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PubMed2004

MMPI-2 scores of patients with insomnia.

Although the MMPI-2 has been employed since 1989, to date no study has been reported on its use with patients with insomnia. The MMPI-2 was administered to 104 insomnia patients. The T scores of all the MMPI-2 scales fell below the cut-off score of T = 65. Although the group profile was within the normal range, the percentages of patients who had MMPI-2 scores above T = 65 for each scale indicated that a substantial portion of the insomnia patients obtained elevated scores, particularly in the Hs, D, Hy, and Pt scales. Thus, the results suggest that many of the insomnia patients exhibit psychological distress and would benefit from brief psychological interventions, such as sleep hygiene education and relaxation training. In view of the large number of insomnia patients who obtained abnormal MMPI-2 scores, a psychological measure such as the MMPI-2 remains an important assessment tool in identifying insomnia patients who may need extensive psychotherapeutic intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

MMPI-2 characteristics of adults diagnosed with attention deficit disorder.

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) has been increasingly recognized as extending into adulthood, affecting occupational, interpersonal, and psychological functioning. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and its revision (MMPI-2) have been widely used in the assessment of patients with psychiatric disorders, but few studies have attempted to characterize the personality profiles of individuals with ADD and none have used the MMPI-2. Thirty-three patients with ADD and 33 schizophrenia patients were compared to 46 healthy control subjects on the MMPI-2 validity, clinical and Harris-Lingoes scales. With the exception of significantly lower scores for general affective distress (F), thought disorder (Sc), and paranoia (Pa), ADD subjects demonstrated remarkably similar profiles to those seen in the schizophrenia group. Significant differences between the three groups were found on a majority of the clinical scales, with ADD subjects showing similar profile elevations as schizophrenic subjects on both clinical- and sub-scales. These results were consistent with previous research using the original MMPI in adults with ADD, and confirm that examination of MMPI-2 profiles may be a useful diagnostic aid for this disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Misconceptions and misuse of the MMPI-2 in assessing personal injury claimants.

The MMPI-2 enjoys widespread popularity in the psychological assessment of personal injury claimants, in part due to its long history, massive research literature, strong empirical basis, and the availability of commercial interpretative and scoring services. However, the relative paucity of studies examining the forensic role of the MMPI-2, raises concerns about the applicability of traditional interpretative guidelines in the medicolegal arena. This paper analyses MMPI-2 protocols of 2080 cases derived from a forensic psychiatric practice in Brisbane, Australia. The data presented here challenges these traditional MMPI-2 interpretations and calls into question assumptions and commonly employed techniques when applied in this setting. In particular, the validity of codetype-based interpretations, the role the MMPI-2 plays in differential diagnosis, and assumptions regarding diagnostically-specific patterns on the test are challenged. MMPI-2 interpretative cookbooks, computer report-writers, adherence to the intent of the test-developers, and appeals to authority are inadequate substitutes for empirical accuracy, and an active hypothesis-testing interpretative approach, based upon setting-specific base-rate data, is recommended.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1987

The utility of MMPI subtypes for the prediction of weight loss after bariatric surgery. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

In this paper we report a study designed to improve the ability to predict postoperative weight loss employing methods dictated by the premise that substantial psychological homogeneity is necessary within subsets of patients before similar weight losses can be observed within those subsets. Subjects were 138 women who completed the MMPI prior to undergoing vertical banded gastroplasty. Cluster analysis of the MMPI profiles identified 10 predictive MMPI types. Fifty-six percent of the patients were classified into the 10 types, the remainder were grouped into a residual category. Analysis of covariance revealed that MMPI type accounted for 50 percent of the variance in 12-month weight loss after covarying for initial weight and pre-operative percentage of ideal weight. Variables that added significantly to the prediction of weight loss were age and MMPI scale Pd. In general, the prototypic profiles indicative of the greatest disturbance predicted poor weight loss. In contrast to the 10 MMPI types described in this study, an alternative clustering of patients into fewer groups with much less psychological homogeneity was not predictive of outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Adapting the MMPI for use in assessing late adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago.

In this study, the original Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was modified slightly by rewording ten items to fit the vernacular of English employed by young men and women in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The response alternatives were extended to include a "don't understand" answer in addition to "true" and "false." To determine the effectiveness of the MMPI for use in this cultural setting, 202 male and 246 female high school students between the ages of 15 and 20 years were examined. Two clinical groups also were studied: 26 male and 32 female adolescents in psychiatric treatment, as well as 49 male and 14 female juvenile offenders incarcerated for various delinquent acts. The retest stability of the basic MMPI scores was evaluated by readministering the MMPI one week later to samples of normal males and females. Validity scale data indicated that these late adolescents were responding to the MMPI in ways comparable to normal and clinical groups in the United States. The results of this investigation support the use of the MMPI in the appraisal of emotional problems of adolescents seen in both the mental health and criminal justice systems in Trinidad and Tobago.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Evaluating PTSD in incarcerated male juveniles with the MMPI-A: an exploratory analysis.

This is a preliminary study examining the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent form (MMPI-A; Butcher, Williams, Graham, Archer, Tellegan, Ben-Porath, & Kaemmer, 1992) for identifying PTSD in incarcerated adolescents. Scores from the MMPI-A were compared with scores and diagnostic criteria from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index (PTSD-RI; Frederick, 1985) for a sample of 60 male juvenile delinquents. Results from a MANOVA indicated significant differences in mean scores for MMPI-A Scales 4, 6, and 8 for both PTSD and Non-PTSD groups. The MMPI Supplementary PK scale (Keane, Malloy & Fairbank, 1984), developed for identifying PTSD, was adapted and evaluated for applications with the MMPI-A. Finally, a discriminant function analysis successfully classified juveniles with and without PTSD symptomatology. In summary, the PK scale was moderately successful at identifying post-traumatic stress reactions. Our results suggest that the MMPI-A may serve as a useful screening measure, indicating the need for further evaluation of traumatic experiences in juveniles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

MMPI-2 based classification of forensic psychiatric outpatients: an exploratory cluster analytic study.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), and now the MMPI-2, are the most widely researched personality assessment tools in correctional and related forensic settings (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1940; MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). Using the original MMPI, Megargee (1977a) and colleagues (Megargee & Bohn, 1977; Megargee & Dorhout, 1977) developed an extensive and meaningful classification system for correctional inmates. However, few studies, with the exception of Toch and Adams (1994) cluster analytic study of emotionally disturbed violent offenders, have explored possibilities of a statistically derived categorical classification paradigm within the growing population of forensic psychiatric patients awaiting discharge into the community (Bannatyne, 1996). The present exploratory study investigates the utility of a commonly employed and replicable cluster analytic method in establishing an MMPI-2-based categorical classification system within a substantial forensic psychiatric outpatient sample (N = 300). Here, we present results of a seven-cluster solution, augmented by contemporaneous Rorschach inkblot data utilizing Exner's Comprehensive System (Exner, 1991; Exner et al., 1995). Descriptive cluster characteristics are provided along with potential clinical correlates in an attempt to move closer to the goal of pairing informed assessment with effective treatment in this growing, but unique, population.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory, MMPI, and Rorschach in assessing adolescent depression

The purpose of the present study was to assess the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the MMPI Depression scale (MMPI-D), and the Rorschach Depression Index (DEPI) in measuring adolescent depression. Retroactive charts of 118 hospitalized adolescents were divided into depressed (n=66) and nondepressed (n=52) groups, based on the psychiatric diagnosis. Results indicated significant differences between the means of the two groups on the BDI (p<0.00001) and the MMPI-D scale (p<0.0001), establishing concurrent validity for these measures of depression. Correlation coefficients among the three measures of depression indicated a significant relationship between the BDI and the MMPI-D scale (p<0.01), again supporting the concurrent validity of these instruments. Predictive utility was determined for each of the three instruments individually and in combination, with results indicating that the BDI and MMPI-D scales alone and in combination significantly discriminated depressed from nondepressed adolescents. The MMPI-D scale alone was the most accurate measure in classifying the participants into their respective groups. The DEPI was not established as a valid predictor of adolescent depression.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1980

Conversion equations for modified scoring of the MMPI-168.

For a sample of 300 patients who had been administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), the MMPI-168 was extracted from the full MMPI and scored to incorporate those items normally excluded by Form R keys. MMPI-168 correlations with the full MMPI ranged from .80 to .97 with a mean of .90, indicating satisfactory statistical validity, and modified scoring was shown to improve predictability for Pa and Sc. Using these data, substitution equations for transforming MMPI-168 raw scores to estimates of full-scale scores were calculated. These transformations did not differ greatly from those reported in previous research except on Pa and Sc, where additional items increase scale length substantially.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Are critical items "critical" for the MMPI-A.

This article examines one aspect of the potential usefulness of critical items to the: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -Adolescent (MMPI-A). Endorsement frequency data are presented on the Koss-Butcher (1973) and the Lachar-Wrobeli (1979) critical items for Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) adult normative and clinical samples and for MMPI-A adolescent normative and clinical samples. Adolescents in both normal and clinical samples endorse critical items with a higher frequency than do normal adults. Further, results demonstrated that significant differences were uniformly found between the endorsement frequencies for normative versus clinical subjects for the MMPI-2 samples, whereas similar comparisons for the MMPI-A samples typically showed that adolescents in clinical setting did not endorse critical items more frequently than normal adolescents. These findings indicate that it may be difficult to construct critical item lists for adolescents based on the type of empirical methodology used with adults in which items are selected based on endorsement frequency differences found between comparison group. Beyond the issue of the technical difficulty in creating a critical item list for adolescents, several conceptual concerns are raised regarding the application of critical items to the MMPI-A. It was noted that the concept of "critical items" has not been we11 defined, and both the reliability and validity of critical items may be limited in adolescent populations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Psychometric characteristics of the MMPI-2 Cook-Medley Hostility scale.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1943) Cook-Medley Hostility scale (Ho) has been studied a great deal because of its relation to coronary disease and mortality. However, little research has been conducted with the Ho scale on the revised MMPI (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). This study examined the psychometric characteristics of the MMPI-2 Ho scale. Only nine of the original 50 Ho items were slightly changed in the revision. Ho scores were highly correlated with MMPI-2 scales CYN, K, TPA, and ASP, supporting the interpretation of Ho as a measure of cynicism. High correlations with other MMPI-2 scales also suggested that Ho is related to general psychopathology and negative affectivity. Male Ho scorers were rated by their spouses as hotheaded, bossy, demanding, and argumentative. For women, Ho scale scores were less strongly associated with ratings of overt hostility. Principal components analysis of Ho revealed four underlying dimensions: Cynicism, Hypersensitivity, Aggressive Responding, and Social Avoidance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Current status of MMPI-2 research: a methodologic overview.

MMPI-2 research since 1990 has been reviewed to assess whether Butcher and Tellegen's (1978) concerns and suggestions about MMPI research were being followed. Guidelines are provided for when the MMPI-2 is appropriate to administer, how to describe the sample used, assessing validity of the profile, what scores to analyze, and how to report the results. Suggestions also are presented for research within several current areas of debate in the MMPI-2: codetype comparability between the MMPI and MMPI-2, incremental validity of new or existing scales, obvious and subtle subscales, emphasis on item content, development of new scales, and correcting profiles for specific medical and physical conditions.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Extreme MMPI scores and the Research Diagnostic Criteria. Screening college men for psychopathology.

This study compares psychiatric evaluations made with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory (MMPI) to evaluations with a standard clinical interview and the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC). The purpose was to generate a nonhospitalized, previously undiagnosed sample of persons who had psychiatric difficulties or symptoms. Of 385 college male volunteers, 56 with scores at least 3 SD above the mean on at least one MMPI scale were chosen as an index group, and 27, with all MMPI scores within normal limits, as a control group. In the index group, 82% met the RDC for at least one diagnosis, whereas only 22% of the control sample met the RDC for any diagnosis. One index subject met the RDC for schizophrenia; 15 met the RDC for a major affective disorder. Some correspondence between specific MMPI profile code types and RDC diagnoses was evident. Thus, researchers can identify a range of psychopathology meeting the RDC by using MMPI screening in a nonhospital setting. Such a research sample, free from the possible artifacts of hospitalization, drug treatment, and diagnostic labeling, can be useful particularly in testing hypotheses concerning the biological correlates of psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

MMPI-2 patterns in African-American females.

Researchers have reported conflicting conclusions about the relation of the MMPI (MMPI-2) clinical scale elevations and race. Consequently, this study examined the concurrent validity of the MMPI-2 in evaluating African-American females. Seventy-eight (78) African American college student volunteers were administered the MMPI-2, along with other measures of personality, achievement, and coping style. Scores revealed 76% of the sample had elevated profiles. Subjects were divided into three groups based on frequency of clinical scale code type. Subjects with the 5/9 profile elevations functioned as well as normals on measures of coping skills and mood disorders. Discussion emphasizes the importance of clinical interpretation of MMPI data in research programs and the relationship of the data to coping style.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Relating PACL measures of Millon's basic personality styles and MMPI-2 scales in patient and normal samples.

Millon's basic personality styles as measured by the Personality Adjective Check List (PACL; Strack, 1987, 1991b) were linked to Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) basic scales via bivariate correlation and factor analysis in independent samples of psychiatric patients (N = 196) and normal adults (N = 124). Consistent with previous research, Millon's neurotic, introverted styles were positively associated with MMPI-2 scales measuring introversion, affective states, and disturbed thinking, whereas extroverted, socially dominant Millon styles were negatively associated to the same scales. Millon personalities and MMPI-2 scales were reliably associated along two bipolar dimensions measuring Neuroticism/Introversion versus Extroversion and Emotional Distress versus Emotional Stability, which accounted for 45% of the variance. A third General Distress factor loaded only MMPI-2 scales. Congruency coefficients indicated that the factors for patients and normal participants were very similar. Results highlighted the consistency of the links between MMPI-2 basic scales, the PACL, and other Millon instruments, as well as the utility of the PACL as a measure of Millon's personality styles in a mental health population.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Comparison of nonpsychiatric blacks and whites on the MMPI.

The literature indicates inconsistent results when MMPI differences between black Ss and white Ss were investigated. In general, most studies found that blacks responded in a more pathological direction. However, previous studies can be criticized because they have used students, prisoners, and hospital patients as Ss with variables that were controlled inconsistently and varied widely. In this study a comparison was made of MMPI scales for 56 black and 56 white males who were full-time employees of a large chemical company. Ss were matched for age, education, occupation, seniority, mental ability level, and socioeconomic level. The 10 standard clinical and 3 validity MMPI scales were recorded for each S as well as six experimental scales: Control (C), Dependency (DPD), Dominance (DOM), Ego Strength (ES), Anxiety Index (AI), and Internalization Ratio (IR). Using K corrected T-scores for the MMPI scales, a repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that subtests and group X subtests were significant. More specifically, blacks scored significantly higher than white Ss on the MA scale, and white Ss scored significantly higher than blacks on the PA, C, DOM, and Es scales. While the present study did find significant differences between black and white Ss on the MMPI, the scores were all well within the normal range (T less than 70), and all scales but two were less than 60.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1977

The Watson and the Hovey MMPI scales: do they measure organicity or "functional" psychopathology?

Both the Hovey MMPI Scale of Organicity and the Watson MMPI Sc-O Scale, developed to differentiate schizophrenics from organics, demonstrated substantial association with psychopathology as measured by the MMPI regular clinical and validity scales. These findings occurred with both penitentiary inmates and psychiatric patients. For the Sc-O Scale the correlations with the regular MMPI Scales for the patients tended to be higher than for the prisoners, presumably because of the greater psychopathology present in the former. With the psychiatric patients there was actually a significant inverse relationship between the organicity direction of Sc-O and Hovey Scales, a finding that had been reported in a previous study. The inference from these findings was that MMPI-based organicity scales probably have seriously limited utility, especially in differentiation between organicity and "functional" psychopathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Prediction of help-seeking with the MMPI: the problem of base rates.

The usefulness of combined elevation of the Depression and Psychasthenia scales of the MMPI as a predictor of psychological help-seeking was investigated for two classes at a small liberal arts college for men. Counseling service use rates during the 4 years of college for all students who scored at or above T = 60 on both MMPI scales (N = 83) were compared with rates for all other students (N = 269). Students in the high Depression-Psychasthenia group were significantly more likely to seek counseling during their freshman years than were other students (p less than .05). Among counselees the high MMPI group also made significantly more visits to the service (p less than .05). Application of a Bayesian rule disclosed that the MMPI measure would have improved decision accuracy only with respect to the prediction that a student would come in for counseling at some time during college. In this population, the MMPI measure is both a valid and a useful predictor.

Counseling↗