioration of chum salmon muscle during spawning migration--VI. Changes in serum protease inhibitory activity during spawning migration of chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta).

A relation between muscle protease activity and serum protease inhibitory activity of chum salmon during spawning migration was studied with regard to their physiological states. The autolytic activity of chum salmon muscle significantly increased, while the trypsin inhibitory activity in serum significantly decreased during spawning migration. Serum trypsin inhibitor was inactivated following treatment with androgen. It was consequently proved that androgen was trigger to the inactivation of serum protease inhibitor, resulting in high levels of muscle protease activity during spawning migration.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fibroblast-migration in a wound model of ascorbic acid-supplemented three-dimensional culture system: the effects of cytokines and malotilate, a new wound healing stimulant, on cell-migration.

To assess the migratory response of fibroblasts in vitro, normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were cultured in the presence of L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate to induce a multilayered structure. Round wounds were made by punching, and the migratory response was evaluated by counting the number of migrating cells in the wounded areas. Collagenase activity in the culture-medium was then measured. When the wound model was treated with bFGF, IL-1 alpha or PDGF, the migratory response was facilitated with increased collagenase secretion. In contrast, treatment with TGF-beta reduced the migratory response and collagenase secretion. Since the multilayered structure is rich in collagenous matrix, degradation of the matrix by secreted collagenase is probably necessary for the cells to migrate into the wounded areas. Furthermore, malotilate, which is now under development as an agent for wound therapy, facilitated the migratory response of NHDF with increased collagenase secretion in this wound model, suggesting that the wound healing effect of malotilate is in part attributable to stimulated migration of fibroblasts to wounded areas subsequent to extracellular matrix-degradation.

Ascorbic Acid↗