Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Masculinity”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Neuropharmacological study on the induction of hypothalamic masculinization in female mice.

82% of female mice, that had received a single injection of 50 mug testosterone propionate (TP) at 4 days of age, became persistent estrous by 90 days. If 50 mug pentobarbital or 10 mug reserpine was given simultaneously with TP, the incidence of hypothalamic masculinization (persistent estrus (PE) and polyfollicular ovaries lacking corpora lutea) at 90 days dropped to 33 and 30%, respectively. Phenoxybenzamine (50 mug) also decreased the incidence of PE to 20 and 30% at 60 and 90 days of age, respectively. However, propranolol failed to nullify the masculinization caused by TP. These results seem to suggest that a monoaminergic mechanism is involved in the hypothalamic masculinization of neonatal mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The development of masculinity: a cross-cultural contribution.

We have examined, using data from a Stone-Age New Guinea culture, two hypotheses regarding the development of masculinity: that a prolonged and too gratifying mother-son symbiosis threatens a boy's chances of becoming masculine and that a boy, to create masculinity, must raise a psychic barrier against the urge to be merged with his mother. The data show the hypothesized forces to be at work in these New Guineans much as in Western society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Cross-cultural validity of the masculine and feminine gender role stress scales.

The objective was to examine the usefulness of Dutch versions of the Masculine Gender Role Stress (MGRS; Eisler & Skidmore, 1987) Scale and the Feminine Gender Role Stress (Gillespie & Eisler, 1992) Scale in The Netherlands. Undergraduate students (N = 2,239) completed both gender role stress scales. A subgroup (n = 508) also completed questionnaires about masculinity-femininity and daily hassles. With regard to both gender role stress scales, results of confirmatory factor analyses supported the original 5-factor structures and revealed no cross-sex differences on the factor models. Reliability and homogeneity indexes were all well within acceptable to satisfactory limits. Further evidence of construct validity was found in (a) medium to large correlations with daily hassles, (b) sex differences on the FGRS scale, and (c) small to medium correlations with masculinity-femininity. The major discrepancy with previous studies was that for Dutch female and male students, the MGRS scale was not sex specific. Taken together, this study sustained the utility of both gender role stress scales for use in The Netherlands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Masculinity scores as an artifact of feminist attitude: evidence from a study of lesbians and college women.

Data from a sample of lesbian women (n = 58) and college women (n = 129) are analyzed to examine the relationship between feminism (AWS), sexual orientation, and a PAQ-defined masculinity score. While lesbians have higher M scores, they also have very high AWS scores. When AWS is controlled in a multiple regression analysis, the difference on M scores between the two sexual orientation groups disappears. The results support the hypothesis that high masculinity scores for women represent strong self-confidence and independence, characteristics of those with positive feminist outlooks. We also argue that measures of traits such as independence and expressiveness need to be labeled as such, and not as "masculinity" or "femininity."

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Masculinity and desire in the works of J. R. Ackerley.

Although homosexuality was still identified as a sign of effeminacy in the West at the beginning of the twentieth century, the work of George Chauncey suggests that working-class men in the West were able to maintain a masculine identity by playing the active, or insertive, role in sexual encounters. The experiences of one middle-class English homosexual, J. R. Ackerley (1896-1967), reveals that maintaining one's masculinity was more difficult for men of the middle class who desired same-sex contact. After a period in which his identity vacillated between the poles of male and female, he conceived a masculine homosexual identity by consciously rejecting effeminacy in himself and others, by dressing as a "normal" middle-class male, and, most importantly, by seeking relationships with younger, working-class men.

England↗
PubMed2002

Seeing double, thinking twice: the Toronto drag kings and (re-) articulations of masculinity.

Through a close reading of the performances of masculinity by the Toronto drag kings, this chapter argues that drag king shows parody the hyper-masculine star at his most contradictory and dialogic. Given that drag king performances parody both the contradictions of masculinity on stage, and the productive technologies of the star, king performances are essentially both meta-theatrical (performances about performing where lights, music, body language, dance all make the man) and meta-performative (performances which are at once conditioned by the performative reiterations which enable a fiction of identity in the first place). Finally, I explore the rather abstracted question of what cultural work the category of "drag king" does. I argue that it is a term which articulates a series of productive but necessary slippages in and through the contradictory and dialogic practices of identification. The bottom line is this: drag kings are situated in and play with the ironic no man's land between "lesbian," "butch," "transman" and "bio-boy" where the sell evident is neither.

Culture↗
PubMed2006

Layers of leather: The identity formation of leathermen as a process of transforming meanings of masculinity.

Leathermen form a gay male subculture that eroticizes leather dress and symbols. This investigation examined the relationship of participants' leather identity to their gender and sexual identities. In addition, the participants described their process of leather identity development, and its meanings and purposes. Six self-identified leathermen participated in semi-structured interviews that were subjected to a grounded-theory analysis. The analysis suggested that leathermen develop a unique form of masculinity, integrating care and vulnerability with an aesthetic of heightened masculine appearance. Flexible interactional scripts allow for gendered signs to be enacted, designating a social status that is not recognized by the mainstream gay community. Findings are discussed in relation to previous research on gay male masculinity, gay community, sexual identity formation, and internalized homophobia.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Masculine gender role stress and men's fear of emotions as predictors of self-reported aggression and violence.

To test the hypothesis that relationship violence may be related to men's fear of emotions, a secondary data analysis examined a sample of 155 male students attending an Eastern urban university. The men had been assessed using measures of masculine gender role stress, fear of emotions, and self-reported perpetration of relationship violence. Men's fear of emotion predicted relationship violence beyond what was accounted for masculine gender role stress. In addition, men's fear of emotions was found to partially mediate the relationship between masculine gender role stress and relationship violence. Results are discussed in terms of implications for future research and clinical interventions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Masculinity-femininity and perceptual style on the Circles Test.

In relation to the open perceptual style characteristics a classification of responses to the Torrance's Circles Test provided a measure of psychosexual identification. To the initial stimulus inner-spaced and outer-spaced responses can be interpreted as feminine and masculine styles of information processing. The observations were validated by the Mf scale of the MMPI. Masculine women gave fewer inner-space responses than masculine men, and feminine men gave more inner-space responses than feminine women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Tomboys, masculine characteristics, and self-ratings of confidence in career success.

Previous research focusing on gender-roles and self-concept suggests a positive relationship between masculinity and self-concept. The present study explores self-perceptions of being a "tomboy," gender-role and ratings of self-confidence in later success. Higher self-ratings on the tomboy scale correlated with confidence in career success but not with confidence in passing a college course or jogging for 20 min. There was a positive correlation between masculinity scores but not femininity scores with tomboy ratings. Masculine characteristics such as independence, aggression competitiveness, leadership ability, ability to defend, stand by beliefs, mediated by compassion appear to be positively correlated with perceptions of success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Implanting young bulls with zeranol from birth to four slaughter ages: I. Live measurements, behavior, masculinity and carcass characteristics.

Seventy-two Simmental bull calves were allotted randomly at birth to either a zeranol (Ralgro) implanted (I) treatment or a nonimplanted control (C) group. At birth, bulls assigned to the I treatment were implanted with 36 mg of zeranol and reimplanted at average intervals of 84 d until slaughter. Calves were weaned at 7.2 mo, preconditioned for 2 wk, and randomly assigned by treatment to slaughter ages of 12.0, 13.8, 15.7 and 17.4 mo and fed an 83% concentrate diet until slaughter. At 7.7 mo and all slaughter ages, live weights and hip heights were similar (P greater than .10), but I bulls had lower (P less than .05) masculinity scores than C bulls. Scrotal circumferences for I bulls were smaller (P less than .05) at 7.7, 12.0, 13.8 and 15.7 mo, but similar (P greater than .10) at 17.4 mo to C bulls. Behavioral observations of passive bunting, mounting attempts, facility rubbing and overall activity were less (P less than .05) for I bulls than C bulls from 12.0 to 13.8 mo but similar (P greater than .10) from 13.8 to 17.4 mo. Aggressive bunting was less (P less than .05) for I bulls during five of the seven observation times for the 12.0-to-13.8-mo period only. Slaughter and carcass weights and dressing percentages were similar (P greater than .10) for I and C bulls. Skeletal maturity and marbling scores, fat thicknesses, yield grades and 9-10-11th rib fat percentages were higher (P less than .05) and lean maturities, forehead hide weights, high dermis thicknesses, femur measurements and 9-10-11th rib bone weights and percentages were lower (P less than .05) for I than C bulls. Rib eye areas and carcass masculinity traits of jump muscle and crest of I bulls were less (P less than .05) at 13.8 mo but reached similar (P greater than .10) development to C bulls at 15.7 mo. Testicle weights of I bulls were lighter (P less than .05) at 12.0, 13.8 and 15.7 mo, but similar (P greater than .10) to C bulls at 17.4 mo. Growth traits (all weights plus hide and femur measurements) and maturation traits (skeletal and lean maturities, marbling scores, fat thicknesses and pizzle eye sizes) increased the most from 12.0 to 13.8 mo and 13.8 to 15.7 mo, respectively. We concluded that implanting young bulls with zeranol from birth to slaughter had minimal effects on live measurements, improved carcass desirability and delayed masculinity and behavioral development.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

[Two aspects of masculinity-femininity. II].

This study was designed to explore two aspects (mother-father; woman-man) of Masculinity-Femininity in personality. Sixty-five middle school students, 150 high school students and 219 university students were asked to rate the desirability for them, their fathers and mothers, and society of each of 45 items comprising a questionnaire which described valid characteristics of these two aspects. Analysis of the results revealed that male subjects in all age groups seemed to feel that their fathers desired them to be more masculine (i.e., father and man) than they, themselves, desired. Those of high school and university age also seemed to feel that their mothers and fathers and society desired more motherliness of them than they, themselves, desired. Female high school and university subjects seemed to feel that their fathers and mothers desired much more femininity (mother and woman) and much less masculinity (father and man) than they, themselves, desired.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Masculinity, work and the fountain of youth: Irving Fisher and the life extension Institute, 1914-31.

In 1914, Progressive Era reformer Irving Fisher and the wealthy contractor Harold Ley founded the Life Extension Institute (LEI), a business venture organized to address the problems of American health. For approximately two decades, from 1914 until the death of its medical director in 1931, the Life Extension Institute widely promoted its health maintenance program of annual physical examinations and health literature. The advertised goal of the LEI was to extend life without old age, as well as improve masculinity and good business practices through adherence to health principles. The first two decades of activities of the Life Extension Institute offer a window for examining early twentieth-century ideas about the relationships between health, old age, and masculinity. The LEI literature constructed a picture of healthy, vigorous, and efficient American working men that helped to cement ideals of masculinity to ideals of health.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2002

[Masculine anorexia nervosa: realities and perspectives].

Since its description by Morton in 1694, masculine anorexia nervosa has been the subject of much debate. For many, two questions remain unanswered: does anorexia nervosa, as described in girls, exist in boys? - if so, is it the same disease? We analyzed the data in the literature which demonstrate a lower incidence than in the female population, although estimates are probable low due to underdiagnosis. The behavioral aspects suggest a similarity between masculine and feminine anorexia nervosa although the pure restrictive forms of anorexia are more rare in boys. There are however a few differences. Affected boys, according to Crips and Burns (1990), are heavier than girls at onset of the disorder but present a lower body weight during certain periods of the disease. Excessive physical activity is more frequent as is excessive intellectual involvement (Margo, 1987). The problem of amenorrhea, on/off periods, is not present in the male form. Testosterone and sexual function decline gradually, in parallel with the state of malnutrition (Anersen, 1990). The patient does not have particular difficulty discussing sexual relations but does exhibit a poor level of experience and mental representations. Contact with the opposite sex is rare and the fantastic life is generally very limited. The frequency of homosexual behavior would lie between 25% (Herzog, 1984) and 58% (Schneider and Agras, 1987), which is higher than in the female anorexia population (Herzog, 1984). This observation raises the question concerning the relationship between masculine mental anorexia nervosa and fragile sexual identity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Femininity, masculinity, androgyny and eating behaviours].

BACKGROUND: There are marked gender differences in the attitudes towards eating behaviors. AIM: To compare gender identity traits among females with eating disorders and subjects of both sexes without eating disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An structured clinical interview based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were administered to 119 female patients that fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa and/or eating disorders not otherwise specified (FCT group), 89 males (MST group) and 63 females (FST group) without eating disorders. RESULTS: The FCT group ranked significantly higher than the FST group on the EAT-40 and EDI and all its items (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between FST and MST groups. The FST group ranked significantly higher than the MST group on the Drive for thinness (p = 0.003) and Body dissatisfaction (p = 0.009). The MST group scored significantly higher than the FST group on Perfectionism (p = 0.020) and Interpersonal distrust (p = 0.008). The FCT group was significantly identified with Feminine and Masculine categories and the FST group with Androgynous and Undifferentiated categories on the BSRI (p = 0.001). Comparatively, the MST group was significantly identified with Masculine category and the FST group with Feminine category on the IBRS (p = < 0.001). All groups rejected and approved feminine, masculine and neutral qualities. The higher correlations were observed among feminine quality on the BSRI with the total score on the EAT-40 (r = 0.46). Drive for thinness (r = 0.51) and Body dissatisfaction (r = 0.41). DISCUSSION: Femininity emerged as the main trait of gender identity in patients with eating disorders, in contrast to androgyny showed by male and female subjects without eating disorders. Females without eating disorders were more motivated to achieve thinness and displayed more body dissatisfaction than males.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Trajectories of gender role orientations in adolescence and early adulthood: a prospective study of the mental health effects of masculinity and femininity.

Adolescence is the segment of the life course when gender differences in mental health emerge and gender becomes a more salient factor shaping orientations toward oneself and views of one's place in the social world. This study uses mixture modeling, to identify trajectories of masculinity and femininity between ages 12 and 25, and OLS regression, to examine the effects of those trajectories on mental health in young adulthood (measured as depressive symptoms and alcohol problems at age 25). Four waves of prospective data from the Rutgers Health and Human Development Project are used; respondents (n = 447) are age 12 at Wave 1 (1979-81), 15 at Wave 2 (1982-84), 18 at Wave 3 (1985-87), and 25 at Wave 4 (1992-94). Results indicate that having relatively high and increasing levels of masculinity over adolescence decreases depressive symptoms in early adulthood for both males and females. Reflecting the privileging of males over females, the findings suggest that masculinity, but not femininity, is a central axis on which advantages and disadvantages across some dimensions of mental health accumulate over adolescence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Masculinizing genitoplasty in male pseudohermaphroditism.

In the last decades there is a shifting paradigm in the understanding of intersex conditions with regards to the gender assignment and the choice of the surgical technique for genitoplasty. The cosmetic and functional results of masculinizing genitoplasty are rarely assessed in the literature. We reviewed the medical literature regarding primary diagnosis, gender assignment, preoperative evaluation, goals of surgical correction, timing of surgery and surgical technique. We critically reviewed our technique of masculinizing genitoplasty in 55 patients. In conclusion, we believe that this masculinizing genitoplasty is a feasible procedure in most of the patients with ambiguous genitalia raised as males with satisfactory functional and cosmetic results.

17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗
PubMed1989

Masculinity and femininity in twin children: genetic and environmental factors.

Genetic and environmental origins of individual differences in masculine and feminine personality attributes were investigated in a sample of 38 monozygotic and 32 dizygotic twin pairs (total N = 140) during pre- and early adolescence. Self-report measures of both masculine and feminine characteristics were obtained for each child using 2 standardized instruments: the Children's Personality Attributes Questionnaire (CPAQ) and the Adolescent Self-Perception Inventory (ASPI). Multivariate biometrical analyses revealed significant genetic influences in all measures, accounting for 20%-48% of the observed variation in each. Environmental influences, which explained the remaining 52%-80% of variance in masculinity and femininity, were apparently specific to each individual and not shared by members of the same twin pair. The results underscore the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in gender-role development, particularly in studies of family resemblance.

Adolescent↗