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PubMed1995

[Polyethylene glycol-thiosulfate (PEG-Th) staining--a modification of the AgNOR method].

Visualization and analysis of nucleolus organizer regions (NOR) by a silverstaining is a well accepted method in cytological and histological tumor diagnostic. For specific staining of the NOR the AgNOR-method developed by HOWELL and BLACK (1980) and PLOTON et al. (1986) is performed. One major disadvantage of the AgNOR-method is the instability of the reaction products and therefore the short durability of the slide preparations. A modification of the AgNOR-method, the PEG-Th-staining, leads not only to a longer durability of the reaction products but also to a better contrast within the sections. Main characteristic of the PEG-Th-staining is a postfixation of the specific silver precipitations for 5 min in a 5% sodium thiosulfate solution. It could be proven by image analysis that there is no significant difference between the morphometric parameters evaluated on AgNOR- and PEG-Th-stained sections. Therefore results evaluated on PEG-Th-stained sections are absolutely comparable to those obtained on sections stained with the AgNOR-method thus providing the advantage of a longer durability of the reaction products and easier evaluation.

Coloring Agents↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Contraceptive perceptions and method choice among young single women in the United States.

Data from a national survey of young unmarried women are used to analyze the relationship of perceptions of method characteristics to the acceptability of methods for use and to the actual contraceptive choice. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression analyses are employed to assess the effects of perceptions on method acceptability and on actual use. Methods that were seen as having more highly positive attributes were also seen as more acceptable, and were used by a greater proportion of the women in the sample, even though the overwhelming popularity of the pill overshadowed all other methods. It was concluded that perceptual factors can help predict who will use a particular method and that this can be potentially useful to family planning service providers in influencing method choice.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Evaluation of five immunological methods for the assay of serum netilmicin.

Three specific immunological methods for the determination of netilmicin and two enzyme immunoassays for gentamicin were compared for assaying serum netilmicin. The commercial kits we used were Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Substrate Labelled Fluorescence Immunoassay (gentamicin) ( SLFIA ), Homogeneous Enzyme Immunoassay (gentamicin and netilmicin) (EMIT) and Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay ( FPIA ). After analysing spiked calf serum samples in the range of 0-15.8 mg X 1(-1) netilmicin, extensive statistical analysis was performed. The Performance Index was used to qualify the different methods. Results show that the SLFIA (gentamicin) kit is a very acceptable method for the determination of serum netilmicin levels, well comparable with the EMIT (gentamicin) kit and the EMIT (netilmicin) kit. FPIA and RIA require expensive specialized apparatus so it is only economically feasible when other drugs or substances are also determined on the same apparatus. The abilities and specific needs of each laboratory will play an important role in the choice of a method, because the tested kits are all within the range we need from a clinical point of view.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1995

Determination of plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triglyceride fatty acids by gas chromatography of their methyl esters after isolation by column chromatography on silica gel.

Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides were isolated from human plasma by column chromatography on silica gel. Eight principal fatty acids of each of these lipid classes were determined by gas chromatography of their methyl ester derivatives and quantified relative to multipoint standard curves. Within-day relative standard deviations for plasma non-esterified fatty acid and triglyceride fatty acid determinations were 2.4 and 3.2%, respectively. Day-to-day relative standard deviations for plasma non-esterified fatty acid and triglyceride fatty acid determinations were 1.4 and 1.1%, respectively. The total plasma concentration and the relative proportions of the eight non-esterified fatty acids determined by this method were significantly different from results obtained according to two generally accepted methods for direct plasma non-esterified fatty acid determination without a specific isolation step. These comparisons suggested that considerable fatty acid ester lipid hydrolysis occurred during these direct determination procedures, and that this hydrolysis resulted in 3-fold overestimation of plasma NEFA content by those methods. Measured levels of arachidonic acid are substantially overestimated by these direct determination methods in which non-esterified fatty acids are not isolated before derivatization.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1986

Reproducibility of rotational panoramic radiography: mandibular linear dimensions and angles.

The reproducibility of nine mandibular variables (linear dimensions and angles) assessed from panoramic radiographs with the Orthopantomograph 5 (Siemens) was investigated. Attention was given to the possible influence of recording the reference number of the head positioner with one or two radiographers. Two separate exposures of three groups of patients were made under different radiographic conditions, each group representing one method. Acceptable reproducibility was observed for the vertical and angular variables, the method variance being mostly within 3% of the total variance. Horizontal variables were clearly more unreliable. No statistically significant differences were observed between the reproducibility of the right and left sides. A negative correlation was found between the angular variables within two groups. For most variables, only small differences among the methods were found. The highest reliability was obtained when the same radiographer recorded the reference number of the head positioner and made both exposures. An accuracy study on five dried skulls showed an image magnification of approximately 18% to 21% for the vertical variables, whereas the gonial angle assessed from a panoramic film was almost identical to that measured on the dried mandible.

Cephalometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Environmental interventions for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea.

The diarrheal illnesses affecting travelers to areas with low standards of hygiene are due to exposure to microbial agents not in wide circulation in the travelers' home area. A major objective for the prevention of travelers' diarrhea should be to minimize exposure to these infectious agents. Studies of sporadic and epidemic travelers' diarrhea have shown that contaminated food and water are usually the most important vehicles for transmission of these agents. Travelers must know which foods and water sources to avoid and which they may reasonably be assured are safe. Also, methods for disinfecting potentially contaminated sources must be simple and practical. Acceptable methods for ensuring the safety of food and drink are amply documented in the literature. However, although the consumption of certain foods and beverages is clearly associated with an increased risk of developing travelers' diarrhea, in some retrospective studies adherence to strict dietary rules generally did not appear to diminish the incidence. Despite these findings, whose validity may have been weakened by study design flaws, careful attention to the preparation and choice of food and beverage is recommended for prevention of both diarrheal and nondiarrheal illnesses.

Diarrhea↗

PubMed1985

Ileal conduit urinary diversion--early and late complications.

110 adult patients with benign and malignant conditions subjected to an ileal conduit urinary diversion were followed from 1 to 8 years after the operation. 62 patients (59 with a malignant disease) died in the follow-up period. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to their primary diseases: (1) benign, (2) malignant without irradiation, and (3) malignant with irradiation. Early complication rates were 22% in group 1, 33% in group 2, and 29% in group 3. In addition, the complications were more serious in the group with malignant diseases. Late complication rates were 70% in group 1, 80% in group 2, and 54% in group 3, possibly due to a shorter time of observation in group 3. Renal function deteriorated in 18% of the patients but only 3% became uremic. When urinary diversion is inevitable we find this method acceptable, at least until the long-term results of newer methods are known.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

[Diagnostic problems and evaluation of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus].

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic multisystem inflammatory disorder characterised by autoantibodies production. The diagnosis of disease requires evidence of 4 out of 11 clinical and/or laboratory symptoms proposed by American College of Rheumatology. For many years attention has been drawn to the problem of finding a valid and sensitive tool for measuring SLE activity and more than 60 different methods have been proposed. Unfortunately none of them has been generally accepted. Amongst the most frequently used are SLEDAI scale and its modifications, BILAG and SLAM. The systems have been validated in prospective studies, and their reproducibility, validity and sensitivity have been compared. At present they are widely used in clinical practice. In this review currently accepted methods of SLE activity evaluation are presented.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed2006

[Pharmacological evaluation of baicalin and jasminoidin and their combination on focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury].

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the therapeutic effect and the influence on PI3K-Akt-PKB-BAD-CREB-PCREB pathway in focal cerebral ischemia rat responses before and after treatment with baicalin and jasminoidin given alone or in combination. METHOD: Rat model of ischemia reperfusion was established with thread. Generally accepted methods were used, including TTC staining, behavior test, as well as micro and ultra microscopy which can dynamically and accurately monitor pathological and physiological changes after cerebral ischemia on earlier period, to evaluate the brain injury induced by ischemia and the attenuations by the drugs. The difference of PI3K-Akt-PKB-BAD-CREB-PCREB expression was detected by western-blot technology. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: The combination of baicalin and jasminoidin composition can be potential neuroprotective agent. TTC staining technology combined with behavior grade and ultrmicro-structure observation on brain tissue is effective method to evaluate protective agent, which is related to signal transduction PI3K-Akt-PKB-BAD-CREB-PCREB pathway. The results provide benofical basis for revealing the complex of therapeutic mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine Qingkai Ling (QKL).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Ethical issues in organ transplantation.

Clinical organ transplantation has been recognized as one of the most gripping medical advances of the century as it provides a way of giving the gift of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs, which requires the participation of other fellow human beings and of society by donating organs from deceased or living individuals. The increasing incidence of vital organ failure and the inadequate supply of organs, especially from cadavers, has created a wide gap between organ supply and organ demand, which has resulted in very long waiting times to receive an organ as well as an increasing number of deaths while waiting. These events have raised many ethical, moral and societal issues regarding supply, the methods of organ allocation, the use of living donors as volunteers including minors. It has also led to the practice of organ sale by entrepreneurs for financial gains in some parts the world through exploitation of the poor, for the benefit of the wealthy. The current advances in immunology and tissue engineering and the use of animal organs, xenotransplantation, while offering very promising solutions to many of these problems, also raise additional ethical and medical issues which must be considered by the medical profession as well as society. This review deals with the ethical and moral issues generated by the current advances in organ transplantation, the problem of organ supply versus organ demand and the appropriate allocation of available organs. It deals with the risks and benefits of organ donation from living donors, the appropriate and acceptable methods to increase organ donation from the deceased through the adoption of the principle of 'presumed consent', the right methods of providing acceptable appreciation and compensation for the family of the deceased as well as volunteer and altruistic donors, and the duties and responsibilities of the medical profession and society to help fellow humans. The review also deals with the appropriate and ethically acceptable ways of utilizing the recent advances of stem cell transplantation from adult versus fetal donors, tissue engineering and the use of organs from animals or xenotransplantation. Data provided in support of the concept that clinical organ and tissue transplantation can be more beneficial and life saving if everyone involved in the process, including physicians and medical institutions, respect and consider the best interests of the patients, as well as honor the ethical, moral and religious values of society and are not tempted to seek personal fame or financial rewards.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Ethical issues in organ and tissue transplantation.

Clinical organ transplantation provides a way of giving the gift of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs, which requires the participation of other fellow human beings and of society by donating organs from deceased or living individuals. The increasing incidence of vital organ failure and the inadequate supply of organs, especially from cadavers, has created a wide gap between organ supply and organ demand, which has resulted in very long waiting times to receive an organ as well as an increasing number of deaths while waiting. These events have raised many ethical, moral and societal issues regarding supply, the methods of organ allocation the use of living donors as volunteers including minors. It has also led to the practice of organ sale by entrepreneurs for financial gains in some parts the world through exploitation of the poor, for the benefit of the wealthy. The current advances in immunology and tissue engineering and the use of animal organs, xenotransplantation, while offering very promising solutions to many of these problems, also raise additional ethical and medical issues, which must be considered by the medical profession as well as society. This review deals with the ethical and moral issues generated by the current advances in organ transplantation, the problem of organ supply versus organ demand and the appropriate allocation of available organs. It deals with the risks and benefits of organ donation from living donors, the appropriate and acceptable methods to increase organ donation from the deceased through the adoption of the principle of 'presumed consent', the right methods of providing acceptable appreciation and compensation for the family of the deceased as well as volunteer and altruistic donors, and the duties and responsibilities of the medical profession and society to help fellow humans. The review also deals with the appropriate and ethically acceptable ways of utilizing the recent advances of stem cell transplantation from adult versus fetal donors, tissue engineering and the use of organs from animals or xenotransplantation. It is emphasized that clinical organ and tissue transplantation can be more beneficial and life saving if everyone involved in the process, including physicians and medical institutions, respect and consider the best interests of the patients, as well as honor the ethical, moral and religious values of society.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

The Periotest method for determining implant success.

The purpose of this paper is to show that the currently accepted methods for the determination of implant stability are unpredictable. It describes those techniques that are currently utilized for the assessment of implant success and discusses the problems they present. The paper will propose the Periotest method as a reliable and reproducible alternative to the methods currently available to the clinician for determining implant stability.

Dental Implants↗

PubMed2026

Diagnostic communication in functional neurological disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient acceptance and clinical outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: Diagnostic disclosure is a key therapeutic moment in Functional Neurological Disorder (FND). This systematic review aimed to evaluate quantitative evidence on diagnostic acceptance, understanding, satisfaction, symptom outcomes, and healthcare utilisation following diagnostic disclosure in FND, and to conduct a meta-analysis of diagnostic acceptance. METHODS: Systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science identified quantitative studies in adults with FND. Screening followed predefined inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using a structured template and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was conducted using the Freeman-Tukey transformation. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included, four of which contributed to the meta-analysis (n = 481). Reported diagnostic acceptance rates ranged from 38.7% to 90%, although the timing and method of assessment varied across studies. Pooled acceptance was 0.68 (95% CI 0.44-0.88), with substantial heterogeneity. Structured or reinforced communication was frequently associated with improved understanding and satisfaction, although its superiority for diagnostic acceptance was not established. In some studies, diagnostic acceptance was associated with more favourable clinical outcomes, although findings were inconsistent. Some studies reported reductions in healthcare utilisation or costs following satisfactory diagnostic explanation, whereas others found no sustained overall reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic communication in FND is associated with differences in acceptance, understanding, and downstream clinical and healthcare outcomes. Approximately two-thirds of patients were reported as accepting the diagnosis following disclosure, although the timing and method of assessment varied substantially across studies. Empathic and evidence-informed communication may enhance understanding and engagement, although its effects on healthcare use and recovery remain uncertain. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Diagnostic disclosure should be delivered clearly, empathically, and with reinforcement over time. Written information, reputable educational resources, and opportunities for follow-up clarification may support patient understanding and engagement, although stronger comparative evidence is needed.

Humans↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of two standard test methods for determining explosion limits of gases at atmospheric conditions.

A comparison is made between two internationally accepted methods to determine the explosion limits of gases at atmospheric pressure and room temperature (20 l sphere - DIN 51649). Significant differences (about 1 vol.%) in the upper explosion limits (UEL) values are found for four hydrocarbons tested. A new criterion is proposed which leads to close agreement between the UEL values obtained by the two methods.

Atmospheric Pressure↗

PubMed1998

[Evaluation of intrauterine insemination after two different methods of sperm preparation in cases of oligospermia in stimulated cycles].

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a widely accepted method of infertility treatment in case of oligospermia. Sperm requires special preparation to avoid applying of active ingredients and abnormal cells to uterine cavity. In this paper authors compared the efficiency of IUI after swim-up sperm preparation on Menezo B2 medium, with IxaPrep technic sperm preparation. In our material there were no significant differences in received results in relation to sperm preparation method.

Clomiphene↗

PubMed2004

Method-induced misclassification for a respirable dust sampled using ISO/ACGIH/CEN criteria.

The single cut measurement of exposure to respirable dust is the accepted method of exposure classification in occupational hygiene. We previously showed that actual pulmonary tissue dose may be substantially different from the dose expected, or the indicated dose, based on measurements using current single cut methodologies. We now examine exposure misclassification of workers based on any single cut respirable dust measurement using the internationally accepted ISO/ACGIH/CEN single cut respirable dust measurement criteria. Hypothetical aerosols with 12 generalized size distributions typical of the method of aerosol generation (condensation, aged condensation, mechanical low energy, mechanical high energy and mixtures thereof) were assumed. Using previously reported models for sampler penetration and pulmonary deposition, Monte Carlo simulations of actual mass dose to pulmonary tissues in comparison to the dose estimate from an ideal respirable aerosol sampler were carried out. Measurement-based indicated doses were used to classify exposures into five exposure categories and these classifications were compared with the 'true' classifications from the dose-based exposure estimates. Misclassification rates were generally severe and were greatest for aerosols with mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) <1 microm (approximately 100%) and MMAD 5-15 microm (65-95%). Misclassification rates were moderate (<20%) only for extremely coarse aerosols of MMAD>15 microm. Misclassification rates for oral and nasal breathing at 750 and 1500 ml tidal volume and 15 breaths/min were similar for each aerosol examined.

Aerosols↗

PubMed2001

Quality-control issues on high-resolution diagnostic monitors.

Previous literature indicates a need for more data collection in the area of quality control of high-resolution diagnostic monitors. Throughout acceptance testing, which began in June 2000, stability of monitor calibration was analyzed. Although image quality on all monitors was found to be acceptable upon initial acceptance testing using VeriLUM software by Image Smiths, Inc (Germantown, MD), it was determined to be unacceptable during the clinical phase of acceptance testing. High-resolution monitors were evaluated for quality assurance on a weekly basis from installation through acceptance testing and beyond. During clinical utilization determination (CUD), monitor calibration was identified as a problem and the manufacturer returned and recalibrated all workstations. From that time through final acceptance testing, high-resolution monitor calibration and monitor failure rate remained a problem. The monitor vendor then returned to the site to address these areas. Monitor defocus was still noticeable and calibration checks were increased to three times per week. White and black level drift on medium-resolution monitors had been attributed to raster size settings. Measurements of white and black level at several different size settings were taken to determine the effect of size on white and black level settings. Black level remained steady with size change. White level appeared to increase by 2.0 cd/m2 for every 0.1 inches decrease in horizontal raster size. This was determined not to be the cause of the observed brightness drift. Frequency of calibration/testing is an issue in a clinical environment. The increased frequency required at our site cannot be sustained. The medical physics division cannot provide dedicated personnel to conduct the quality-assurance testing on all monitors at this interval due to other physics commitments throughout the hospital. Monitor access is also an issue due to radiologists' need to read images. Some workstations are in use 7 AM to 11 PM daily. An appropriate monitor calibration frequency must be established during acceptance testing to ensure unacceptable drift is not masked by excessive calibration frequency. Standards for acceptable black level and white level drift also need to be determined. The monitor vendor and hospital staff agree that currently, very small printed text is an acceptable method of determining monitor blur, however, a better method of determining monitor blur is being pursued. Although monitors may show acceptable quality during initial acceptance testing, they need to show sustained quality during the clinical acceptance-testing phase. Defocus, black level, and white level are image quality concerns, which need to be evaluated during the clinical phase of acceptance testing. Image quality deficiencies can have a negative impact on patient care and raise serious medical-legal concerns. The attention to quality control required of the hospital staff needs to be realistic and not have a significant impact on radiology workflow.

Calibration↗

PubMed2002

Users' perspectives on medical abortion in Finland.

The objective of this study was to determine the reasons for choosing the medical instead of surgical method for the termination of early pregnancy, and to evaluate the experience and the level of satisfaction with the medical method among women in Helsinki who participated in a multinational efficacy study of medical abortion. The study respondents consisted of 123 women with less than 9 weeks gestation, undergoing medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg orally followed 36 h to 48 h later by misoprostol 0.8 mg orally or vaginally. By using structured questionnaires, the reasons for choosing the medical method were assessed before the abortion, whereas the experience of medical abortion was evaluated at follow-up visits 2 weeks and 6 weeks later. The three most important reasons for choosing medical abortion instead of surgical abortion were 'avoidance of surgery,' 'avoidance of general anesthesia,' and 'the method being more natural.' At the 6-week evaluation, most women (92%) were satisfied or highly satisfied with the method, and 103 (88%) women said that the method met their expectations. The majority of all women, 105 (89%), would opt for the same method in the future should the need arise, and 102 (88%) patients would recommend the medical method to a friend. The length of pregnancy had an effect on acceptability; the shorter the gestational age, the more acceptable the medical abortion. Medical abortion was perceived as an acceptable method for termination of early pregnancy among the Finnish women studied.

Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal↗