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Results for “MENTAL RETARDATION”

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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Mental retardation and colorectal disease: colonoscopic mass screening to determine whether the risk of adenomatous polyposis syndrome is increased in the mentally retarded.

Adenomatous polyposis syndrome (APS) is often associated with mental retardation, but whether there is a causal relationship between the two is unknown. This study was initiated to determine colorectal disease rates among mentally retarded subjects and whether they are at risk of developing colorectal cancer. Colonoscopic mass screenings were conducted to detect the presence of colonic neoplasms in 134 patients housed at an institution for the mentally retarded. The ages of these subjects ranged from 32 to 69 years (mean: 44 years) and their IQ scores ranged from 35 to 63. Screening presented no difficulties and the colonic regions up to the caecum were inspected in all patients. Polyps were found in 24 patients (17.9%), an abnormal fixation in two (1.5%), melanosis coli in two (1.5%) and haemorrhoids in two (1.5%). Thirteen subjects had a single polyp (54%), five had two polyps (21%), three had three polyps (12.5%) and three had four polyps (12.5%). Twenty one polyps were less than 5 mm in diameter, 14 were 5-9 mm and nine were 10 mm or larger. No cases of APS were detected during this mass screening programme. The mentally retarded patients in this study were not found to be at a high risk of developing either APS or colon cancer.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1976

Mental retardation in a national population of young men in the Netherlands. I. Prevalence of severe mental retardation.

The prevalence of severe mental retardation, derived from military records, is analyzed in terms of time trend, region, religious affiliation and urbanization of birth place. The data are singular in that they are national and virtually complete for a total population of young men, 19-year-old survivors of male births in the Netherlands over the years 1944 through 1947, and they include variables not previously studied. Previous local studies are shown to agree well with the national prevalence of 3.7 per 1,000. Prevalence rose through the four birth years for all forms of severe mental retardation, but most markedly for Down's syndrome. In this condition agency surveys usually yeild equivalent rates to population surveys, and are an economical means of monitoring prevalence. Differences in rates are quite likely to indicate substantive differences. The remarkable similarities in rates from past surveys may reflect a high proportion of chromosomal and genetic abnormalities. The divergence between urban and rural rates over time demonstrated in this paper for four annual cohorts is attributed by inference to disparate increases in survival in different ecologic settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A clinical, cytogenetic and familial study of 307 mentally retarded, institutionalized, adult male patients with special interest for fra(X) negative X-linked mental retardation.

In this study we report the results of a systematic etiological, clinical genetic study in 307 institutionalized mentally retarded adult males. Special attention is paid to the nosology of X-linked mental retardation. During the survey 63 males with one or more 'Martin Bell'-like features were identified in whom repetitive fragile Xq27-3 screenings were negative. In 13 of them, belonging to 9 different families, pedigree data were compatible with X-linked inheritance. This finding confirms the existence of one (or more) forms of fra(x) negative mental retardation with 'Martin Bell'-like features.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Interference and inhibition in tasks of selective attention by persons with and without mental retardation.

Persons with mental retardation often exhibit greater interference in visual selective attention tasks than do persons matched with them on CA. My goal here was to evaluate whether differences in distractor interference between persons with and without mental retardation may be related to differences in negative priming. Fifteen participants with mental retardation, 15 without mental retardation matched on CA, and 15 without mental retardation matched on MA participated in three selective attention tasks, which were chosen to elicit small, medium, and large group differences in interference, respectively. The failure to engage in inhibitory processes by the participants with mental retardation in these tasks of selective attention was related to increased distractor interference.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphism, hypogonadism, diabetes mellitus and epilepsy in four siblings. A "new" mental retardation syndrome.

In this report we describe a distinct and apparently new mental retardation syndrome in four siblings: three brothers and one sister. They present slight to moderate mental retardation associated with a peculiar craniofacial dysmorphism (4/4), hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism (4/4), eunuchoid habitus (4/4), diabetes mellitus (4/4) and epilepsy (3/4).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Early detection and therapeutic rearing for children with mental retardation: I. Assessment of diagnosing examination and collaborative facilities assigned for children with mental retardation].

We assessed medical examinations and therapeutic rearing designed for diagnosing children with mental retardation (MR) taking three cases as an example. One hundred and seven physicians answered the questionnaire. Their tentative diagnoses were tuberous sclerosis, autistic disorder, and mental retardation, respectively. They planned medical examinations of blood cell count, urinalysis, blood biochemistry, developmental questionnaires, CT, MRI, and EEG. They chose speech and occupational therapy, nursery facilities, public health center, social welfare counselors, and parents' associations as their early intervention programs. To enrich social resources for MR children, a network of facilities and training for specialists are necessary.

Child Rearing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mental retardation, acromegalic face, and megalotestes in two half-brothers: a specific form of X-linked mental retardation without fra(X) (q)?

We describe a family with two half-brothers affected with severe mental retardation. The phenotype in the affected individuals is characterized by apparent acromegaly, profound mental retardation, and hyperactivity. The mother has analogous but less severe facial anomalies and mild mental impairment. Screening for fra(X) (q) was negative in peripheral lymphocytes using methotrexate for fra(X) enhancement. The clinical findings in our patients are similar to those described by Fryns et al. [1986] in two patients with acquired lesions of the central nervous system. CT investigations in one of our patients showed areas of hyperdensity in the pontine region and a small subarachnoid cyst. The pedigree suggests X-linked inheritance. The association of apparent acromegaly, CNS anomalies, megalotestes, and mental retardation in this family supports the hypothesis that a distinct syndrome may exist with phenotype anomalies more severe than those characteristic for the Martin-Bell syndrome but without fragile X.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1987

A comparison of language characteristics of mentally retarded adults with fragile X syndrome and those with nonspecific mental retardation and autism.

Fragile X syndrome is a recently identified form of mental retardation that is associated with a chromosomal abnormality and inherited in an X-linked manner. Previous studies have suggested that distinctive speech and language characteristics are associated with the syndrome. Twelve adult male residents of an institution for the retarded (aged 23 to 51 years) were compared on a series of speech and language measures to 12 adult males with nonspecific forms of MR who were residents of the same institution and were matched on age and IQ. A second contrast group consisted of similarly matched autistic men. Results revealed that there were no significant differences among the groups' performance, with the exception of increased rates of echolalia in the autistic group. A nonsignificant trend toward poorer performance on expressive measures on the part of the fragile X group was noted. The implications of these findings for further research on the syndrome are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[Short stature, mental retardation, type I preaxial polydactyly with colobomatous abnormalities: a new syndrome].

A syndrome which consists of growth retardation, mental deficiency, preaxial polydactyly and colobomatous anomalies was observed in two sibs and might have been transmitted by an autosomal recessive mutation. In the brother there is an incomplete coloboma of the optic nerve head, in the sister a coloboma of the iris, optic nerve head, choroid, and retina. Polydactyly is unilateral. Similar observations have been quoted but no identical case seems to have been published.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

[The characteristics of neurosis-like states and their treatment in children with retarded mental development].

As many as 162 children with mental retardation were examined. Neurosis-like disturbances were revealed in 60 children (37%). They were associated more frequently with the cerebral asthenic syndrome, motor disinhibition and psychopath-like behavior. For the most part the neurosis-like disturbances were provoked by psychic traumas in the families. Multimodality therapy carried out on a daytime hospital basis resulted in complete reduction of the neurosis-like symptomatology in 33% of the children.

Child↗
PubMed1980

[Experimental instruction of children with retarded mental development (organization and preliminary results)].

The paper deals with psycho-pedagogical and clinical characteristics of children with mental retardation, who are referred for studying to specialized experimental schools. The children live under the conditions which provide normaliziation of their state by pedagogical and medical correctional methods, and successfully master the programmes of a public school. More than half of the children who overcome the retardation can be transferred to a public school after 4 years of correctional teaching. The remaining children receive a 8-year training at the same specialized school.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2003

Measuring pervasive developmental disorders in children and adolescents with mental retardation: a comparison of two screening instruments used in a study of the total mentally retarded population from a designated area.

The performance of two screening instruments for Pervasive Developmental Disorders was studied in the total population of participants with mental retardation between 4 and 18 years (n = 1059) in Friesland, a northern province of the Netherlands. Parents completed the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), staff completed the Scale of Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Mentally Retarded Persons (PDD-MRS). The screening instruments were related to the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic for 184 participants. The agreement between ABC and PDD-MRS was fair (kappa = .24). The ABC had a better criterion-related validity compared with the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, and the PDD-MRS compared to the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic. However, related to the clinical classification, both instruments performed equally well. Concluding, the ABC and PDD-MRS partially identify the same cases related to external criteria. In addition, each instrument has its own contribution. Both instruments are valuable in detecting children who are at high risk for PDD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Use of visual tools to report sexual abuse for adults with mental retardation.

Adults with mental retardation were assessed for their ability to use visual tools for identifying body parts. Participants were shown three representations: anatomical dolls, anatomical drawings, and live models, each of which had a sticker placed on a body part. They were asked to name that body part and place a sticker in the same place on their own body. Results indicated that verbal labeling was easier for participants with mild mental retardation compared to moderate mental retardation. Level of mental retardation affected the participants' ability to correctly place the stickers. Form of representation was also important. Live models were easier to use compared to dolls and drawings. Implications for forensic evaluations are discussed.

Adult↗