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PubMed1999

Glutamine for the gut: mystical properties or an ordinary amino acid?

Glutamine is a nonessential amino acid that can be synthesized from glutamate and glutamic acid by glutamine synthetase. It is the preferred fuel for the small intestine in the rat. Results from animal studies suggest that both glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition and enteral diets may prevent bacterial translocation. This effect may be modulated through the preservation and augmentation of small bowel villus morphology, intestinal permeability, and intestinal immune function. The existing data from studies with humans are less compelling. What, if any, intestinal deficits actually occur during provision of exclusive parenteral nutrition remains unclear. Furthermore, the clinical significance of these changes is largely undefined. Nevertheless, glutamine and glutamine supplementation appear to be important for the normal maintenance of intestinal morphology and function, intestinal adaptation following resection, and prevention of clinical infection related to bacterial translocation. The existing data on the use of parenteral and enteral glutamine for preservation of intestinal morphology and function and prevention of bacterial translocation in humans are reviewed in this article. Pertinent animal data are also described.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1985

Mystic fevers.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Contemporary activity of meropenem and comparator broad-spectrum agents: MYSTIC program report from the United States component (2005).

The Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection Program is a 9-year-old antimicrobial resistance surveillance network of more than 100 medical centers worldwide, including 15 sites in the United States (US) that monitors the susceptibility of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens especially to carbapenems. In 2005, the antimicrobial activity of 11 broad-spectrum agents was assessed against 2910 bacterial isolates (2493 Gram-negative and 417 staphylococci) submitted from the US medical centers to a reference laboratory using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute susceptibility testing methods and interpretative criteria. Meropenem continued to demonstrate 1) high potency with MIC(90) values 4- to 16-fold lower than imipenem against the Enterobacteriaceae, 2) equal activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 3) 2-fold less activity compared with imipenem against Acinetobacter spp., and 4) 4- to 8-fold less activity compared with imipenem against the oxacillin-susceptible staphylococci. The wide spectrum of activity for carbapenems against Enterobacteriaceae (1657 strains) was confirmed by the overall rank order by percentage susceptibility at breakpoint criteria: imipenem (98.9%) > meropenem (98.7%) > cefepime (97.6%) > piperacillin/tazobactam (92.0%) > ceftriaxone (91.2%) > aztreonam (90.6%) > gentamicin = tobramycin (90.5%) > ceftazidime (90.4%) > levofloxacin (84.9%) > ciprofloxacin (83.9%). Against Acinetobacter spp. isolates, only tobramycin (92.0% susceptible) and carbapenems (92.0-85.6%) exhibited acceptable levels of activity. A continued increase in the resistance rate for both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin was observed with highest rates found among indole-positive Proteae species (36.5-33.3%) and Escherichia coli (21.6-20.4%) isolates, some documented by molecular typing methods as clonally related. Ongoing surveillance of meropenem and other broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents appears warranted to monitor the potency and spectrum of activity against indicated Gram-negative and-positive pathogens causing serious infections in the hospital setting, and to detect the emergence of new or novel resistance mechanisms that could compromise clinical utility (serine and metallo-carbapenemases).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Meropenem and imipenem activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from the MYSTIC Program.

This article examines the activity of meropenem and imipenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from the Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection program between 1997 and 2005. In particular, it examines the activity of meropenem against imipenem-resistant strains and vice versa. Meropenem proved to be active against up to a 3rd of imipenem-resistant strains.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗