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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Male-female literacy differential in India--1981.

The author examines inequalities in the literacy rates between males and females in India. Regional variations in literacy are examined by district using maps. "The male-female literacy differential is low in coastal, peripheral and metropolitan areas and is high in inland and mountainous areas. These regional disparities are the product of differences in length of educational background, age at marriage, level of urbanisation, standard of living and proportion of socially conservative and backward sections of society.... The study in spatial dimension provides a strong base for the removal of sex biased discrimination in society."

Asia↗
PubMed2004

FigSearch: a figure legend indexing and classification system.

UNLABELLED: FigSearch is a prototype text-mining and classification system for figures from any corpus of full-text biological papers. The system allows users to search for figures that contain genes of interest and illustrate protein interactions. The retrieved figures are ranked by a score representing the likelihood to be of a certain type, in this case, schematic illustrations of protein interactions and signaling events. The system contains a Web interface for search, a module for classification of figures based on vector representations of figure legends and a module for indexing gene names. In a preliminary validation, the FigSearch system showed satisfactory performance according to domain experts in providing the most relevant graphical representations. This strategy may be easily extended to other figure types. Moreover, as more full-text data become available, such a system will find increased usefulness in identifying and presenting compressed biological knowledge. AVAILABILITY: A searchable Web interface, FigSearch, is accessible via http://pubgeneserver.uio.no/figsearch/ for all figures from the available corpus.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1989

Empirical Bayes procedures for stabilizing maps of U.S. cancer mortality rates.

"The geographic mapping of age-standardized, cause-specific death rates is a powerful tool for identifying possible etiologic factors, because the spatial distribution of mortality risks can be examined for correlations with the spatial distribution of disease-specific risk factors. This article presents a two-stage empirical Bayes procedure for calculating age-standardized cancer death rates, for use in mapping, which are adjusted for the stochasticity of rates in small area populations. Using the adjusted rates helps isolate and identify spatial patterns in the rates. The model is applied to sex-specific data on U.S. county cancer mortality in the white population for 15 cancer sites for three decades: 1950-1959, 1960-1969, and 1970-1979. Selected results are presented as maps of county death rates for white males."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Reconstitution of annual life tables for nineteenth-century France.

"The nineteenth century was not one of runaway health progress, but it marked a deep transformation of mortality conditions [in France]. The reconstitution of mortality tables by single years of age and calendar years makes it possible to study this transformation in detail, and to distinguish between period fluctuations and structural changes. In the present article, we have given preference to graphic representation, and purposely limited the statistics.... We have also given preference to the period approach." Consideration is given to annual mortality trends, life expectancy, age-specific probability of dying, the war-related crisis years of 1813, 1871, and 1915, and differentials in mortality by sex. Data generally concern the period 1806-1898.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Population density and development potential in rural Zimbabwe: an assessment based on the 1969 and 1982 censuses.

"Based on 1969 and 1982 census data, this paper examines the spatial association between high rural population density and development potential in Zimbabwe and its significance for national development policy. A 1982 grid cell density map was compiled on the same geographical frame as an existing 1969 density map, yielding an intercensal density change map. A land classification map and a composite map of development constraints were rasterized on the same spatial framework and subjected to computer analysis. Areas of critically high (and generally increasing) densities showed strong spatial associations with areas of severe development constraints...."

Africa↗
PubMed1988

Intra metropolitan demographic structure: a Seattle example.

"Internal urban variation in demographic character (births, deaths, fertility, natural increase, net migration) is analyzed in relation to age of persons, age of housing, ownership, distance from the CBD [central business district], race, household type and size. A descriptive analysis of maps of these characteristics is followed by simple statistical tests of relations among the variables, in particular distance from the city center. Predictable and strong patterns of spatial structure are consonant with expectations from economic, social, geographic and political urban theory." Data concern King County, Washington, for the period 1980-1985, (the city of Seattle) and are from local sources, including the Puget Sound Council of Governments.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Where angels fear to tread? Mapping women and men in India.

"The authors have produced the ¿Atlas of Women and Men in India', using material from the 1991 Census, mainly at district level. The Atlas may be unacceptable to Indian geographers because it seeks to question the authority of numerical data and of maps, and to Western geographers because this is ¿mapping before we understand the process'. The authors introduce maps of the sex ratio in India and explore through a map of changes in the sex ratio 1981-91 some numerical, analytical, and ethical problems of such mapping. The Indian feminist activists consulted want the Atlas for advocacy: does this justify its production?"

Asia↗
PubMed2005

A Population-Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas of human cerebral cortex.

This report describes a new electronic atlas of human cerebral cortex that provides a substrate for a wide variety of brain-mapping analyses. The Population-Average, Landmark- and Surface-based (PALS) atlas approach involves surface-based and volume-based representations of cortical shape, each available as population averages and as individual subject data. The specific PALS-B12 atlas introduced here is derived from structural MRI volumes of 12 normal young adults. Accurate cortical surface reconstructions were generated for each hemisphere, and the surfaces were inflated, flattened, and mapped to standard spherical configurations using SureFit and Caret software. A target atlas sphere was generated by averaging selected landmark contours from each of the 24 contributing hemispheres. Each individual hemisphere was deformed to this target using landmark-constrained surface registration. The utility of the resultant PALS-B12 atlas was demonstrated using a variety of analyses. (i) Probabilistic maps of sulcal identity were generated using both surface-based registration (SBR) and conventional volume-based registration (VBR). The SBR approach achieved markedly better consistency of sulcal alignment than did VBR. (ii) A method is introduced for 'multi-fiducial mapping' of volume-averaged group data (e.g., fMRI data, probabilistic architectonic maps) onto each individual hemisphere in the atlas, followed by spatial averaging across the individual maps. This yielded a population-average surface representation that circumvents the biases inherent in choosing any single hemisphere as a target. (iii) Surface-based and volume-based morphometry applied to maps of sulcal depth and sulcal identity demonstrated prominent left-right asymmetries in and near the superior temporal sulcus and Sylvian fissure. Moreover, shape variability in the temporal lobe is significantly greater in the left than the right hemisphere. The PALS-B12 atlas has been registered to other surface-based atlases to facilitate interchange of data and comparison across atlases. All data sets in the PALS-B12 atlas are accessible via the SumsDB database for online and offline visualization and analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Mapper: an intelligent restriction mapping tool.

MOTIVATION: To determine the most powerful artificial intelligence techniques for automated restriction mapping, and use them to create a powerful multiple-enzyme restriction mapping tool. RESULTS: The most effective search engine utilized model-driven exhaustive search and a form of binary logic pruning based on Pratt's separation theory. Additional experimentation led to the development of an input preprocessing module which significantly speeds up searches, and an output post-processing module which enables users to analyze large solution sets and reduce their apparent complexity. AVAILABILITY: An executable version of the resultant tool, Mapper, can be downloaded from our Web site (http://www.ai.eecs.uic.edu) by selecting the 'Software' option. CONTACT: nelson@eecs.uic.edu (http://www.ai.eecs.uic.edu/ñelson).

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Biochemical nature and mapping of PSMA epitopes recognized by human antibodies induced after immunization with gene-based vaccines.

BACKGROUND: A possible new target for immunotherapy is the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). The aim of the present study was to define potential PSMA epitopes for antibody binding using sera from patients immunized with gene-based anti-PSMA vaccines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sera from prostate cancer patients, immunized repeatedly with plasmid and adenoviral vectors, each encoding for the extracellular portion of human PSMA, were tested for anti-PSMA antibodies by Western blot. PSMA-producing LNCaP cells were used as a control. Recombinant PSMA protein cleaved with different proteinases was used for epitope mapping. Different enzymes were used to cleave the PSMA molecule. RESULTS: Specific anti-PSMA antibodies were detected in the studied patients' sera, mainly against the PSMA protein core. An alignment of the predicted enzyme-cleavage fragments was compared with Western blot results and several antibody epitopes were determined. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that multiple gene-based vaccinations induce an anti-PSMA humoral immune response. The antibodies are predominantly specific for the PSMA protein core.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Averaged electrode voltages: management of electrode failures in children, fluctuating threshold and comfort levels, and otosclerosis.

Implant-generated surface potentials, or averaged electrode voltages (AEVs), were collected by means of the electrode-by-electrode (E-E) mapping variable mode strategy. Three topics were investigated. 1) Eighteen children under the age of 7 were tested and the E-E map of 4 of them was found deviant; all 4 children were deaf owing to meningitis. Some electrodes marked as failing by E-E mapping did not cause problems during device fitting, and electrodes not usable in device fitting showed normal AEVs in 1 child. Overall, the AEVs agreed well with abnormalities in the behavioral threshold (T) and comfort (C) levels. The E-E maps provided useful clues for the audiologist in most cases. 2) Repeated E-E mapping in 2 children who displayed large fluctuations over time of T levels suggested a fluctuation in (neural) responsiveness in 1 child and new bone formation in the other. 3) Although massive phase reversals of AEVs in 2 patients deafened by otosclerosis seemed to indicate a very permeable cochlear bone, stimulation in the pseudomonopolar mode across the basal turn did not affect T levels, and affected pitch perception in only 1 patient. Deviant AEVs from abnormal cochleas should, therefore, not be interpreted too easily as an indication of an electrode failure, faulty electrode placement, or inadequate tonotopy.

Child↗
PubMed2002

A strategy for mapping and neutralizing conformational immunogenic sites on protein therapeutics.

Antibodies are highly specific recognition molecules which are increasingly being applied to target therapy in patients. One type of developmental antibody-based therapy is antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) for the treatment of cancer. In ADEPT, an antibody specific to a tumor marker protein delivers a drug-activating enzyme to the cancer. Subsequent intravenous administration of an inactive prodrug results in drug activation and cytotoxicity only within the locale of the tumor. Pilot clinical trials with chemical conjugates of the prodrug activating enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) chemically conjugated with an antibody to and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), have shown that CPG2-mediated ADEPT is effective but limited by formation of human antibodies to CPG2 (HACA). We have developed a recombinant fusion protein (termed MFE-CP) of CPG2 with an anti-CEA single chain Fv antibody fragment and we have developed methods to address the immunogenicity of this therapeutic. A HACA-reactive discontinuous epitope on MFE-CP was identified using the crystal structure of CPG2, filamentous phage technology and surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization affinity mass spectrometry. This information was used to create a functional mutant of MFE-CP with a significant reduction (range 19.2 to 62.5%, median 38.5%) in reactivity with the sera of 11 patients with post-therapy HACA. The techniques described here are valuable tools for identifying and adapting undesirable immunogenic sites on protein therapeutics.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Mapping the global distribution of trachoma.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to summarize and map the existing global population-based data on active trachoma and trichiasis. Detailed distribution maps of various infectious diseases have proved a valuable tool in their control. Such maps play an important role in assessing the magnitude of the problem, defining priority areas for control, monitoring changes, and advocacy. Until now, information on trachoma prevalence at within country levels has not been systematically collated, analysed and reported. METHODS: We gathered the last 18 years' worth of reported data on active trachoma in children aged less than 10 years, and the last 25 years of reported trichiasis in adults aged 15 years and over from 139 population-based surveys in 33 countries. We collated these data into one database using the "district" (second administrative level) as the standard unit of reporting. We used Geographical Information Systems as a database and cartographic tool to generate a global map of the prevalence of trachoma and trichiasis. FINDINGS: We obtained data on active trachoma and trichiasis from 18 countries in the WHO African Region, 6 in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 3 in the South-East Asia Region, 3 in the Western Pacific Region and 2 in the Region of the Americas. In 23 countries suspected of having endemic trachoma no reliable district-level population-based data were available. In China and India, data were limited to a few districts. The data highlighted important regional differences and marked national variations in prevalence of active trachoma and trichiasis. CONCLUSION: This is the first attempt to summarize and map the existing population-based data on active trachoma and trichiasis. The lack of data in many countries remains an important obstacle to trachoma control efforts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Localization of disease clusters using regional measures of spatial autocorrelation.

Maps of disease rates are often used to identify regions with elevated disease rates. The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a regional measure of spatial autocorrelation for localization of these clusters. A regional spatial autocorrelation coefficient (RSAC) was defined and a theoretical mean and standard deviation was derived for its probability distribution. The RSAC was used to identify spatial units that belong to disease clusters. The sensitivity and specificity of the RSAC method in detecting simulated disease clusters was evaluated. For comparison the simulated data were also used to evaluate methods employed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for mapping cancer mortality in the United States. The distribution of pancreatic cancer among the elderly white male population in the United States was also evaluated. Within a simulated disease cluster with a relative risk of 2, the RSAC method detected between 75 per cent and 91 per cent of the units depending on the size of the spatial unit used for the analysis. The corresponding sensitivities of the NCI method ranged from 9 per cent to 68 per cent. The RSAC map of pancreatic cancer demonstrated an area of positive clustering (clustering of high rates) in the south central United States. The RSAC method localized disease clusters with greater sensitivity than the NCI method, particularly when geographic units were small. The RSAC method is an effective tool for the identification of regional disease clusters.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Covariate adjusted mixture models and disease mapping with the program DismapWin.

The analysis and recognition of disease clustering in space and its representation on a map is an important problem in epidemiology. An approach using mixture models to identify spatial heterogeneity in disease risk and map construction within an empirical Bayes framework is described. Once heterogeneity is detected, the question arises as how explanatory variables could be included in the model. A mixed Poisson regression approach to include covariates is presented. The methods are illustrated using data for tuberculosis from Berlin in 1991.

Algorithms↗