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PubMed2004

Mycoplasma haemofelis and Mycoplasma haemominutum detection by polymerase chain reaction in cats from Saskatchewan and Alberta.

Hemobartonellosis is caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis, previously known as Haemobartonella felis. Cats infected with this organism typically develop regenerative anemia. The related species Mycoplasma haemominutum may also cause anemia. The purposes of this study were to use polymerase chain reaction technology to determine if both organisms exist in naturally infected cats from Saskatchewan and Alberta, and to determine if disease manifestation corresponds to mycoplasma species. Thirteen of 18 cats with regenerative anemia were infected, 12 with M. haemofelis and 1 with M. haemominutum. Eight of 22 cats with nonregenerative anemia were infected, 4 with M. haemofelis and 4 with M. haemominutum. Two of 20 cats with normal complete blood (cell) counts were infected with M. haemominutum. Although both mycoplasma species were identified, ill cats were more often infected with M. haemofelis.

Alberta↗
PubMed1981

Urogenital mycoplasma infections of man: a review with observations on a recently discovered mycoplasma.

Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas), Mycoplasma hominis, M. fermentans, M. primatum, M. Salivarium and M. pneumoniae have been isolated from the genitourinary tract. The first two of these microorganisms are found most frequently. M. hominis is a cause of some cases of postpartum and postabortal fever, acute pyelonephritis and pelvic inflammatory disease. Ureaplasmas have been associated with chorioamnionitis, habitual spontaneous abortion, low birthweight, the urethral syndrome in women, and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men; but the difficulty of proving an etiological relationship is emphasized. However, in NGU there is accumulating evidence to indicate that ureaplasmas cause some cases. Some patients suffering from NGU, from whom ureaplasmas, mycoplasmas and chlamydiae cannot be isolated, respond to tetracycline therapy. This has suggested that a tetracycline-sensitive microorganism might be responsible. In this context, the isolation of a glucose-metabolizing mycoplasma from the genitourinary tracts of 2 of 13 men with NGU is of interest. This mycoplasma, serologically different from all other tested, has the structural and biological features of a pathogenic organism.

Abortion, Habitual↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of an isolate of mycoplasma WVU 907 which possesses common antigens to Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Antigenic characteristics of an isolate of mycoplasma WVU 907 were compared with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae. Mycoplasma WVU 907 and MG share common agglutinating and precipitin antigens. Although hemagglutinin is an integral part of WVU 907, hemagglutinating-inhibited antibody was not detected in sera of chickens inoculated with WVU 907. The clinical symptoms observed in chickens inoculated with WVU 907 were mild. Viral infections of chickens helped spread WVU 907 to contact controls. WVU 907 was more resistant to tylosin than MG was.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and the dual infection in commercial layer hens over a 44-week laying cycle when challenged before beginning of lay. I. Egg production and selected egg quality parameters.

In each of two trials, 160 commercial pullets were separated into four treatments with four replicates of 10 chickens in each treatment. Forty pullets were designated as controls and received no inoculation; 40 other pullets received F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG); an additional 40 pullets received Mycoplasma synoviae (MS); and the final 40 pullets were inoculated with both FMG and MS (dual). Hen-day egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, Haugh unit score, pimpling incidence, and blood/meat spot incidence were monitored and recorded in each trial through an entire laying cycle. No significant difference was observed among the treatments for hen-day egg production, egg weight, eggshell strength, or Haugh unit scores. Significant differences were observed for pimpling incidence among controls (1.63%), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)-infected (2.09%), and dual-infected hens (2.41%). A significant difference in blood/meat spot incidence was observed between MG-infected hens (0.27%) and dual-infected hens (0.45%). Histopathologic examination of the ovary and all segments of the oviduct revealed no significant differences among the treatments. These results suggest that the majority of the hen reproductive tract functions similarly in FMG-vaccinated, MS-infected, or dual-infected hens as compared with Mycoplasma-clean hens.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Detecting Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium in the urogenital tract].

OBJECTIVE: To epidemiological study of ureaplasma urealyticum (UU), mycoplasma hominis (MH) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) in the urogenital tract of different groups of people. METHOD: Polymerase chain reaction was used. Clinical urogenital tract specimens were collected from Beijing, Wuhan and Shantou STD patients and different groups of women in Beijing. RESULTS: The positive rates of UU and MH were higher than those of MG. In STD high risk group of people, the positive rates of mycoplasmas were correlated with the degree of sexual abuse positively. The positive rates of UU and MH in none STD high risk group of people could be relatively high, especially UU in the pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between infection and inhabitant of mycoplasmas in the urogenital tract is worthy to be studied further.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium in clinical samples by polymerase chain reaction.

Respiratory tract specimens, 75 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and 19 throat swabs from 75 hospitalized adult patients (of whom 55 were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus) with pulmonary infiltrates, were examined for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Urogenital specimens (103 from 48 male patients with nongonococcal urethritis and 55 female patients with genital infections) were examined for M. genitalium by the same techniques. Cultures of all the samples were negative. The oligonucleotides were chosen from the published nucleotide sequences of the P1 adhesin gene from M. pneumoniae or the MgPa adhesin gene from M. genitalium. The products of PCR were identified by restriction analysis and hybridization. Results of PCR for respiratory specimens were positive for the following mycoplasmas: M. pneumoniae (3 specimens), M. genitalium (1), and both M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium (3). PCR results for eight urogenital samples from male patients were positive for M. genitalium. Differences concerning the restriction sites were observed between respiratory and genital specimens. The major findings of this study are the presence of DNA from M. pneumoniae in respiratory specimens from patients for whom cultures were negative and DNA from M. genitalium in respiratory and urogenital samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1963

RESPIRATORY PATHWAYS IN THE MYCOPLASMA. I. LACTATE OXIDATION BY MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM.

Smith, S. L. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), P. J. Van Demark, and J. Fabricant. Respiratory pathways in the Mycoplasma. I. Lactate oxidation by Mycoplasma gallisepticum. J. Bacteriol. 86:893-897. 1963.-Resting cells of Mycoplasma gallisepticum 293 required the addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, thiamine pyrophosphate, and flavine mononucleotide for the maximal rate of sodium lactate oxidation. Inhibitor studies, as well as spectrophotometric and chemical assays, indicate that the pathway of electron transport to oxygen during lactate oxidation does not involve heme catalysts, and is mediated by flavin-linked enzyme systems. The presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific lactic dehydrogenase, menadione reductase, ferricyanide reductase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activities was detected in cell-free extracts. No cytochrome c reductase or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide peroxidase activity was detected in these extracts.

Adenine Nucleotides↗
PubMed1987

DNA probes for detection and identification of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium.

DNA probes specific for Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma genitalium were selected from genomic libraries prepared in pUC13. The 32P-labeled probes could detect, by dot blot hybridization, down to about 0.1 ng of the specific mycoplasma DNA or 10(5) CFU. Biotinylation of probe decreased the sensitivity of detection and produced nonspecific background reactions with nonhomologous DNAs. Sulfonation of probe yielded a similar level of sensitivity with less background.

DNA, Bacterial↗
PubMed1987

Growth of Mycoplasma bovis in organ cultures of bovine foetal trachea and comparison with Mycoplasma dispar.

Inoculation of tracheal organ cultures from bovine foetuses with Mycoplasma bovis resulted in a loss of cellular structure of the lamina propria, followed 20-22 days later by lifting and detachment of overlying epithelium. The effect was associated with large numbers of M. bovis, identified by immunoperoxidase labelling and electromicroscopy, infiltrating between the epithelial cells and amassing in the lamina propria, especially in the region of the basement membrane of the epithelium. Ciliary activity was undiminished for up to 18 days following inoculation and little or no cytopathic effect on the ciliated epithelium was seen in spite of the close proximity of large numbers of organisms. In contrast, M. dispar was restricted to the margin of the ciliated epithelium where, as previously reported, it caused pyknosis, sloughing and flattening of the epithelium with consequent loss of ciliary activity. The cytopathology observed for each mycoplasma bore a close similarity to the behaviour of the two mycoplasmas in vivo and it is suggested that the organ culture system may be a useful and relevant system to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms for each mycoplasma.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Detection of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma agalactiae by oligonucleotide probes complementary to 16S rRNA.

The partial sequences of 16S rRNA from Mycoplasma bovis and M. agalactiae were determined by dideoxynucleotide sequencing using reverse transcriptase. Two oligonucleotides complementary to different evolutionary variable regions of 16S rRNA from these two species were synthesized. The oligonucleotides were end-labelled with 32P and used as probes in filter hybridization experiments with different bovine, caprine and ovine mycoplasmas as samples. One of the probes, complementary to a sequence of the V8-region of both M. bovis and M. agalactiae, did not cross-hybridize to any bovine, caprine or ovine mycoplasmas except M. bovigenitalium and M. californicum. This probe is thus not useful for analysis of bovine samples, but can be used for detection of M. agalactiae in samples from goats and sheep, since M. bovigenitalium and M. californicum have never been isolated from these hosts and M. bovis only occasionally. The other probe, complementary to a sequence of the V6-region of M. bovis, gave some cross-hybridization with M. agalactiae but not with bovine mycoplasmas. M. agalactiae has never been isolated from cattle and this probe is therefore useful for rapid screening of bovine samples for M. bovis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic and serologic relatedness between Mycoplasma fermentans strains and a mycoplasma recently identified in tissues of AIDS and non-AIDS patients.

A mycoplasma previously identified in the tissues of both AIDS and non-AIDS patients dying of an acute fatal disease was earlier shown to share some biologic and genetic properties with a strain of Mycoplasma fermentans, an organism occurring infrequently in the human lower urogenital tract. More extensive genetic and serologic comparisons using DNA/DNA hybridization, DNA base composition (guanine + cytosine), restriction endonuclease DNA analysis, cellular protein patterns and metabolism inhibition serologic procedures confirm that the organism previously designated as "Mycoplasma incognitus" (Mi) is indeed very closely related to strains of M. fermentans. While the genetic and serologic features observed among the newly isolated mycoplasma and two M. fermentans strains suggest a species relationship, it now seems useful to re-examine the biological activities of other freshly isolated M. fermentans strains from man.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Electrophoretic analysis of proteins from Mycoplasma capricolum and related serotypes using extracts from intact cells and from minicells containing cloned mycoplasma DNA.

The acidic proteins of six different mycoplasma serotypes causing bovine or caprine pleuropneumonia were compared by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of extracts of 35S-labelled cells. The organisms investigated were Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (PG1), M. mycoides subsp. mycoides (Y-goat), M. mycoides subsp. capri (PG3), M. capricolum (California kid), the unclassified bovine serogroup 7 of Leach (PG50) and the F38-like group (F38). The results suggested a close relationship between M. capricolum and F38 and a similarly close relationship between the different M. mycoides subspecies, whereas the two M. mycoides subspecies appeared to be quite distant from M. capricolum and F38. The representative strain of the bovine serogroup 7 of Leach was equally distant from F38, M. capricolum and the three strains of M. mycoides. Strikingly, all six mycoplasma strains apparently shared six proteins in the two-dimensional gels. In Escherichia coli minicells, DNA from strain PG50 cloned in the vector pBR325 gave rise to incorporation of radioactive label into proteins which were identified as mycoplasma proteins by two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1975

Canine mycoplasmas: serological studies of type and reference strains, with a proposal for the new species, Mycoplasma opalescens.

The type and reference strains of all Mycoplasma species or "serogroups" presently known to occur in dogs were compared serologically. Tests of growth inhibition and metabolism inhibition as well as indirect immunofluorescence tests did not disclose any cross reactions. Examination by double immunodiffusion revealed at least one antigen specific for each strain tested. In addition, the common antigens were found within the glucose fermenting group and within the arginine metabolizing group of Mycoplasma strains, respectively. No antigens were shared by these groups. The arginine positive strain MH5408, serogroup D was found to differ serologically from all other arginine positive Mycoplasma species. Serogroup D is therefore a new species for which the name Mycoplasma opalescens is proposed. The type strain is MH5408 (ATCC 27921 and NTCC 10149). Finally, serological data are presented which relate strain HRC689 to M. mycoides.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Invasiveness of Salmonella typhimurium in HEp-2 cell cultures pre-infected with Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma orale.

The influence of mycoplasma infection on the in vitro invasiveness of S. typhimurium in HEp-2 cell cultures has been tested. Two strains of arginine-utilizing mycoplasma species Mycoplasma hominis and M. orale both seemed to inhibit the bacterial in vitro invasiveness. Both the ratio of infected cells and the number of intracellular bacteria per cell were reduced in the mycoplasma-infected cultures.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1999

Genetic and serological analysis of lipoprotein LppA in Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri.

The genes encoding the 62-kDa lipoproteins from the Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large-colony type (LC) strain Y-goat and the M. mycoides subsp. capri strain PG3 were cloned and analyzed by sequencing. These two lipoproteins have been named LppA[MmymyLC] and LppA[Mmyca], and their corresponding genes have been named lppA[MmymyLC] and lppA[Mmyca], respectively. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of these two lipoproteins showed a very high degree of similarity between these two mycoplasmas. Given the sequence data, LppA seems to fulfill the same structural functions as the previously described major lipoproteins P72 of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides small-colony type and P67 of the Mycoplasma species bovine group 7. Based on lppA gene sequences of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and M. mycoides subsp. capri type strains, a specific PCR assay was developed so that it amplified this gene in all field strains of the two species analyzed in this study but not in the other members of the M. mycoides cluster. Analysis of the PCR-amplified lppA genes with frequently cutting restriction enzymes showed a certain degree of genetic variability which, however, did not cluster the two subspecies. This PCR therefore allows a rapid identification of M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and M. mycoides subsp. capri but does not distinguish between these two closely related subspecies. LppA was expressed in Escherichia coli K-12 and used for the production of polyclonal mouse antiserum. Antibodies against recombinant LppA[MmymyLC] reacted with a 62-kDa protein in all M. mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and M. mycoides subsp. capri type strains and field strains tested but not with the other members of the M. mycoides cluster, thus showing the antigenic specificity of LppA and further supporting the concept that a close relationship exists between these two mycoplasmas.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1977

Mycoplasma-dependent activation of normal lymphocytes: mitogenic potential of mycoplasmas for mouse lymphocytes.

Nonviable preparations of a wide variety of glucose-utilizing mycoplasma species, including Acholeplasma laidlawii and Spiroplasma citri, were found to be mitogenic for mouse lymphocytes. Particularly strong reactions were obtained with Mycoplasma synoviae, M. gallisepticum, M. pneumoniae, S. citri, and a strain of M. fermentans that was previously isolated from a leukemic patient. Nonviable preparations of arginine-utilizing mycoplasmas inhibited the uptake of [3H]thymidine by lymphocytes, but this effect could be reversed by heat treatment or arginine supplementation, and a stimulatory effect was then observed. Viable M. arthritidis was also found to have a mitogenic effect, as detected by an increased uptake of [3H]thymidine by normal lymphocytes and by autoradiographic techniques in which an increase in the numbers of transformed cells was seen. These observations provide the potential for enhanced immunological responsiveness or lymphokine-mediated inflammation in mycoplasma-infected hosts.

Acholeplasma laidlawii↗
PubMed1985

Detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae adhesin (P1) in the nonhemadsorbing population of virulent Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae organisms possessing a hemadsorbing-negative (HA-) phenotype comprise more than 50% of the population of virulent M. pneumoniae cultures. Monoclonal antibody to P1, the major adhesin of M. pneumoniae reacts with this HA- mycoplasma fraction based upon radioimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. Demonstration of P1 in the entire mycoplasma population suggests that topological organization of this adhesin in the membrane or the physiological state of the mycoplasmas may determine hemadsorbing capabilities.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗
PubMed1989

DNA and protein sequence homologies between the adhesins of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are morphologically and serologically related pathogens that colonize the human host. Their successful parasitism appears to be dependent on the product, an adhesin protein, of a gene that is carried by each of these mycoplasmas. Here we describe the cloning and determine the sequence of the structural gene for the putative adhesin of M. genitalium and compare its sequence to the counterpart P1 gene of M. pneumoniae. Regions of homology that were consistent with the observed serological cross-reactivity between these adhesins were detected at both DNA and protein levels. However, the degree of homology between these two genes and their products was much higher than anticipated. Interestingly, the A + T content of the M. genitalium adhesin gene was calculated as 60.1%, which is substantially higher tham that of the P1 gene (46.5%). Comparisons of codon usage between the two organisms revealed that M. genitalium preferentially used A- and T-rich codons. A total of 65% of positions 3 and 56% of positions 1 in M. genitalium codons were either A or T, whereas M. pneumoniae utilized A or T for positions 3 and 1 at a frequency of 40 and 47%, respectively. The biased choice of the A- and T-rich codons in M. genitalium could also account for the preferential use of A- and T-rich codons in conservative amino acid substitutions found in the M. genitalium adhesin. These facts suggest that M. genitalium might have evolved independently of other human mycoplasma species, including M. pneumoniae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗