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PubMed2005

H2 and Cl2 production in the radiolysis of calcium and magnesium chlorides and hydroxides.

The production of H2 has been examined in the gamma-ray and 5 MeV He ion radiolysis of CaCl2.2H2O, CaCl2.6H2O, Ca(OH)2, MgCl2.2H2O, MgCl2.6H2O, and Mg(OH)2. The highest yield for the formation of H2 is observed in the gamma-radiolysis of MgCl2.2H2O (0.72 molecule/(100 eV), 75 nmol/J), but the yield decreases with dose due to the relative instability of the dihydrate. The H2 yields with the other compounds range from 0.04 to 0.2 molecule/(100 eV) (4.2-21 nmol/J), which is lower than that from pure water or 2 M chloride solutions. There appears to be no relationship between the results for H2 from waters of hydration with that from aqueous salt brines. No particular trend is observed in the radiation chemical yields of H2 with respect to the cation or the degree of hydration. The production of Cl2 is found only in the gamma-radiolysis of CaCl2 with a few weight percent of excess water. No Cl2 was found in the 5 MeV He ion radiolysis of identical systems. None of the other compounds examined here showed detectable amounts of Cl2 formation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Effects of infusion of adenosine triphosphate-magnesium chloride on cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic variables, cytokine activity, and endothelin concentration in horses administered a low dose of endotoxin.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate systemic effects of i.v. infusion of ATP-MgCl2 subsequent to infusion of a low dose of endotoxin in horses. ANIMALS: 12 adult horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were administered endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution i.v., during a 30-minute period. Immediately thereafter, horses in each group were infused i.v. with ATP-MgCl2 or saline solution. Two weeks later, horses were administered the opposite solution (LPS or saline solution), but it was followed by the same infusion as 2 weeks previously (ie, ATP-MgCl2 or saline solution). Cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic variables, cytokine activity, and endothelin (ET) concentrations were recorded. RESULTS: IV infusion of ATP-MgCl2 after administration of a low dose of endotoxin failed to attenuate the cardiopulmonary, clinicopathologic, and cytokine alterations that develop secondary to endotoxin exposure. The combination of LPS and ATP-MgCl2 potentiated pulmonary hypertension, leukopenia, and neutropenia when compared with the combination of LPS and saline solution. The combination of LPS and ATP-MgCl2 resulted in thrombocytopenia. Endothelin concentration was increased in jugular venous and pulmonary arterial plasma in horses receiving LPS and ATP-MgCl2. Similar increases were not observed with LPS and saline solution. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of ATP-MgCl2 did not protect horses from systemic effects of experimentally induced endotoxemia. Furthermore, the use of ATP-MgCl2 during endotoxemia may worsen the cardiopulmonary and clinicopathologic status of affected horses. Because ATP and other adenine nucleotides are released from cells during shock, their potential role in the development of hemodynamic derangements, leukocyte adherence, and coagulopathies during endotoxemic episodes warrants further investigation.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1979

[The long-term effect of various hormonal contraceptives on the excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphorus, uric acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, sulfate and lysozyme in the 24 hour urine].

The influence of a long-term application of 4 different hormonal contraceptives on the excretion of various constituents of the urine was examined. A reverse effect after stoppage of the medication is to be established in none of the other parameters with the exception of calcium.

Calcium↗
PubMed2001

Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations.

Magnesium deficiency is seen with some frequency in the outpatient setting and requires oral repletion or maintenance therapy. The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of four commercially-available preparations of magnesium, and to test the claim that organic salts are more easily absorbed. Bioavailability was measured as the increment of urinary maginesium excretion in normal volunteers given approximately 21 mEq/day of the test preparations. Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate. We conclude that there is relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide, but greater and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate. Inorganic magnesium salts, depending on the preparation, may have bioavailability equivalent to organic magnesium salts.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Acceptance of minerals and other compounds by calcium-deprived rats: 24-h tests.

We measured 24-h spontaneous intake of four to eight concentrations of 31 different solutions by groups of rats fed control or low-calcium diets. Relative to controls, those fed low-calcium diet had increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of sodium chloride, sodium acetate, and sodium bicarbonate, but not sodium gluconate. Differences in palatability between these sodium salts were unimportant because the rats fed low-calcium diet consumed more sodium chloride even if this was made less acceptable by adulteration with citric acid. The possibility that calcium-deprived rats have an enhanced general cation or mineral appetite was supported by findings of increased acceptance of one or more concentrations of nine of ten chloride minerals tested (aluminum chloride, ammonium chloride, ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, strontium chloride, zinc chloride). However, there were no differences in acceptance of any concentration of cesium chloride, magnesium sulfate, or lead acetate. Moreover, calcium-deprived rats drank more hydrochloric acid and malic acid than did controls. Thus the effect of calcium deficiency on intake was not confined to minerals. Acidity or bitterness did not appear important because there was no difference between the groups in intake of sulfuric acid, citric acid, or quinine hydrochloride. Consistent with the exacerbating effects of phosphates on calcium deprivation, deprived rats had decreased intakes of phosphates (sodium phosphate, potassium phosphate). However, they also had decreased intakes of sucrose and saccharin. It is clear that calcium deprivation does not induce a general increase in acceptance of all taste solutions, but there appears to be no simple explanation for what these animals consume.

Acids↗
PubMed1995

High and low affinity transport of L-arginine in rat brain synaptosomes.

The uptake of L-arginine into purified rat brain synaptosomes was investigated with respect to time and various concentrations of L-[3H]arginine. Specific uptake was found to be linear with time for up to 5 min of incubation at 37 degrees C. Electrolytes, including sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, inhibited uptake of 3 microM L-arginine, and the inhibitory effect increased with increased electrolyte concentration under constant osmolarity. It was found that L-arginine was transported into synaptosomes by two uptake components--a high affinity component (3.5 microM) and a low affinity component (100 microM). These two components were similar to the Ly+ system because of their extreme sensitivity to inhibition by L-lysine and L-ornithine but were distinguishable from each other by kinetic analysis of the uptake data and by their relative sensitivity to inhibition by several amino acids.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2003

Migration of alternative de-icers in unsaturated zone of aquifers--in vitro study.

The migration of organic de-icers in the shallow aquifers typical in Finland is not well known and we need to find solutions to minimise the negative impacts of de-icing on groundwater quality. The objective of the MIDAS project is to find de-icers which have the least harmful impacts on groundwater quality. Migration of sodium chloride as a tracer and five alternative de-icers in aquifers was studied. The alternative de-icers were calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium-magnesium-acetate, potassium acetate and potassium formate. The research consists of leaching of heavy metals from roadsides in the area of Highway 1 in southern Finland; an in vitro study, which represented the full length of winter at low temperatures; and the subsequent on-going field research in south-eastern Finland. So far, in our studies potassium formate caused fewer changes to the quality of the infiltrated water than the chlorides and acetates. After finishing the on-going research the results will be used to choose a preferred de-icer from the existing chemicals and for the development of new less harmful de-icers. The information will be used mainly in Scandinavia and North America where the hydrogeological conditions are similar to those in Finland.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed2006

Removal of terephthalic acid in alkalized wastewater by ferric chloride.

Terephthalic acid, which is a main component in alkali-decrement wastewater, is efficiently removed using ferric chloride in high pH solutions. About 90% removal of terephthalic acid is achieved at pH between 8 and 11. Especially, the removal reached 94.3% at pH 11. However, as the pH increased from pH 12 and 13, the low removal of terephthalic acid were found. The increasing ferric chloride dosage had a dramatic positive impact on the achieved removal of terephthalic acid. Further increase in the ferric chloride dosage did not produce better removal rate. The increase of terephthalic acid concentration also led to the increase of ferric chloride dosage in order to get the same removal of terephthalic acid. There was approximately a negative linear relationship between terephthalic acid concentration and removal of terephthalic acid. Compared with other coagulants, it can be seen that ferric chloride is more effective in a high pH solution and the amount of ferric chloride required is also less as compared with aluminum chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride. Our results clearly showed that terephthalate anions strongly binds to positive Fe(OH)(3) flocs and forms insoluble complexes, probably through a mechanism involving electrostatic attraction. The electrostatic attraction may be particularly useful means of purifying wastewater in high pH solutions.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1985

Effect of magnesium on active and passive sodium transport in the human ileum.

The effect of 12.5 mM magnesium chloride on sodium transport in the human ileum in vivo was investigated using segmental perfusion. Choline chloride was used as a control. During perfusion of a balanced electrolyte solution containing isotopes of sodium and chloride, magnesium reduced unidirectional flux of sodium in both directions across the ileum; magnesium had no statistically significant effect on net sodium absorption, on chloride fluxes, or on potential difference. When sodium-free test solutions were infused, magnesium (and calcium) reduced net sodium secretion compared with choline and potassium. These results suggest that magnesium (and calcium) reduce passive sodium movement across ileal mucosa.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1996

[Mechanisms involved in the antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic effects of magnesium].

This paper reports an electrophysiological study on the antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic actions of magnesium chloride and magnesium sulphate intravenous infusions. Magnesium kinetics in control dogs, following a pulse of magnesium chloride or magnesium sulphate, was not affected by the accompanying anion. The experiments were performed with mongrel dogs divided into three groups fed either a normal diet (group I), a low magnesium diet plus chlortalidone treatment and potassium supplementation (group IIA) or a low magnesium diet plus chlortalidone treatment and magnesium sulphate infusion (group II B). In group I, infusion of magnesium sulphate solution decreased plasma sodium, potassium and ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), prolonged the ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) and increased the urinary excretion of potassium. The infusion of magnesium chloride solution did not affect VFT, prolonged VERP, QTc, AH and PQ. In this group, sodium chloride or sulphate infusion did not affect the electrophysiological variables but sodium sulphate decreased plasma potassium levels. The group II A was characterized by the decreased levels of potassium and magnesium contents of plasma, lymphocytes and myocardium, decreased VERP and VFT and prolonged QTc. The intravenous infusion of magnesium sulphate solution depressed further VFT and plasma potassium and increased VERP. The acute infusion of potassium chloride solution increased plasma potassium and VFT. In group II B, plasma electrolyte levels and electrophysiological variables were not affected. We conclude that the clinically demonstrable, antiarrhythmic effect of magnesium infusion can be attributed to prolonged VERP. Magnesium sulphate infusion, however, produced potassium depletion and decreased VFT (a pro-arrhythmic effect). These adverse effects can be avoided infusing magnesium chloride solutions.

Animals↗