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PubMed2001

Estimated blood alcohol levels reached by "binge" and "nonbinge" drinkers: a survey of young adults in Montana.

The authors examined estimated blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) reached by so-called "binge drinkers" and "nonbinge drinkers" using a survey of young adults (age 18-24 years) in Montana. One third of drinkers were classified as "binge drinkers" the last time they consumed alcohol, using a gender-specific definition commonly applied to young adults: for men, having 5 or more drinks in a row, and for women, having 4 or more drinks. BAC levels were estimated on the basis of length of drinking episode, gender, weight, and typical alcohol consumption level. Among "binge drinkers," 63% did not reach .10% BAC or higher, 48% did not reach .08% BAC or higher, and 30% did not reach .06% BAC or higher. Of the "nonbinge drinkers," 7% reached .06% BAC or higher and 4% reached .08% BAC or higher. These findings underscore the potential problem of using binge drinking as a description and shorthand measure of drinking to intoxication.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in selected areas in western Montana.

In a survey (Oct, 1967, through Aug, 1969) of the distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in beef herds in 3 western Montana counties (Park, Gallatin, and Ravalli), infected cattle were detected in 27 of 35 herds. Results of 2,125 fecal examinations indicated that 7.8% of all cattle were infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus. Lungworms were found in 6.6% of 1,038 calves (less than 12 months old), 11.5% of 755 yearlings (1 to 2 years old), and 3.3% of 332 cows (more than 2 years old). A distinct seasonal pattern existed in calf infections, with initial passage of larvae beginning in late July or August and persisting until November or December. Exposure of calves in 1 portion of the study area apparently was delayed until November, with patent infections continuing through March. Spontaneous loss of infections normally occurred after 3 to 4 months of patency. The mean rate of larval excretion in the feces of all infected cattle was 0.37 larvae per gram of feces (l/g). Larval output was relatively uniform within each geographic area regardless of host age, but varied considerably from one portion of the study area to another. The potential role of wild ruminants (deer, elk, and moose) in the epizootiology of D viviparus is discussed with respect to western range utilization practices.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genital abnormalities in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in west-central Montana: pesticide exposure as a possible cause.

From spring, 1996, to early spring, 2000, accident-killed and injured white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, in the Bitterroot Valley of west-central, Montana, U.S.A., were collected and examined for genital abnormalities at the Bitterroot Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. Of the 254 male deer examined, 133 were fawns aged 3 months to 1 yr, 29 were 1 to 1 1/2 yrs of age, and 92 were 1 1/2 to 3 yrs of age. Approximately 33% were normal; the remaining 67% showed varying degrees of apparent genital developmental anomalies, specifically mispositioned and undersized scrota and ectopic testes, and this percentage held through all age groups. The sex ratio of fawns and fetuses was skewed towards males, significantly so for the 1996 fawn cohort and for the total of all fawns and fetuses in the study. Although possible causes of the genital anomalies, centering on endocrine disrupting pesticides, are discussed, no conclusions of cause and effect can be currently justified.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Prevalence of antibodies to serotypes of Bluetongue virus and Anaplasma marginale in Montana feeder cattle: 2002-2003.

In a serologic survey of Montana-source weaned calves and yearling cattle, the apparent prevalence of antibodies to Bluetongue virus was 0.68% and 1.26% in 2002 and 2003, respectively, and to Anaplasma marginale at a positive cutoff at 30% inhibition it was 1.82% and 1.35% in 2002 and 2003, and at a positive cutoff at 42% inhibition it was 0.76% and 0.55% in 2002 and 2003, respectively, suggesting that the risk of importing infected animals was very low.

Anaplasma marginale↗
PubMed1989

A brief history of graduate medical education in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.

Internships and hospital-based medical education preceded by more than 40 years the beginnings of a medical school in Washington State. Just after the turn of the 20th century, a few internships were begun by hospitals in Seattle and Spokane to help with the care of their sicker patients in the tradition of Eastern teaching hospitals. In the 1920s and 1930s, the number of hospitals with internship programs grew steadily as part of a nationwide effort at hospital standardization. Experiences in developing these programs and problems with intern recruitment contributed to the beginning of the University of Washington School of Medicine after World War II. Since the 1960s, intern and resident training has progressively become a cooperative effort of the school with many hospitals and clinics in Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho contributing to the development of graduate medical education in this region.

Alaska↗
PubMed1989

Photosensitization of cattle in Montana: is Descurainia pinnata the culprit?

Recurrent photosensitization of cattle in Montana has been blamed on Descurainia pinnata, tansy mustard. Two feeding trials were conducted to determine if tansy mustard was phototoxic. Pen-fed cattle consumed 2.4 and 4.1 kg/hd/day of tansy mustard in the 2 trials, and no photosensitization was detected. Liver clearance of BSP was within normal limits, as were blood chemistry values for AST, CK and GGT. Field cases have confirmed that tansy mustard was present and grazed in pastures where affected animals have grazed. We suspect that other factors may be necessary to predispose cattle to photosensitization by tansy mustard, and future work will attempt to determine the cause of the photosensitization.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Sarcocystis infections in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Montana and the descriptions of three new species.

Four structural types of sarcocysts of Sarcocystis were found in skeletal muscles of mule deer in Montana. Type I sarcocysts were thin walled (1 to 3 micron) and belonged to S hemionilatrantis. Types II to IV sarcocysts were thick walled (2 to 10 microns) and new names were proposed for them. Type II sarcocysts with long villar projections were named S hemioni. Type III sarcocysts with club-shaped villi of uneven thickness were named S youngi. Type IV sarcocysts with walls of uneven thickness and containing hair-like protrusions were named S americana.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Serologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and elk in Montana.

Serum samples from 2,539 cattle, 649 sheep, 123 goats, 413 pigs, 93 bison, and 56 elk from Montana were examined for antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the Sabin-Feldman dye test or the modified agglutination test (MAT). Cattle, bison, and elk serum samples were treated with 0.2 M-mercaptoethanol before examination in MAT. In the dye test, 13.2% of sheep, 5.0% of pigs, and 22.7% of goats had antibody at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:16. In the MAT, 3.2% of cattle, 3.1% of bison, and none of the elk were positive at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:128.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

An exploratory study of the health decision-making variables of New York and Montana ninth-graders.

The health decision-making dynamics of adolescents in New York and Montana are assessed. Ninth-grade students were asked to make a decision on a hypothetical dilemma scenario. From their choice they were classified as either health-promoting decision makers (HPDM) or health-risky decision makers (HRDM). They were subsequently asked a series of questions dealing with future health choices, degree of reflection, the effect of stress upon choice selection, and type of cognition during decision. Results indicate that HPDM intended not to engage in future, risky sexual behavior or drinking and driving behavior(s). Health-risky decision makers were, however, more reflective in making their initial choice. The variable of stress was not definitive for either group, and significant regional differences were not evident. Implications for the design of school health education program curricula are presented along with suggestions for future investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Sarcocystis infection in the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Montana: intensity and description of Sarcocystis odoi n sp.

Sarcocystis infection was diagnosed in 27 of 36 (75%) samples of meat from white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Montana. Two structurally distinct thin- and thick-walled sarcocysts were found in the white-tailed deer; the thin-walled sarcocysts were those of S odocoileocanis. A new name, S odoi, was proposed for the thick-walled sarcocysts. Sarcocysts of S odoi were up to 1,050 microns long and 260 microns wide and contained a 6.5- to 12-microns thick wall. The ultrastructure of sarcocysts of S odocoileocanis was compared with that of S odoi. A cat fed meat containing thin- and thick-walled sarcocysts shed oocysts and sporocysts 24 days later. The sporocysts in the cat's feces were 13.3 X 9.6 microns and probably belonged to S odoi.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Arsenic and respiratory cancer in humans: follow-up of copper smelter employees in Montana.

As a follow-up to an earlier study concerned with the role of arsenic in human carcinogenesis, the mortality experience during 1938-77 of 8,045 white male smelter employees in Montana exposed to arsenic trioxide was compared to that of the white male population of the same region. The excess mortality among smelter employees was due largely to respiratory cancer and diseases of the heart. Respiratory cancer mortality was analyzed with reference to period of first employment, length of employment, and degree of exposure to arsenic trioxide and sulfur dioxide. The excess in respiratory cancer was seven to eight times that expected among men first employed prior to 1925 who were heavily or moderately exposed to arsenic trioxide; it was more than four times that expected among men heavily exposed and first employed in 1925-47, and it decreased in direct proportion to degree of arsenic trioxide exposure. Inhaled arsenic trioxide was strongly implicated as the primary agent associated with the excess respiratory cancer, with sulfur dioxide perhaps enhancing the effect.

Arsenic↗
PubMed1984

Ovine abortion and neonatal death due to toxoplasmosis in Montana.

Of 33 ewes in a flock in Montana, 6 aborted or gave birth to weak lambs, which died within 2 days after birth. Two lambs and a placenta from 1 ewe as well as 1 lamb from another ewe were submitted for diagnosis. Focal necrotizing placentitis, focal pneumonia, focal hepatitis, focal interstitial nephritis, and focal nonsuppurative encephalitis were seen in tissue sections from 2 of the lambs. Toxoplasma gondii was found in smears and sections of the placenta and in sections of lung from 1 lamb. Mice inoculated with tissues from a lamb developed dye test antibodies to T gondii. Eleven of 12 ewes from the same flock had dye test antibody titers of 1:16 or more, and titers were 4-fold higher in aborting ewes than in ewes with normal lambs.

Abortion, Septic↗
PubMed1981

Epizootic toxoplasmosis associated with abortion in dairy goats in Montana.

Perinatal toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in goats from 2 farms in Montana. Of 7 pregnant does from one farm, 1 aborted a dead fetus and 2 each had a kid infected in utero. Toxoplasma gondii was demonstrated histologically in the placenta of 2 of the infected does and by mouse inoculation in all 3 of them. The organism also was isolated from internal organs of 6 of 7 does, 4 of 4 cats, and 3 of 11 chickens from the farm. A pregnant doe from the other farm delivered 3 kids infected with T gondii. One kid was born dead, 1 was moribund when born, and 1 was healthy when born. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the placenta and several tissues of all 3 kids.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1995

Increasing influenza vaccination rates for Medicare beneficiaries--Montana and Wyoming, 1994.

Approximately 20,000 influenza-associated deaths occurred during each of 10 different epidemics in the United States during 1972-1991; most (> 90%) of the deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza occurred among persons aged > or = 65 years. Although Medicare has provided reimbursement for influenza vaccination since 1993, the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) received billing claims for influenza vaccination for the 1993-94 and 1994-95 influenza seasons for only 35% and 38% of Medicare beneficiaries, respectively (HCFA, unpublished data, 1995). This report describes the impact of an intervention project in September 1994 in which individual Medicare beneficiaries aged > or = 65 years in Montana and Wyoming were contacted and encouraged to receive influenza vaccination.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Prevalence and transmission of cercariae causing schistosome dermatitis in Flathead Lake, Montana.

Numerous studies have been conducted on swimmer's itch, but very few have been in Montana and none on Flathead Lake, the largest, natural freshwater lake in the western United States. We conducted a study to determine the prevalence of hosts transmitting cercariae causing swimmer's itch in this lake. Hosts for this life cycle were determined by direct observation of fresh waterfowl fecal material for the presence of miracidia, and snails for the presence of cercariae. Swimmer's itch-producing cercariae were verified directly by placing various species on the arms of human volunteers and waiting for a reaction. Results of the study were further substantiated using a controlled experiment in which snails were individually infected with miracidia from the suspected waterfowl host and then checked for infection after a 6-wk incubation period. Our findings show that the common merganser (Mergus merganser) and the snail Stagnicola elrodi were natural hosts of the swimmer's itch parasite (Trichobiharzia ocellata) with prevalences of 84% and 2.0%, respectively. To our knowledge this is the first documented case of S. elrodi transmitting the swimmer's itch cercariae.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Classification of American Indian race on birth and infant death certificates--California and Montana.

The accuracy of infant mortality rates and other indices of the health of populations depends on the consistency of information collected from separate sources (e.g., birth and death certificates). Inconsistent recording of basic information such as race and ethnicity has resulted in underestimation of mortality among minority populations, particularly minority populations other than blacks. This report summarizes studies in California and Montana that describe and measure the magnitude of differences in the recording of race for American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/ANs) on birth and infant death certificates.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1997

Human rabies--Kentucky and Montana 1996.

In October and December 1996, a woman in Kentucky and a man in Montana died from rabies. This report summarizes the clinical courses and epidemiologic investigation of these cases, which indicate that a bat was the probable source of exposure for each case.

Adult↗