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PubMed2005

Nitrogen transformation in maize soil after application of different organic manures.

The nitrogen transformation in maize soil after application of different organic manure was studied. The nitrogen mineralization in surface soil, NO3- -N dynamics and distribution in soil profile, and N2O emission were investigated. Eight treatments were laid out randomizing with three replications in 24 plots: maize plantation without fertilizer (CK1), bare soil without maize plantation and fertilization (CK2), swine manure (S1, S2), poultry manure (P1, P2), and cattle manure (C1, C2). Three manures were applied at two application levels (15 t/hm2 and 30 t/hm2). The results indicated that NH+ -N in surface soil showed the same temporal pattern without much variation among different treatments. But NO3- -N in the same layer exhibited large temporal pattern in all treatments, which was mainly due to its easy eluviations of NO3- -N in soil, its transformation to N2O and the influence of precipitation. The distribution of NO3- -N in the soil profile during maize growing season showed the leaching tendency from surface soil to subsoil, which was different among the treatments. The poultry treatments showed the largest leaching tendency. The study also revealed that the emissions of N2O were affected by the application of organic manures in the order of P2 > S2 > C2 > P1 > S1 > Cl > CK1 > CK2. All these results showed that organic manure applications significantly affect nitrogen transformation and distribution in maize soil. Considering N2O emission and NO3- -N leaching, the management of organic manure in the agriculture needs further studies.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1993

Assessment of manure-application effects upon the runoff water quality by algal assays and chemical analyses.

The effects of manure-application mode, rate to soil, and rainfall characteristics on the quality of agricultural runoff water have been assessed by means of the algal-growth-potential test (AGPT) and chemical analyses. This study used two modes of manure application (i.e. surface mode and incorporation mode), three manure-application rates (0, 150, 300 kg N ha(-1)), and two rainfall intensities and times (i.e. 11 mm h(-1) for 142 min and 22 mm h(-1) for 71 min). The effects of the dilution of runoff water on algal growth were also examined. The algal yields obtained with runoff from soil with the incorporated manure mode are similar to those from soil without manure application and are lower than those with the surface mode of manure application. A higher manure-application rate increases the load of nutrients in the runoff and subsequently the algal yield. The dilution of runoff water can stimulate or limit the algal growth, depending on the concentration of toxicants, N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) from runoff and in the aquatic diluting medium. A lower rainfall intensity plus a longer rainfall time increases algal productivity. This study showed that N is the limiting factor to algal growth at low dilution but that, at high dilution or with the incorporation mode of manure application, P becomes the limiting factor to algal growth.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Growth and survival of immature Heamatobia irritans (Diptera; Muscidae) is influenced by bacterial isolated from cattle manure and conspecific larvae.

Twenty species of bacteria were isolated from cattle manure and seven species were isolated from the gut of larval horn fly Hematobia irritans (L.). Bacteria in manure belonged to the Bacillaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Micrococcaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Microbacteriaceae, and two unassigned genera. Gut bacteria belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillaceae, Neisseriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. H. irritans larval survival and growth on the various bacterial species were evaluated by rearing larvae in sterilized cattle manure that was inoculated with single bacterial isolates. H. irritans larvae failed to develop in sterilized, uninoculated manure, indicating that bacteria are necessary for larval development. Survival averaged 74% in nonsterilized manure and ranged from 4 to 53% in manure with individual isolates. Survival was highest when larvae were reared on manure inoculated with Pseudomonadaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, and Bacillaceae and was lowest when reared in manure inoculated with Enterobacteriaceae and Microbacteriaceae. Pupal weights were heaviest when reared on the Flavobacteria, followed by the Pseudomonadaceae and Corynebacteriaceae. Pupae averaged 4.9 +/- 0.08 mg when reared on gram-negative isolates, compared with 3.6 +/- 0.09 mg when reared on gram-positive isolates. Pupal weights were not significantly correlated with larval survival, indicating that bacteria that promote growth do not necessarily promote survival. A reproductive index was used as a measure of fitness and was highest for larvae reared in the nonsterile control, followed most closely by Pseudomonadaceae and Corynebacteriaceae. These groups appeared to best meet the nutritional requirements of larvae and may be used in further experiments to define an artificial rearing media for H. irritans.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed2004

Costs of emission-reducing manure application.

Favourable economics of handling and application of manure are of fundamental importance to encourage the implementation of emission-reducing application techniques. The economics of manure application depend on the costs of the equipment and the time to carry out the field operation. In this study the costs of application techniques designed to reduce ammonia losses were assessed and compared with the costs of conventional broadcast spreading across a range of farm characteristics. A model was developed to calculate the costs and time requirements of manure application. Data on factors affecting the costs were used from different countries in Europe. The calculations showed that for a range of farm characteristics with a manure production of 1000-3000 m(3)y(-1), the costs of manure application by trailing hose, trailing foot, shallow injector and arable land injector were approximately 2 m(-3) higher than for broadcast spreading. The cost difference between broadcast spreading and the other application techniques decreased with farm size. The average additional costs of manure application by a trailing foot or a shallow injector decreased by 15% on small extensive farms to more than 50% on intensive farms, when the fertiliser value of the nitrogen was taken into account. The field application itself took less than 50% of the operating time in the process of the manure handling and application. With an increasing application rate, the relative contribution of the time for field application decreased.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Characterisation of the organic matter pool in manures.

In this research, different types of animal manure were evaluated with respect to organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (C(ot)), total N (N(t)), C(ot)/N(t) ratio, water-soluble organic carbon (C(w)), organic N (N(org)), carbohydrates, C(w)/N(org) ratio, humic acid-like carbon (C(ha)), fulvic acid-like carbon (C(fa)), humification index ((C(ha)/C(ot))x100) (HI) and the C(ha)/C(fa) and NH(4)(+)-N/NO(3)(-)-N ratios. In comparison with the limits set by the Spanish legislation for organic fertilisers, most of the manures had high OM contents, moderate N(org) concentrations (except in the case of the chicken and pig manures where this parameter was high) and C(ot)/N(t) ratios above the value stated in the legislation. The study of the different fractions of organic matter showed that the horse, pig and rabbit manures had the greatest content of C(ot). However, the fraction of easily-biodegradable organic compounds (C(w)) was significantly higher in the horse, goat and chicken manures. The study also showed that, in most cases, the percentage of fulvic acid-like C was greater than that of the humic acid-like C, indicating that the organic matter of these wastes is not completely humified. Values of HI ((C(ha)/C(ot))x100) and C(ha)/C(fa) ratio in the studied manures were not significantly different. Regarding the parameters related to the organic matter stability such as C(w), carbohydrates and the C(ot)/N(t), C(w)/N(org) and NH(4)(+)-N/NO(3)(-)-N ratios, it has been determined that the organic matter of these materials was not completely stabilised. The heterogeneity in OM composition of the studied manures did not allow the formulation of simple equations for evaluation of the composition of these wastes from easily-determined parameters.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Revisiting the agronomic benefits of manure: a correct assessment and exploitation of its fertilizer value spares the environment.

The ongoing disintegration of agriculture into specialized farms, specialized regions and even specialized countries, has disrupted local nutrient cycles. This process is promoted and sustained by the use of mineral fertilizers. Ample availability of mineral fertilizers has changed farmers' perception and appreciation of manure. By now, manure is looked upon as 'waste' in some regions. It is a contradiction in terms, however, to regard biological by-products as 'waste'. Apart from this cultural aspect, economical and environmental considerations per se, justify a rehabilitation of manure. First of all a correct assessment of the fertilizer value is required. The present paper explains how to determine the nitrogen fertilizer value (NFV) of manures in a unbiased manner. Subsequently, recommendations are made on how to exploit the potential NFV as good as possible. Undeniably, it is easier to manage mineral fertilizers than manure. However, when proper attention is given to the composition of manure and decisions on rates, timing and placement are made correspondingly, the NFV can be enhanced. This should lead to a drastic reduction of mineral fertilizer use, nutrient surpluses and environmental pollution. Under such conditions, 'manure', 'precision farming' and 'environment' can become reconciled again.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2006

Characterisation of solid and liquid fractions of dairy manure with regard to their component distribution and methane production.

Dairy manure with a total solids content of 77.2g TS/l was separated by means of screening and coagulation-flocculation treatments, using CaO as coagulant and a cationic polyacrylamide as flocculant, obtaining liquid and solid fractions. The solid fraction separated contained 33.4% of the initial total mass of dairy manure plus chemical solutions, containing also 75.2% of the TS, 80.4% of the VS, 58.5% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 87.4% of the total phosphorus (P(T)) present in the initial dairy manure. 83.7% of the liquid fraction chemical oxygen demand (COD) was anaerobically biodegradable (COD(BD)). Methane production for the separated liquid fraction was 0.604l CH4 NCTP/g VS added, being 0.307 and 0.371l CH4 NCTP/g VS added for dairy manure and screened dairy manure, respectively. The characteristics of this liquid fraction would allow its treatment in high loading anaerobic reactors having shorter hydraulic retention times, smaller reactor size and a higher methane volumetric production rate than conventional anaerobic reactors treating either manure or screened manure.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2003

Use of oxytetracycline and tylosin in intensive calf farming: evaluation of transfer to manure and soil.

Antibiotics may enter soils with manure from treated animals. Because of their biological effects, antibiotics are regarded as potential micropollutants. The levels of oxytetracycline and tylosin over time were followed in faeces, bedding and manure, and then in the soil of a manured field and surrounding drainage courses, after oral treatment of calves. Fifty Simmental calves were treated for 5 days with 60 mg/kg/day of oxytetracycline. After 15 days the animals were treated for 5 days with 20 mg/kg/day of tylosin. Tylosin degraded rapidly, and was no longer detected in manure 45 days after cessation of treatment and no trace of the compound was detected in soil or surrounding water (detection limits 10 microg/l). The half-life of oxytetracycline in manure was 30 days and the compound was still detectable in this matrix (820 microg/kg) after 5 months maturation. In the manured soil oxytetracycline was detected at concentrations at least 10 times lower than the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products threshold (100 microg/kg) requiring phase II environmental risk assessment. Oxytetracycline was not detected in the water courses (detection limit 1 microg/l). These results demonstrate that the processes occurring between faeces production and application of manure to the soil are very effective in reducing the load of TYL and OTC in the environment. For both drugs a toxicity test was performed using the alga Selenastrum capricornutum. The EC50 was 4.18 mg/l for oxytetracycline and 0.95 mg/l for tylosin. A worst-case hazard assessment for the aquatic environment was performed comparing the ratio between the measured concentrations (LOD) and effect data from previous work (OTC) or from this work (TYL). This showed ratio between toxicity levels (bacteria) (EC50=0.14 mg/l) and measured concentrations (LOD=1 microg/l) for OTC to be 140. The corresponding value for TYL (LOD=10 microg/l) was 95.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed2002

The influence of earthworm-processed pig manure on the growth and productivity of marigolds.

The effects of additions of earthworm-processed pig manure (vermicompost) on the growth and productivity of French marigold (Tagetes patula) plants were evaluated under glasshouse conditions. Marigolds were germinated and grown in a standard commercial greenhouse container medium (Metro-Mix 360), substituted with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% (by volume) pig manure vermicompost. The control consisted of Metro-Mix 360 alone without vermicompost. Plants were supplied regularly with a complete mineral nutrient solution for 121 days. The greatest vegetative growth resulted from substitution of Metro-Mix 360 with 30% and 40% pig manure vermicompost, and the lowest growth was in the potting mixtures containing 90% and 100% vermicompost. Most flower buds occurred in the potting mixtures containing 40% pig manure vermicompost (19.4 buds), and fewest in the potting mixtures containing 100% vermicompost. Marigolds grown in Metro-Mix 360 substituted with 90% and 100% pig manure vermicompost had the fewest and smallest flowers. After substitution of Metro-Mix 360 with 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, and 90% vermicompost, the marigold roots were larger than those of plants grown in the Metro-Mix 360 controls. Substitution of Metro-Mix 360 with any concentration of pig manure vermicompost, with all needed nutrients provided, increased the overall nitrate-nitrogen concentrations of the marigold leaf tissues at flowering stage. Some of the marigold growth and productivity enhancement, resulting from substitution of Metro-Mix 360 with pig manure vermicompost, may be explained by nutritional factors; However, other, factors, such as plant-growth regulators and humates, might have also been involved since all plants were supplied regularly with all required nutrients.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Phosphorus compounds in sequential extracts of animal manures: chemical speciation and a novel fractionation procedure.

Pollution of water bodies by phosphorus in runoff from soil amended with animal manures is one of the greatest threats to water quality in developed countries. The environmental fate of manure phosphorus is determined in part by its chemical composition, yet extraction procedures to assess this are poorly developed and provide no structural information. We used solution 31P NMR spectroscopy to quantify phosphorus compounds in sequential extracts of three contrasting manures (broiler litter, beef-cattle manure, swine manure). Using a procedure originally developed for soils, but commonly applied to manures, phosphorus was extracted sequentially with deionized water, 0.5 M NaHCO3, 0.1 M NaOH, and 0.5 M HCl. Water and NaHCO3 extracted readily soluble compounds, including phosphate, phospholipids, DNA, and simple phosphate monoesters, which are mobile in soil and biologically available. In contrast, NaOH and HCl extracted poorly soluble compounds, including phytic acid (myoinositol hexakisphosphate). The latter is immobile in soil and of limited biological availability. Based on these results, we developed a simplified two-step fractionation procedure involving extraction of readily soluble phosphorus in 0.5 M NaHCO3 followed by extraction of stable phosphorus in a solution containing 0.5 M NaOH and 50 mM EDTA. This revised procedure separates manure phosphorus into structurally defined fractions with environmental relevance and will facilitate research on this important aspect of environmental science.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Isolation, characterization and comparison of bacteria from swine faeces and manure storage pits.

Storage of swine manure is associated with the microbiological production of a variety of odorous chemicals including ammonia, organic acids and alcohols, and sulphides. Although largely the product of microbiological activity, little is known about the microorganisms present in swine manure. In order to gain a better understanding of the types and activities of the microorganisms present, representative strains of microorganisms were isolated from faeces and stored manure slurry, identified, and physiologically characterized. For swine manure slurry samples, total anaerobe colony counts were greatest when a non-selective, habitat simulating medium containing clarified swine manure slurry was used whereas the highest counts for faecal anaerobes were obtained on rumen fluid containing medium. Faecal and slurry samples were also plated onto the appropriate medium containing the antibiotics tetracycline, erythromycin and tylosin (10 micro g ml-1, individually) and the proportional counts of organisms capable of growing in the presence of these antibiotics determined. Randomly selected isolates from the highest dilutions were identified by 16 s rDNA sequence analysis, and selected physiological characteristics were determined. The results of these examinations indicate that the predominant culturable microorganisms from these environments are obligately anaerobic, low mol percentage G + C Gram positive bacteria (Firmicutes) who are members of Clostridial, Eubacterial, and Lactobacillus/Streptococcus phylogenetic groups. Isolates similar to Sporomusa and Flexibacter/Cytophaga/Bacteroides (CFB or Bacteroidetes) groups were also obtained. Although similar overall, faecal and slurry samples differed in bacterial composition. Manure slurry samples were dominated by organisms similar to Clostridium coccoides and Enterococcus species whereas the distribution of species present in faeces appeared much broader. Whereas most of the pure cultures could be assigned to known phylogenetic groupings, few could be identified as known species. Examination of some growth and physiological characteristics of faecal and slurry isolates showed these to be primarily carbohydrate fermenters, although some were able to ferment lactate and amino acids. When the ability of manure and faecal isolates to ferment protein, peptides and amino acids was examined, a relatively small percentage of these were able to do so and most of these fermented carbohydrates in addition to the amino acid sources provided. The predominant amino acid fermenters were most closely related to C. coccoides and C. botulinum, but representatives of the Bacteroides, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus and other phylogenetic groups were also found. The results reported here are compared with those obtained from clone libraries prepared from the same environmental samples.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Modeling effects of moisture content and advection on odor causing VOCs volatilization from stored swine manure.

Two models for evaluating the contents and advection of manure moisture on odor causing volatile organic compounds (VOC-odor) volatilization from stored swine manure were studied for their ability to predict the volatilization rate (indoor air concentration) and cumulative exposure dose: a MJ-I model and a MJ-II model. Both models simulating depletion of source contaminant via volatilization and degradation based on an analytical model adapted from the behavior assessment model of Jury et al. In the MJ-I model, manure moisture movement was negligible, whereas in the MJ-II model, time-dependent indoor air concentrations was a function of constant manure moisture contents and steady-state moisture advection. Predicted indoor air concentrations and inhaled doses for the study VOC-odors of p-cresol, toluene, and p-xylene varied by up to two to three orders of magnitude depending on the manure moisture conditions. The sensitivity analysis of both models suggests that when manure moisture movement exists, simply MJ-I model is inherently not sufficient to represent a more generally volatilization process, which can even become stringent as moisture content increases. The conclusion illustrates how one needs to include a wide variety of manure moisture values in order to fully assess the complex volatilization mechanisms that are present in a real situation.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2001

Effect of solid-liquid separation on BOD and VFA in swine manure.

Fresh swine manure was sieved into seven different particle size categories, i.e., <0.075 mm, < 0.15 mm, < 0.25 mm, < 0.5 min, < 1.0 mm, < 1.4 mm, and < 2.0 mm. Manure was stored in seven PVC columns and sampled every 5 days up to 30 days. Manure samples were analyzed for total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), and total volatile solids (TVS). Two parameters (VFAs and BOD5) were used to determine the odor generation potential of the test manure. The results showed that total VFAs correlated well with BOD5 (R2 = 0.8297). The levels of ISS only explained 40% of BOD5 and 46% of VFAs, both of which increased with storage time, regardless of solid particle sizes. Also, the data inferred that most of the odorous compounds (measured by VFA and BOD levels) were contained in manure solid particles less than 0.075 mm. These cannot be removed by commercial mechanical separators with screen size ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. With an average separation efficiency of 25% for most commercially available mechanical separators, the removal efficiencies of BOD5 and VFAs were as low as 10% and 12%, respectively. These findings cannot justify the use of solid-liquid separation tocontrol odor. Data also showed that for swine manure, it is critical to run separation treatment within the first ten days after the manure is excreted to potentially improve the separation efficiency. After ten days, the degradation of TSS was accelerated due to the increased biological activities, which may greatly reduce the separation efficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Macroporosity and manure influence on atrazine transport through soil.

The influence of soil macro-porosity and manure on atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) transport was investigated under laboratory conditions using disturbed and undisturbed soil columns. The macro-porosity in the soil column was obtained with CT scanning technique. Liquid manure was applied at the surface of soil column, 19 cm long and 8 cm in diameter, at a rate of 60 m3/ha. Experimental results revealed that atrazine moves faster through the soils in the presence of manure compared to soil without application of manure. The average time for elusion and the relative peak concentration in the disturbed soil column without manure was 14.5 h and 3.1%, respectively compared to 11.0 h and 6.9% in the presence of manure, respectively. Similar behavior was observed in the case of disturbed soil columns. Soil macro-porosity has shown large impact on atrazine transport, especially in the presence of manure.

Atrazine↗
PubMed2005

Effect of manure on glyphosate and trifluralin mineralization in soil.

Manure additions to soil may alter soil chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, and thereby change pesticide fate processes in soil. This is the first study to examine the impact of liquid hog manure amendments on glyphosate and trifluralin mineralization in soil. Experiments were conducted in soil microcosms in the laboratory for a total of 332 (glyphosate) and 430 (trifluralin) days. The rate and amount of mineralization of both glyphosate and trifluralin were significantly influenced by the additions of fresh manure to soil in the laboratory and by the history of manure applications in the field. However, the maximum difference in herbicide mineralization between soils that were free of manure application and those amended with manure in the field or in the laboratory was only 6.1% and 7.3% of that initially applied, for trifluralin and glyphosate, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that liquid hog manure application to soil will have no significant effect on the mineralization of glyphosate and trifluralin under field conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Adsorption/desorption of copper by a sandy soil amended with various rates of manure, sewage sludge, and incinerated sewage sludge.

Organic amendments are sometimes applied to agricultural soils to improve the physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of the soils. The organic fractions in these soil amendments also influence metal reaction, particularly the adsorption and desorption of metals, which, in turn, determine the bioavailability of the metals and hence their phytotoxicities. In this study, a Quincy fine sandy (mixed, mesic, Xeric Torripsamments) soil was treated with 0 to 160 g kg(-1) rates of either manure, sewage sludge (SS), or incinerated sewage sludge (ISS) and equilibrated in a greenhouse at near field capacity moisture content for 100 days. Following the incubation period, the soil was dried and adsorption of copper (Cu) was evaluated in a batch equilibration study at either 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg L(-1) Cu concentrations in a 0.01M CaCl2 solution. The desorption of adsorbed Cu was evaluated by three successive elutions in 0.01M CaCl2. Copper adsorption increased with an increase in manure rates. At the highest rate of manure addition (160 g kg(-1) soil), Cu adsorption was two-fold greater than that by the unamended soil at all rates of Cu additions. With increasing rates of Cu additions, the adsorption of Cu decreased from 99.4 to 77.6% of Cu applied to the 160 g kg(-1) manure amended soil. The desorption of Cu decreased with an increase in rate of manure amendment. Effects of sewage sludge amendments on Cu adsorption were somewhat similar to those as described for manure additions. Likewise, the desorption of Cu was the least at the high rate of SS addition (160 g kg(-1)), although at the lower rates there was not a clear indication of the rate effects. In contrast to the above two amendments, the ISS amendment had the least effect on Cu adsorption. At the highest rate of ISS amendment, the Cu adsorption was roughly 50% of that at the similar rate of either manure or SS amendments, across all Cu rates.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2003

Effect of minerals on activity of microbial uricase to reduce ammonia volatilization in poultry manure.

Inhibition of microbial uricase in poultry manure is critical to reduce NH3 volatilization, because hydrolysis of uric acid by microbial uricase is the first step in the production of NH3 gas in poultry manure. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of minerals on uricase activity and NH3 volatilization from poultry manure. In Experiment 1, an in vitro enzyme assay was used to evaluate the effects of Zn, Cu, Mg, and Mn on the activity of microbial uricase. There were three treatments: uricase, uricase + minerals, and uricase preincubated with minerals. Uric acid concentration was measured at 293 nm with a spectrophotometer. The results indicated that Zn and Cu greatly blocked the activity of microbial uricase (>90% inhibition), whereas Mg and Mn were less inhibitory. Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate the effect of ZnSO4 on the growth of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms by an in vitro assay. There were three treatments: control, ZnSO4 (10 mM), and ZnSO4 (50 mM). The results indicated that ZnSO4 significantly reduced the number of uric acid-utilizing microorganisms compared to the control. In Experiment 3, an NH3-trapping system was used to evaluate the effect of different levels of ZnSO4 on NH3 volatilization and nitrogen retention in poultry manure. Poultry manure (300 g) was mixed with 0, 0.15, 0.3, 1.5, 3, or 6 g ZnSO4 to create manure concentrations of Zn at 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 2% (wt/wt), respectively. The 1 and 2% ZnSO4 treatments significantly increased manure uric acid and total nitrogen retention by reducing NH3 volatilization compared to the control during the 3-wk incubation.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2004

Effects of dietary zinc supplementation on broiler performance and nitrogen loss from manure.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of ZnSO4 or ZnO supplementation of broiler diets on growth performance and loss of uric acid N and total N from manure. A total of 240, 1-d-old broiler males were used for this experiment. Each dietary treatment was replicated 3 times with 10 birds per replicate. Chicks were fed a control diet for the first 6 d and then treatment diets for the next 12 d. There were 8 dietary treatments: the control, CuSO4-20, ZnSO4-500, ZnSO4-1,000, ZnSO4-1,500, ZnO-500, ZnO-1,000, and ZnO-1,500 containing 0, 0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 and 500, 1,000, and 1,500 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnO, respectively. A 300-g sample of the broiler manure from each treatment was incubated in a pan for 3 wk at room temperature. After incubation, samples were collected for the measurement of total N and uric acid N. Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diets supplemented with 1,500 ppm Zn as ZnSO4 were significantly lower than those of the other treatments, whereas the ZnO treatments had no negative effects on growth performance. After the 21-d incubation, the uric acid-N levels of manure from chicks fed the ZnO-1,000 treatment were significantly higher than those of manure from chicks fed the ZnSO4-500. The manure from chicks fed the Zn-supplemented diets had significantly less total N loss compared with that from chicks fed the control. The manure from chicks fed ZnO-1,500 had significantly less total N loss than that from chicks fed the other treatment diets. This study indicated that the Zn treatments significantly reduced nitrogen loss in poultry manure, and ZnO could be a better Zn source to prevent nitrogen loss to the atmosphere without any detrimental effect on growth performance.

Air Pollutants↗