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PubMed2001

Retinal vascular alterations associated with dome-shaped and mushroom-shaped choroidal melanomas.

PURPOSE: Retinal vascular abnormalities are associated with choroidal melanoma. Although tumor ischemia, resulting in soluble angiogenic factor production, is a proposed etiology of these abnormalities, other sources of ischemia may also contribute. Mushroom-shaped choroidal melanomas have increased loss of the overlying choriocapillaris and increased subretinal fluid when compared to dome-shaped tumors; factors that may result in outer retinal ischemia, angiogenic factor production and resultant retinal vascular abnormalities. The differing amounts of retinal vascular abnormalities overlying dome-shaped compared to mushroom-shaped melanomas were determined to evaluate this hypothesis. METHODS: Retinal vascular abnormalities observed on fluorescein angiograms of eyes with choroidal melanoma were compared to the tumor configuration and presence of subretinal fluid. RESULTS: 23 eyes of 22 patients were included in the study. Retinal vascular abnormalities observed included dilated capillaries, telangiectatic capillaries, capillary nonperfusion, microaneurysms, neovascularization, lipid exudation and late staining of dye within the retina. Retinal vascular abnormalities were present in 4 of 14 eyes with dome-shaped tumors (29%) and in 8 of 9 eyes with mushroom-shaped tumors (89%). (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.009). Retinal vascular abnormalities were present in 2 of 10 eyes without subretinal fluid (20%) and in 10 of 13 eyes with subretinal fluid (77%). (Fisher's Exact Test, p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal vascular abnormalities are associated with mushroom-shaped choroidal melanomas more commonly than dome-shaped tumors. Outer retinal ischemia may result from choriocapillaris loss or the presence of subretinal fluid, contributing to soluble angiogenic factor production and resultant retinal vascular abnormalities in these eyes. SUMMARY STATEMENT: Retinal vascular abnormalities are associated with mushroom-shaped choroidal melanomas more commonly than dome-shaped tumors. These retinal vascular abnormalities may be related to an increase in outer retinal ischemia associated with mushroom-shaped tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Dual effect of ecdysone on adult cricket mushroom bodies.

Mushroom bodies, which are the main integrative centre for insect sensorial information, play a critical role in associative olfactory learning and memory. This paired brain structure contains interneurons grouped in a cortex, sending their axons into organized neuropiles. In the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) brain, persistent neuroblasts proliferate throughout adult life. Juvenile hormone (JH) has been shown to stimulate this proliferation [Cayre, M., Strambi, C. & Strambi, A. (1994) Nature, 368, 57-59]. In the present study, the effect of morphogenetic hormones on mushroom body cells maintained in primary culture was examined. Whereas JH did not significantly affect neurite growth, ecdysone significantly stimulated neurite elongation. Moreover, ecdysone also acted on neuroblast proliferation, as demonstrated by the reduced number of cells labelled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine following ecdysone application. Heterospecific antibodies raised against ecdysone receptor protein and ultraspiracle protein, the two heterodimers of ecdysteroid receptors, showed positive immunoreactivity in nervous tissue extracts and in nuclei of mushroom body cells, indicating the occurrence of putative ecdysteroid receptors in cricket mushroom body cells. These data indicate a dual role for ecdysone in adult cricket mushroom bodies: this hormone inhibits neuroblast proliferation and stimulates interneuron differentiation. These results suggest that a constant remodelling of mushroom body structure could result from physiological changes in hormone titres during adult life.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity.

Medicinal properties have been attributed to mushrooms for thousands of years. Mushroom extracts are widely sold as nutritional supplements and touted as beneficial for health. Yet, there has not been a critical review attempting to integrate their nutraceutical potential with basic science. Relatively few studies are available on the biologic effects of mushroom consumption, and those have been performed exclusively in murine models. In this paper, we review existing data on the mechanism of whole mushrooms and isolated mushroom compounds, in particular (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans, and the means by which they modulate the immune system and potentially exert tumor-inhibitory effects. We believe that the antitumor mechanisms of several species of whole mushrooms as well as of polysaccharides isolated from Lentinus edodes, Schizophyllum commune, Grifola frondosa, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are mediated largely by T cells and macrophages. Despite the structural and functional similarities of these glucans, they differ in their effectiveness against specific tumors and in their ability to elicit various cellular responses, particularly cytokine expression and production. Unfortunately, our data base on the involvement of these important mediators is still rather limited, as are studies concerning the molecular mechanisms of the interactions of glucans with their target cells. As long as it remains unclear what receptors are involved in, and what downstream events are triggered by, the binding of these glucans to their target cells, it will be difficult to make further progress in understanding not only their antitumor mechanisms but also their other biological activities.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed1997

Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.

Homobasidiomycete fungi display many complex fruiting body morphologies, including mushrooms and puffballs, but their anatomical simplicity has confounded efforts to understand the evolution of these forms. We performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of homobasidiomycetes, using sequences from nuclear and mitochondrial ribosomal DNA, with an emphasis on understanding evolutionary relationships of gilled mushrooms and puffballs. Parsimony-based optimization of character states on our phylogenetic trees suggested that strikingly similar gilled mushrooms evolved at least six times, from morphologically diverse precursors. Approximately 87% of gilled mushrooms are in a single lineage, which we call the "euagarics." Recently discovered 90 million-year-old fossil mushrooms are probably euagarics, suggesting that (i) the origin of this clade must have occurred no later than the mid-Cretaceous and (ii) the gilled mushroom morphology has been maintained in certain lineages for tens of millions of years. Puffballs and other forms with enclosed spore-bearing structures (Gasteromycetes) evolved at least four times. Derivation of Gasteromycetes from forms with exposed spore-bearing structures (Hymenomycetes) is correlated with repeated loss of forcible spore discharge (ballistospory). Diverse fruiting body forms and spore dispersal mechanisms have evolved among Gasteromycetes. Nevertheless, it appears that Hymenomycetes have never been secondarily derived from Gasteromycetes, which suggests that the loss of ballistospory has constrained evolution in these lineages.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2006

Determination of genotoxic phenylhydrazine agaritine in mushrooms using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.

A new method with good sensitivity and specificity for detecting and quantifying genotoxic hydrazines, agaritine and 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylhydrazine (HMPH), was developed using liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (MS). Synthetic agaritine and HMPH were structurally assigned by 1H-, 13C- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis (HMBC and HMQC), high-resolution fast-atom bombardment (HR-FAB) MS and time of flight (TOF) MS. The polar molecule agaritine was separated on an ODS column using 0.01% AcOH-MeOH (99:1, v/v) as an eluent with a simple solid-phase extraction cleanup. There were no interference peaks for any of the mushrooms. Agaricus spp. contained 1247 and 2017 microg g-1 agaritine. Other species of mushroom had no agaritine. Recoveries of agaritine from spiked mushroom samples were 60.3-114%. Intra-day precision values were 5.5 and 4.2%, and the inter-day precision values were acceptable (15.0 and 23.0%), as agaritine is unstable. The limit of quantification was 0.003 microg g-1. Even a trace amount of agaritine in mushrooms can, therefore, be determined using this method. We also directly analysed HMPH, an active free hydrazine form of genotoxic agaritine, and obtained direct evidence of its absence from mushrooms. A precursor ion scan confirmed that agaritine derivatives, which could exert similar toxicity, were absent. The results indicate that this specific and sensitive analytical method for detecting and quantifying agaritine and its derivatives could help evaluate the risk of mushroom hydrazines to humans.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

Ultrasonographic tissue characteristics of mushroom-shaped uveal melanoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the ultrasonographic tissue characteristics of mushroom-shaped versus dome-shaped uveal melanoma and to compare them with the tumor vasculature. METHODS: We examined clinically and ultrasonically 18 dome-shaped and 11 mushroom-shaped uveal melanomas (29 consecutive patients; mean age 57 years) and compared their normalized A-scan patterns. Using histological sections from a different set of patients (12 dome- and 17 mushroom-shaped tumors), we calculated the percentage of area covered by blood vessels. RESULTS: A-scans of dome-shaped tumors presented low homogeneous reflectivity, whereas the heads of mushroom-shaped tumors had high and irregular reflectivity (p < 0.001). The reflectivity of their bases was low and similar to dome-shaped tumors. The blood vessel area in the histological sections was significantly larger in the heads of mushroom-shaped tumors (0.88 +/- 0.14%), compared both to their bases (0.29 i 0.06%) (p < 0.001) and to dome-shaped tumors (0.07 i 0.03%) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasonographic pattern suggests vascular congestion in the heads of mushroom-shaped tumors,probably due to strangulated blood vessels in the tumor neck.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Human heterophile antibodies recognizing distinct carbohydrate epitopes on basidiolipids from different mushrooms.

Investigating the immune properties of basidiolipids, i.e., glycoinositolphosphoceramides (GIPC) of basidiomytes, higher mushrooms, it was detected that sera of normal adult human subjects contained IgG2 and IgM heterophile antibodies (hetAbs) that immunoreacted with these lipids. However, this immune recognition was not shared by the glycolipids of all mushroom species. The basidiolipids of Amanita virosa (eng., death cup) and Cantharellus cibarius (engl., chantarelle), of all mushroom species studied, did not bind antibodies of normal human sera. In addition, only certain basidiolipids of the other mushroom species that have been investigated, i.e., Agaricus bisporus (engl., field mushroom), Calvatia exipuliformis engl., puffball), Lentinus edodes (jap., Shiitake), Leccinum scabrum (engl., red birch boletus), and Pleurotus ostreatus (engl., oyster mushroom), immunoreacted with the human hetAbs. The basidiolipids that were recognized by the human hetAbs had either terminal Galalpha1-6Gal < or Galbeta1-6Man< epitopes. Enzymatic destruction of the respective carbohydrate epitopes abolished the previous immune reactivity. It is assumed that contact with non human antigens causes generation of the anti-basidiolipid antibodies.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Concentrations of 137Cs and 40K in edible mushrooms collected in Japan and radiation dose due to their consumption.

To estimate radiocesium intake due to eating mushrooms, about 100 samples belonging to 11 species were analyzed to establish representative values for 137Cs and 40K in common edible mushrooms available in food markets. Concentration ranges were <0.047-39 Bq kg(-1) (wet wt) for 137Cs and 30-210 Bq kg(-1) (wet wt) for 40K. The median concentrations were 1.3 Bq kg(-1) (wet wt) for 137Cs and 97 Bq kg(-1) (wet wt) for 40K. The 137Cs concentrations in cultivated mushrooms were markedly lower than those in wild mushrooms. The annual intake of 137Cs per person through mushrooms was calculated (using analytical results and food consumption data in Japan) to be 6.0 Bq for 137Cs, which is about 32% of the total dietary intake of this nuclide. The effective dose equivalent of 137Cs through mushroom was estimated to be 7.7 x 10(-8) Sv (range estimated from the standard deviation: 3.0 x 10(-8) - 2.0 x 10(-7)).

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed1998

N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (NAT) as a substrate for mushroom tyrosinase.

N-acetyl tyrosine (NAT) is hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase and the N-acetyl dopa formed is oxidized by the enzyme to N-acetyl dopaquinone (lambda max = 390 +/- 10 nm). H2O2 and NH2OH each shortened the lag period of NAT hydroxylation by the enzyme. H2O2 had an effect on the changes with time in the spectrum of product(s) formed and on the spectrum of the final product(s) obtained when NAT was hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase, in a manner suggesting that H2O2 converts N-acetyl dopaquinone to a pink-violet product(s) (lambda max = 490 nm), whereas such a product(s) was not formed in the absence of H2O2. A pink-violet product(s) (lambda max 490 +/- 20 nm) was also formed when NAT was hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase in the presence of NH2OH or para amino benzoic acid (PABA), probably as a result of an interaction between N-acetyl dopaquinone and NH2OH or PABA forming mono- or di-oximes. Kojic acid (5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one) inhibited effectively the rate of NAT hydroxylation by mushroom tyrosinase in the absence or presence of H2O2. When NAT was oxidized by the enzyme in the absence of kojic acid, N-acetyl dopaquinone was formed at once and a shoulder at 490-530 nm appeared later. Under identical conditions but in the presence of kojic acid, a yellow product(s), characterized by a peak at 320 +/- 10 nm, was detected, suggesting that N-acetyl dopaquinone oxidizes kojic acid to the yellow product(s). Maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one), a gamma-pyrone derivative structurally related to kojic acid, also inhibited the rate of NAT hydroxylation by mushroom tyrosinase. The addition of maltol at the plateau phase of the reaction resulted in an immediate decline in absorbance at 400 nm, suggesting that maltol conjugates with N-acetyl dopaquinone, yielding a product(s) characterized by a lower extinction coefficient at 400 nm than that of N-acetyl dopaquinone alone. The final brown-red product(s) formed when NAT was hydroxylated by mushroom tyrosinase was bleached in the presence of ascorbic acid or H2O2.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1996

Functional properties of edible mushrooms.

Edible mushrooms such as shiitake may have important salutary effects on health or even in treating disease. A mushroom characteristically contains many different bioactive compounds with diverse biological activity, and the content and bioactivity of these compounds depend on how the mushroom is prepared and consumed. It is estimated that approximately 50% of the annual 5 million metric tons of cultivated edible mushrooms contain functional "nutraceutical" or medicinal properties. In order of decreasing cultivated tonnage, Lentinus (shiitake), Pleurotus (oyster), Auricularia (mu-er), Flammulina (enokitake), Tremella (yin-er), Hericium, and Grifola (maitake) mushrooms have various degrees of immunomodulatory, lipid-lowering, antitumor, and other beneficial or therapeutic health effects without any significant toxicity. Although the data for this functional food class are not as strong as those for other functional foods such as cruciferous vegetables, because of their potential usefulness in preventing or treating serious health conditions such as cancer, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and hypercholesterolemia, functional mushrooms deserve further serious investigation. Additionally, there is a need for epidemiological evidence of the role of this functional food class.

Food↗
PubMed2002

Workplace-related chronic cough on a mushroom farm.

BACKGROUND: Mushroom spores have frequently been associated with respiratory allergy. The aims of this study were to elucidate the incidence and causes of chronic cough in a mushroom farm. METHODS: Participants were 69 mushroom workers who produce Hypsizigus marmoreus (Bunashimeji) and 35 control subjects. We excluded six workers because they had had asthma or allergic rhinitis before working. Participants completed a cross-sectional health survey 2 years after starting work at the mushroom farm. RESULTS: The mean airborne endotoxin levels in the harvesting and packing rooms were approximately 60-fold higher than those in the offices. Of 63 workers, 42 workers (67%) reported chronic cough after working on this farm, 19 workers had no cough, while 2 workers had hypersensitivity pneumonitis develop to the spore, which has been previously reported by us. Of the 42 workers with cough, 6 workers had organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS), 18 workers had postnasal drip syndrome, 15 workers had cough variant asthma, and 3 workers had eosinophilic bronchitis. Seventy-one percent of the workers noticed the cough in the first 3 months, and the mean latent period in ODTS workers was the shortest. The cough had a trend to improve or disappear after weekend holidays. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness but not FEV(1)/FVC% in the 42 workers with cough was significantly (p < 0.001) increased as compared with the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Working on a mushroom farm carries a significant risk for chronic cough from inhalation of mushroom spores, and we suggest that elevated airborne endotoxin on this farm is the cause.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Study on pyrogen in natural and cultivated edible mushrooms].

We examined endotoxin and pyrogen contents in several kinds of natural and cultivated edible mushrooms, as well as some cultivated vegetables. According to the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 14th Ed., two types of endotoxin (gel-clot Limulus amebocyte lysate) test and the pyrogen test were performed using natural edible mushrooms collected in Aichi Prefecture and cultivated mushrooms and vegetables purchased at a market. The endotoxin contents of natural mushrooms were apparently higher than those of cultivated mushrooms or vegetables. The endotoxin contents in the cultivated mushrooms were slightly higher than those in the vegetables. Similar results were obtained in the pyrogen test.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2002

Antioxidant activity of edible fungi (truffles and mushrooms): losses during industrial processing.

The antioxidant properties of two raw truffles (Terfezia claveryi Chatin and Picoa juniperi Vittadini) and five raw mushrooms (Lepista nuda, Lentinus edodes, Agrocybe cylindracea, Cantharellus lutescens, and Hydnum repandum) were tested by subjecting these truffles and mushrooms to different industrial processes (freezing and canning) and comparing them with common food antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol [E-307], BHA [E-320], BHT [E-321], and propyl gallate [E-310]) with regard to their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation. All of the truffles and mushrooms analyzed exhibited higher percentages of oxidation inhibition than did the food antioxidants according to assays based on lipid peroxidation (LOO*), deoxyribose (OH*), and peroxidase (H2O2). Frozen samples exhibited a small reduction in free radical scavenger activity, but the results did not show a significant difference (P < 0.05) with respect to the raw samples, while canned truffles and mushrooms lost some antioxidant activity as a consequence of industrial processing. All of the raw and frozen truffles and mushrooms except frozen Cantharellus improved the stability of oil against oxidation (100 degrees C Rancimat), while canned samples accelerated oil degradation. Antioxidant activity during 30 days of storage was measured by the linoleic acid assay, and all of the samples except canned Terfezia, Picoa, and Hydnum showed high or medium antioxidant activity. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay was used to provide a ranking order of antioxidant activity as measured against that of Trolox (a standard solution used to evaluate equivalent antioxidant capacity). The order of raw samples with regard to antioxidant capacity was as follows (in decreasing order): Cantharellus, Agrocybe, Lentinus, Terfezia, Picoa, Lepista, and Hydnum. Losses of antioxidant activity were detected in the processed samples of these truffles and mushrooms.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2000

Detecting psychoactive drugs in the developmental stages of mushrooms.

The following questions regarding the detection of psychoactive drugs in mushrooms are addressed: At what stage of the mushroom development can the psychoactive drugs psilocyn and psilocybin be identified, and what effect does light have on the growth of these mushrooms. To answer these questions, Psilocybe cyanescens Wakefield mushrooms were grown from their spores in a controlled setting. At various times of their development, samples were taken and analyzed for psilocyn and psilocybin. Knowing what stage of development the psychoactive drugs can be identified may be useful to law enforcement personnel and forensic chemists. Methanolic extracts of various samples were analyzed by TLC and by GC/MS. It was determined that the mycelium knot stage of the mushroom was the earliest stage at which the psychoactive drugs could be detected. It was observed that light affected the time of development and the appearance of these mushrooms.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2001

Experience- and age-related outgrowth of intrinsic neurons in the mushroom bodies of the adult worker honeybee.

A worker honeybee performs tasks within the hive for approximately the first 3 weeks of adult life. After this time, it becomes a forager, flying repeatedly to collect food outside of the hive for the remainder of its 5-6 week life. Previous studies have shown that foragers have an increased volume of neuropil associated with the mushroom bodies, a brain region involved in learning, memory, and sensory integration. We report here that growth of the mushroom body neuropil in adult bees occurs throughout adult life and continues after bees begin to forage. Studies using Golgi impregnation asked whether the growth of the collar region of the mushroom body neuropil was a result of growth of the dendritic processes of the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, the Kenyon cells. Branching and length of dendrites in the collar region of the calyces were strongly correlated with worker age, but when age-matched bees were directly compared, those with foraging experience had longer, more branched dendrites than bees that had foraged less or not at all. The density of Kenyon cell dendritic spines remained constant regardless of age or behavioral state. Older and more experienced foragers therefore have a greater total number of dendritic spines in the mushroom body neuropil. Our findings indicate that, under natural conditions, the cytoarchitectural complexity of neurons in the mushroom bodies of adult honeybees increases as a function of increasing age, but that foraging experience promotes additional dendritic branching and growth.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

Soluble and insoluble oxalate content of mushrooms.

Six different cultivars of edible fungi were bought from a local supermarket in Uppsala, Sweden and three different cultivars of wild growing fungi were harvested from the forest adjoining the city. The edible portions of the raw fungi were then analysed for total and soluble oxalate content. A portion of each fungi was then cooked by first boiling in a small amount of water followed by frying in a small amount of butter. The total oxalate content of the raw, commercially grown mushrooms ranged from 58.9 to 104.1 mg/100 g DM while the values for the total oxalate content of the cooked mushrooms ranged from 48.9 to 124.6 mg/100 g DM. Apart from cultivars ostronskivling and piopino the cultivated mushrooms contained mostly insoluble oxalates. Mushrooms harvested from the forest contained only soluble oxalate with the levels ranging from 29.3 to 40.2 mg/100 g DM in the raw tissue. Cooking marginally lowered the soluble oxalate content of these mushrooms. The levels of soluble and insoluble oxalates of all the mushrooms analysed were low compared to other common oxalate-containing vegetables.

Agaricales↗
PubMed2005

[Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of different parts of wild growing edible mushrooms].

In this paper, vibrational spectra of different parts of fruiting bodies of wild growing mushrooms were recorded with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. It was different for the spectra of cap skin, gill, cap meat and stem of the same mushroom. The great differences were found between cap skin and other parts of the same mushrooms of Russula virescens and Russula rubra, whereas the spectra of mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus show greated differences between gill and other parts. These indicate variety in the chemical composition of different parts of the same fruiting body. The results suggest that the mushrooms could be identified at the species level by comparison of the vibrational spectra of different parts of fruiting bodies of mushrooms.

Agaricales↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The accumulation of the technogenic radionuclides by mushrooms in the area affected by the activity of the Krasnoyarsk mining-and-chemical industrial complex].

The radionuclide content was measured in mushrooms collected in different sites situated in the zone of the radiation influence on the Mining-and-Chemical Combine at Zheleznogorsk and on the control site, near Krasnoyarsk, in 2002-2004. The analytical investigations of fruiting bodies of 12 mushroom species have revealed three gamma-emitting radionuclides: 7Be, 40K (natural) and 137Cs (artificial). It was found that only three species contain 7Be; activity concentration of 40K is not species- and site-dependent, averaging 1600 Bq/kg. All collected samples contain 137Cs, and its accumulation by mushrooms is species-specific. Suillus concentrates more 137Cs activity than other species and can be used as a bioindicator of soil contamination with radiocesium. The average activity concentration of 137Cs in Suillus granulatus collected in the sites subjected only to aerosol discharges of the MCC is more than twice higher than 137Cs content of the mushrooms collected in the control site--"Krasnoyarsk". The maximum activity concentration of 137Cs in Suillus samples collected in the sites that receive 137Cs with the flood water is an order of magnitude higher, amounting to 8624 Bq/kg. The analysis of the radionuclide distribution in a mushroom shows that 40K activity concentration is the same in caps and stems of Suillus, and 137Cs concentration in Suillus caps is 1.7-2.3 times higher than in stems. Binding of radionuclides by mushroom biomass was determined by chemical fractionation; it was found that the highest activities of 137Cs and 40K are in the exchange-adsorption fraction (56 to 71% of the total content of a radionuclide) and in the organic fraction (23 to 37%). Calculations were made for determination of the coefficients of 40K and 137Cs transfer from the soil to the fruiting body of Suillus.

Agaricales↗