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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

Is death row obsolete? A decade of mainstreaming death-sentenced inmates in Missouri.

Death-sentenced inmates in Missouri have been integrated or "mainstreamed" into the general population of the Potosi Correctional Center since 1991. By comparing the rate of violent misconduct among these mainstreamed death-sentenced inmates with that of the life-without-parole and parole eligible inmates under fully integrated conditions of confinement, this study provides the first empirical (statistical) evaluation of this innovative alternative to segregated death row confinement. The mainstreamed death-sentenced inmates committed no inmate or staff homicides, or attempted homicides. Comparison of their rates of institutional violence revealed frequencies that were similar to those of life-without-parole inmates, and well below those of fellow inmates who were sentenced to parole eligible terms. These findings cast serious doubt on the security-driven assumptions that have typified the segregation of death-sentenced inmates and have dictated highly restrictive confinement policies for this group. A conclusion that death-sentenced inmates can be safely integrated into a general prison population has significant implications for allocation of scarce fiscal resources and correctional staff, as well as for inmate mental health, particularly given the extended tenure that death-sentenced inmates typically serve between sentencing and relief/execution.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Attributable risk of lung cancer in lifetime nonsmokers and long-term ex-smokers (Missouri, United States).

A population-based, case-control study of incident lung cancer among women in Missouri (United States) who were lifetime nonsmokers and long-term ex-smokers was conducted between 1986 and 1992. The study included 618 lung cancer cases and 1,402 population-based, age matched controls. Information on lung-cancer risk factors was obtained by interviewing cases, next-of-kin of cases (36 percent and 64 percent of the cases, respectively) and controls. Year-long radon measurements also were sought in every dwelling occupied for the previous five to 30 years. Population attributable risks (PAR) for specific risk factors were computed for all subjects, for lifetime nonsmokers, for long-term ex-smokers, by histologic cell type (i.e., adenocarcinoma cf nonadenocarcinoma) and for direct interviews with case (for living cases) and for next-of-kin interviews (for dead cases or cases too ill to complete an interview). The mean age at lung cancer diagnosis was 71 years, and nearly 50 percent of the lung cancers were histologically confirmed adenocarcinomas. Almost 40 percent of all lung cancers among lifetime nonsmokers and almost 50 percent of lung cancers among all subjects could be explained by the risk factors under study. Dietary intake of saturated fat and nonmalignant lung disease were the two leading identified risk factors for lung cancer among the lifetime nonsmokers, followed by environmental tobacco smoke, and occupational exposures to known carcinogens. A small nonsignificant risk was found for study subjects exposed to median domestic radon concentration of 4 pCi/l (25-year time-weight average).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1977

Missouri Automated Radiology System: a dynamic, interactive diagnostic and management system for radiant images.

Missouri Automated Radiology System has functioned in full support of the Department of Radiology for more than 7 years. For the past 5 years, MARS has functioned as a minicomputer system on a DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) PDP-15 computer. While continuing to effectively support the department, in daily use by 20 staff and 15 resident physicians, MARS has continued to function in a research and development mode. With the continuous development of new applications, MARS is now essential to the function of the department and has again proven the point that physicians and computers can function symbiotically in the medical environment.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2005

Zinc and lead poisoning in wild birds in the tri-state mining district (Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri).

The Tri-State Mining District (Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri) is contaminated with Pb, Cd, and Zn from mining, milling and smelting. Metals have been dispersed heterogeneously throughout the District in the form of milled mine waste ("chat"), as flotation tailings and from smelters as aerial deposition or slag. This study was conducted to determine if the habitat has been contaminated to the extent that the assessment populations of wild birds are exposed to toxic concentrations of metals. American robins (Turdus migratorius), northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), and waterfowl had increased Pb tissue concentrations (p < 0.05) compared with Pb tissue concentrations from reference birds, and the exposure of songbirds to Pb was comparable with that of birds observed at other sites severely contaminated with Pb. Mean activities of the Pb-sensitive enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were decreased by >50% in red blood cells in these birds (p < 0.05). Several birds had tissue concentrations of Pb that have been associated with impaired biological functions and external signs of poisoning. Cadmium was increased in kidneys of songbirds (p < 0.05), but no proximal tubule cell necrosis associated with Cd poisoning was observed. Zinc concentrations in liver and kidney of waterfowl were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than reference values. The increased environmental concentrations of Zn associated with mining in the District accounted for the pancreatitis previously observed in five waterfowl from the District. The District is the first site at which free-flying wild birds have been found to be suffering severe effects of Zn poisoning.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A comparative analysis of heat waves and associated mortality in St. Louis, Missouri--1980 and 1995.

This research investigates heat-related mortality during the 1980 and 1995 heat waves in St. Louis, Missouri. St. Louis has a long history of extreme summer weather, and heat-related mortality is a public health concern. Heat waves are defined as days with apparent temperatures exceeding 40.6 degrees C (105 degrees F). The study uses a multivariate analysis to investigate the relationship between mortality and heat wave intensity, duration, and timing within the summer season. The heat wave of 1980 was more severe and had higher associated mortality than that of 1995. To learn if changing population characteristics, in addition to weather conditions, contributed to this difference, changes in population vulnerability between 1980 and 1995 are evaluated under simulated heat wave conditions. The findings show that St. Louis remains at risk of heat wave mortality. In addition, there is evidence that vulnerability has increased despite increased air-conditioning penetration and public health interventions.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics and gender differences among self-excluded casino problem gamblers: Missouri data.

The present study explores gender-related differences in the demographic and gambling-related characteristics of 2670 problem gamblers participating in a state-administered (Missouri) casino self-exclusion program between 2001 and 2003. Female (n=1298, 48.4%) and male (n=1372, 51.1%) participants ranged in age from 21 to 84 years. Gender-related differences were noted among demographic variables, patterns of gambling behavior, reasons for self-exclusion, and involvement in self-help, counseling, and bankruptcy services. Female self-excluders were more likely than males to be older at time of application, African American, and either retired, unemployed or otherwise outside the traditional workforce. In addition, female self-excluders were more likely to report a later age of gambling onset, a shorter period between onset and self-exclusion, a preference for non-strategic forms of gambling and prior bankruptcy. The main predictors for female participation in self-exclusion included a desire to gain control and prevent suicide and referral by a counselor. The desire to save the marriage was a motivating factor for all participants. Findings suggest that the most efficacious treatment strategies with this group will include family systemic therapy and financial management in addition to pharmaco-treatment and culturally-sensitive individual therapy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pentazocine/tripelennamine (T's and blues) abuse: a five year survey of St. Louis, Missouri.

From 1977 to 1981, the intravenous use of a pentazocine/tripelennamine combination (T's and Blues) has become a major drug abuse problem in the city of St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. There has been a continuous increase in the involvement of these drugs in (a) sudden and violent deaths (62 homicides, 7 fatal intoxications), (b) emergency room visits (137 in 1980), (c) admissions to drug treatment programs (7.7% in 1978 up to 64% in 1981), and (d) police laboratory cases (100 in 1977 - 78 up to 700 in 1981). Initial popularity of the drugs was related to the decline in the quality of street heroin (2.5% in 1977 reduced to 0.5% by 1979) and the lack of strict legal controls. Serious adverse reactions include clonic-tonic seizures and pulmonary foreign body granulomatosis. Ethanol and diazepam were present in 53% and 10% of T's and Blues medical examiner's cases, respectively (n = 70). Addicts are usually black males, 20 - 30 years old, from impoverished areas of the city. The drugs are available to the illicit trade through theft or diversion from legitimate sources.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Nurse practitioner knowledge of chronic venous disease: a randomized survey of nurse practitioners in Missouri.

Adult nurse practitioners (NPs) and family practice NPs were randomly sampled (N = 411) from the Missouri 2002 list of certified advanced practice nurses. These practitioners were sent a cover letter and the Diseases of Veins Explanation Survey, which was originally developed for assessing patients' explanatory model of the disease. The Diseases of Veins Explanation Survey was tested and revised with professionals (experts) to determine adequate knowledge of the disease. The survey has 5 sections focusing on chronic venous disease: causes, signs, results, treatments, and efficacy of treatments. Section scores and a total score for the participants were calculated by using the expert panel answer model. A total of 138 practitioners responded, with an additional 37 letters returned with an incorrect address, for a total usable response rate of 34%. Demographics of the participants are presented, as well as comparisons between the expert mean section scores and the mean section scores of the NPs. The section scores of the NPs were not significantly different than the section scores of the expert panel; however, the total score of the NPs was significantly different from that of the expert panel ( P =.05). This, plus individual item differences, has implications for NP education and practice.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lead, cadmium, and zinc concentrations in plaster and mortar from structures in Jasper and Newton Counties, Missouri (Tri-State Mining District).

The primary goal of this study was to evaluate anecdotal evidence that within Jasper and Newton Counties, Missouri, two counties within the Tri-State Mining District, granular mine tailings were commonly used in place of river sands in wall plasters and mortar. Interior wall plaster and mortar samples from structures in this mining district were analyzed for lead, cadmium, and zinc, and compared to samples from Springfield, MO (comparison site). The Jasper and Newton County samples showed elevated concentrations of the three elements, consistent with the inclusion of mine tailings, with a number of samples containing lead and cadmium at concentrations greater than EPA remediation targets for yard soil. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of the zinc ore minerals, sphalerite and hemimorphite, in high level samples. Thin section optical studies identified the major component of the aggregate as chert, a mineral abundant within the tailing piles. Because dust from crumbling plaster and mortar could represent an avenue for significant heavy metal exposure to building occupants, we suggest that there may be associated health consequences that should be further evaluated.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2005

Suspended solids in Missouri reservoirs in relation to catchment features and internal processes.

Mean total suspended solids (TSS), in 135 Missouri reservoirs range from 1.2 to 47 mg/l. The volatile (VSS) and non-volatile (NVSS) fractions range from 0.6 to 9.6 mg/l and 0.5 to 37 mg/l, respectively. %NVSS is the larger fraction and declines through summer as %VSS increases. Suspended solids (particularly VSS) correlate with metrics of lake trophic state and are positively related with the proportion of cropland (%C, r = 0.69-0.74) in their catchments, negatively related with forest cover (r = -0.54 to -0.56), and weakly related with grassland (r < 0.31). Regressions including %C with dam height (representing morphometry) and flushing rate (representing hydrology), explain approximately 70% of cross-system variation in TSS and 67% in VSS. Dam height and %C explain 57% of variation in NVSS. Residual analysis shows statewide models under-predict suspended solids in urban reservoirs. Effects of catchment features on summer TSS largely reflect internal plankton growth mediated by influent nutrients (affecting VSS) over direct sediment input (affecting NVSS).

Chlorophyll↗
PubMed2006

A rapid reverse transcription-PCR assay for F+ RNA coliphages to trace fecal pollution in Table Rock Lake on the Arkansas-Missouri border.

Source determination of fecal contamination is imperative to efficiently reduce the fecal material load to environmental waters. This study developed primer pairs targeting three F+ RNA bacteriophages and a simple filtration sampling method to enumerate and identify coliphages in environmental waters. Water samples were collected seasonally for one year from the watershed of Table Rock Lake on the Arkansas-Missouri border in areas predisposed to fecal contamination. Collected samples were analyzed quantitatively with most probable number and plaque assays and qualitatively with reverse transcription-PCR. We demonstrated the usefulness of F+ RNA coliphages as an indicator of fecal contamination, but were unable to distinguish between human and non-human sources. F+ coliphage numbers in Table Rock Lake showed seasonal variation with the highest level of coliphage presence during the January sampling event.

Arkansas↗
PubMed1979

Perinatal deaths in twin pregnancy. A five-year analysis of statewide statistics in Missouri.

Analysis of computer-stored State of Missouri birth and death records over a 5 year period revealed 3,594 twin pregnancies (1.02% of all pregnancies), which accounted for 10.1% of the perinatal deaths. The mean birth weight according to weeks of gestation was computed for the pregnancies with no complications noted prior to labor and the perinatal mortality rate was determined. Complications of pregnancy were evaluated. Low birth weight appears to be the major factor in the elevated perinatal death rate in twin pregnancy, with a significant elevation of the perinatal death rate noted with labor prior to 36 weeks, any episode of hemorrhage, or premature rupture of membranes. A more liberal use of cesarean section currently shows no effect in altering the perinatal mortality rate. Programs are suggested to increase early detection and appropriate consultation and referral of multiple pregnancies in a statewide comprehensive effort to decrease the perinatal mortality rate in twin pregnancy.

Birth Weight↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Background levels of non-ortho-substituted (coplanar) polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum of Missouri residents.

This study characterizes the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners PCB 77, PCB 81, PCB 126, and PCB 169, in a group of 150 men and women with no documented exposure to PCBs. Its purpose is to provide current referent levels of coplanar PCBs in Missouri residents and to compare those levels to levels reported in the literature from the United States and other countries. Although this study used an extensive questionnaire assessing potential sources of exposure, no positive relations were found between these exposure sources and participants' PCB levels. The PCB levels for the four congeners measured were lower than any reported in the literature. PCBs 126 and 169 are only two of the dioxin-like congeners; however, their contribution makes up 11% of the total TEQ. Age was significantly related to PCB 126 and PCB 169. For every one-year increase in age, both PCB congeners increased by approximately 0.4 parts per trillion (ppt). There was no gender difference for PCB 126; however, PCB 169 levels were 3 ppt higher in males than females.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between soil lead and airborne lead concentrations at Springfield, Missouri, USA.

This study tests whether lead deposited to soil from automobiles during past years in a medium-sized US city (population 150,000) may present a current health risk. It examines the relationship between current soil lead concentrations at nine locations within the city of Springfield, Missouri, and airborne lead levels measured at the same locations during years (1975-1981) when lead emissions from automobiles were much greater than at present. A strong, significant correlation is found between soil and airborne lead levels at eight of the sites (r = 0.91, P < 0.005 for soil lead vs. 1979 airborne lead), in low-traffic areas as well as in areas adjacent to heavy traffic flow. Residual lead concentrations in these soils are relatively low, even for the high-traffic sites, as expected for a medium sized city.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intersexes in Mississippi River shovelnose sturgeon sampled below Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.

The Missouri Department of Conservation detected high organochlorine levels in tissues of fish from the Mississippi River south of Saint Louis. Chlordane, which is both a carcinogen and an endocrine disrupter, reached 2960 micrograms/kg in fillets of shovelnose sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platyorynchus, and 1926 micrograms/kg in their roe, wet weight basis. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) in roe have reached 5810 and 780 micrograms/kg, respectively. The purpose of this study was to determine if endocrine disrupters and carcinogens are a potential cause of the significantly diminished reproduction capacity and population declines in the endangered pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus. Twenty-four surrogate shovelnose sturgeons were sampled north of Saint Louis where contaminant levels were lower compared with 17 sampled south of Saint Louis where contaminant levels were high. Liver and gonad tissues were formalin-fixed, histologically processed and examined. Neoplasms were not found. The principal finding was that the testes of two of the seven downstream male fish contained ovigerous lamellae, in addition to mature sperm. Since sturgeons are gonochoristic and intersexes are rare and unusual, the occurrence of intersex in 29% of the male Mississippi River shovelnose sturgeon examined from a population contaminated with chlordane and other chemicals raise concern for human health, species biodiversity and preservation of waterway quality. These findings, however, need to be corroborated by expanded studies with a higher sample size.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Incidence of canine dysautonomia in Missouri, USA, between January 1996 and December 2000.

A cross-sectional survey of 217 veterinary facilities in Missouri, USA, was conducted to gather information about the occurrence of canine dysautonomia between January 1996 and December 2000. The state was divided into seven geographic regions for sampling, and 40 veterinary facilities from each region were selected randomly by computer-generated numbers to receive the questionnaire. Veterinarians from 74% (95% CI: 69, 79) of clinics in the state that saw canine patients were aware of dysautonomia prior to receiving the survey, and 43 respondents from five of the seven sampled regions stated that dysautonomia had been diagnosed in their practices during the study period. Respondents had diagnosed 182 cases of dysautonomia, leading to an estimated statewide total of 609 (95% CI: 272, 946) cases over the 5 years. Regional incidence estimates ranged from 0 to 1.91 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. Case-fatality risk was 92%.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Building public health goals into the purchasing process: the Missouri Medicaid agency as purchaser.

INTRODUCTION: As managed care radically changes the medical care environment, public health leaders are under increasing pressure to focus more on core public health functions and less on personal health services. As public health re-evaluates its key strategies, it can take advantage of its strategic role in purchasing medical care to forge new partnerships that benefit its constituents. METHODS: Specific roles for public health in medical care purchasing are discussed. The state of Missouri is used as an example of successful strategies for positioning public health as a leader in the managed care environment. Key strategies include increasing influence in contracting; selecting and reporting of key health status indicators; promoting use of population-based data files; taking leadership roles in government-sponsored insurance programs; and assuring stability of critical health conditions during managed care transitions. CONCLUSION: Public health has unprecedented opportunities to develop new methods for improving health status. Public health's well-developed scientific principles and methods, combined with strategic leadership, will position the discipline in the forefront of the dialogue about our nation's health system into the next century.

Contract Services↗
PubMed1998

Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States)

To evaluate relationships of serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and retinol with breast cancer prospectively, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort from the Breast Cancer Serum Bank in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Women free of cancer donated blood to this bank in 1977-87. During up to 9.5 years of follow-up (median = 2.7 years), 105 cases of histologically confirmed breast cancer were diagnosed. For each case, two women alive and free of cancer at the age of the case's diagnosis and matched on age and date of blood collection were selected as controls. A nonsignificant gradient of decreasing risk of breast cancer with increasing serum beta-cryptoxanthin was apparent for all women. Serum lycopene also was associated inversely with risk, and among women who donated blood at least two years before diagnosis, a significant gradient of decreasing breast cancer risk with increasing lycopene concentration was evident. A marginally significant gradient of decreasing risk with increasing serum lutein/zeaxanthin also was apparent among these women. We did not observe any evidence for protective effects of alpha- and beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, or selenium for breast cancer. Results of this study suggest that the carotenoids beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin may protect against breast cancer.

Adult↗