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PubMed2000

Premenstrual symptoms are relieved by massage therapy.

Twenty-four women meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn; DSM-IV) criteria for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD) were randomly assigned to a massage therapy or a relaxation therapy group. The massage group showed decreases in anxiety, depressed mood and pain immediately after the first and last massage sessions. The longer term (5 week) effects of massage therapy included a reduction in pain and water retention and overall menstrual distress. However, no long-term changes were observed in the massaged group's activity level or mood. Future studies might examine the effects of a longer massage therapy program on these symptoms. Overall, the findings from this study suggest that massage therapy may be an effective adjunct therapy for treating severe premenstrual symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Massage therapy and therapeutic touch in children: state of the science.

OBJECTIVE: To review and critique the research on the effect of massage therapy and therapeutic touch in children, and to describe clinical implications and make suggestions for future study. DATA SOURCES: Studies were obtained through online computer searches of CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and SocioFile. Key words used were tactile, kinesthetic, massage therapy, touch, therapeutic touch, infants, and children. STUDY SELECTION, DATA EXTRACTION, AND SYNTHESIS: Fourteen massage therapy studies were selected because they met the following 3 criteria: investigated massage therapy in children; were published in refereed nursing, allied health, or infant and child development journals between 1969 and 1999; and were quantitative in nature. Studies were divided according to developmental age for analysis: neonates, preschool, and older children. Five therapeutic touch studies, 3 quantitative and 2 qualitative, were selected because they were the only empirical reports about the effect of therapeutic touch in children to date. In addition to critiques, the therapeutic touch studies were examined for the following 10 characteristics: study purpose/hypotheses, background/literature review, sample selection method, study design/random assignment, independent variable/length of treatment/control and confounders, dependent variables/measurements, outcomes, study limitations, and implications for future research. CONCLUSIONS: More research exists to support the use of massage therapy than therapeutic touch in children. A set of common findings across 2 decades of study suggests that massage therapy may be useful in the care of infants and children. Because massage therapy and therapeutic touch seem to elicit similar parasympathetic effects, therapeutic touch may be useful. There is insufficient evidence, however, to recommend its use in children without qualifications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of effects of spinal manipulation and massage on motoneuron excitability.

The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude and duration of motoneuron inhibition occurring as a sequel to spinal manipulation or paraspinal and limb massage. The physiologic mechanisms involved in spinal manipulative therapy and massage therapy are largely unknown. One possible hypothesis is based upon the theory that these two distinct and different modalities may attenuate the activity of alpha motoneurons. Both modalities have been reported to produce short-term inhibition of motoneurons. Asymptomatic volunteers were randomly assigned to either a spinal manipulation, massage, or control group. Baseline tibial nerve H-reflex amplitudes were obtained prior to the application of either lumboscaral spinal manipulation or paralumbar and limb massage. Post-interventional H-reflex recordings were recorded immediately following the application of either modality. Spinal manipulation significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated alpha motoneuronal activity immediately post-therapy, as measured by the amplitude of the tibial nerve H-reflex. Massage subjects exhibited no significant reduction in motoneuronal activity immediately following administration. Spinal manipulation produced a transient attenuation of alpha motoneuronal excitability. Paraspinal and limb massage did not inhibit the motoneuron pool as measured immediately post-therapy. These findings support the supposition that spinal manipulation procedures lead to short-term inhibitory effects on motoneuron excitability to a greater magnitude than massage.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in very low birth weight preterm neonates.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of oil massage on growth and neurobehavior in preterm babies less than 1500 g. DESIGN: Randomized Controlled Trial. SETTING: Tertiary level neonatal unit of a teaching hospital. SUBJECTS: Neonates with birth weight <1500 grams, gestation >37 weeks, receiving enteral feeds of at least 100 mL/kg/day and less than 10 days of age. OUTCOME VARIABLES: Primary-Weight gain 28 days after enrolment. Secondary-Neonatal neurobehavior, change in other anthropometry and serum triglycerides. METHODS: Eligible neonates were randomized to one of the three groups (a) massage with oil (b) massage without oil and (c) no massage. Weight, length, head circumference and triceps skin fold thickness were measured in the three groups at regular intervals. Serum triglyceride levels were measured at enrolment and at completion. Neurobehavior using Brazeltons Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) was assessed at enrolment and after 10 days of intervention. RESULTS: Weight gain in the oil massage group (365.8 +/- 165.2g) was higher compared to the only massage group (290.0 +/- 150.2g) and no massage group (285.0 +/- 170.4g). This difference and the difference in other anthropometric parameters was not statistically significant. Serum triglycerides and neonatal neurobehavior were comparable in the three groups. CONCLUSION: Oil application may have a potential to improve weight gain among preterm very low birth weight neonates.

Female↗
PubMed2006

[Applying back massage protocol to promote an intensive care unit patient's quality of sleep].

This case report concerns the nursing experience of applying back massage to a patient in an intensive care unit (ICU) from 10 May, 2005, in order to improve the patient's quality of sleep. In order to collect information about his quality of sleep of the patient, the author used observation, interview and a Richards-Campbell sleep questionnaire (RCSQ). It was observed that, before massage, the patient's sleep quality was poor, which wa why the protocol with back massage was proposed. The results after back massage was applied that heart beat, respiration. oxygen saturation and blood pressure were not significantly improved. This was probably related to the patient's worry about having his endotracheal tube removed. The patient's perception of sleep, indeed, was obviously improved, a result which may have been related to his/her perception of comfort and care from the nurse. Applying back massage to an ICU patient may therefore be regarded as helpful improving the patient's sleep quality. It is hoped that this case report may serve as a positive reference for health care providers so that it may help patients to recover fully through rest and sleep. Since this report concerned only one patient, however, to understand the real outcome of how back massage could improve the quality of sleep of ICU patients, research is planned on the use of back massage protocol on a large number os such patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Massage-enhanced insulin absorption--increased distribution or dissociation of insulin?

Massage over the site of a subcutaneous insulin injection markedly enhances the absorption of insulin. To investigate whether this reflects an increased dispersion of insulin in the tissue, the area of distribution of radioactivity at 125I-insulin (10 U) injection sites in thigh was determined in eight healthy volunteers by external scanning on a day with standardized massage and on a control day. Insulin absorption (first order disappearance rate constants and appearance of serum immunoreactive insulin, IRI) and plasma glucose were determined concomitantly. The area of distribution of 125I increased 30 +/- 15% (p less than 0.05) on the massage day, which was not significantly different from the change during control (12 +/- 10%). The rate constants for 125I-insulin increased markedly (237 +/- 74%) on the massage day and much less (49 +/- 15%) on the control day (p less than 0.01). Peak IRI levels were 49 +/- 8 mU/l on the massage day and 17 +/- 2 mU/l on the control day (p less than 0.01). The glucose lowering effect was also more pronounced on the massage day. These results indicate that the marked enhancement of insulin absorption induced by massage of the injection site is not directly related to expansion of the insulin depot in the subcutaneous tissue.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

A study of the techniques of cardiac massage with the abdomen open.

The present study compares the hemodynamic effectiveness of closed-chest cardiac massage (CCCM) with closed subdiaphragmatic massage (CSDM) and four open transdiaphragmatic cardiac massage techniques during cardiac arrest with an open abdomen. In 10 dogs CCCM resulted in the lowest cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure (MBP), and carotid blood flow (CBF) of all cardiac massage techniques tested. CSDM was not statistically superior to CCCM in the dog (p greater than 0.05) but did result in a 23% increase in CI and a 54% increase in CBF. Transdiaphragmatic retrocardiac massage through an incision in the diaphragm resulted in the highest CI, MBP, and CBF of all the four open transdiaphragmatic techniques and had significantly higher values than those for CCCM in the dog (p less than 0.05). In three cadaveric renal donors, all four open transdiaphragmatic techniques and CSDM were noted to be equal to or superior to CCCM. Three patients have been successfully resuscitated with diaphragmatic cardiac massage techniques for cardiac arrest while undergoing abdominal operations. These studies reveal that all subdiaphragmatic or transdiaphragmatic techniques for cardiac massage are hemodynamically equivalent to or superior to the standard CCCM without such complications as fractured ribs and should be considered the treatment of choice for cardiac arrest in the patient with an open abdomen.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1983

Hemodynamics of cardiac massage.

The introduction of closed chest massage in 1960 initiated a widespread interest in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Until that time, open chest cardiac massage was the standard for CPR. Initial explanations for blood flow during closed chest CPR were based upon direct compression of the heart. This explanation has given way to demonstrations that blood flows during CPR because of changes in intrathoracic pressure. Changes in intrathoracic pressure that create blood flow have been created by simple maneuvers such as coughing. More involved methods of affecting intrathoracic pressure, in an attempt to improve upon standard closed chest massage, have included applying positive pressure to the airway, binding of the abdomen, and the use of MAST. Cardiac output with closed chest massage is approximately one fourth of normal, and cerebral perfusion is approximately one tenth of normal. Cardiac output with open chest massage is approximately double that obtained by closed chest massage. Cerebral blood flow during open chest massage approaches physiologic values. The use of drugs possessing alpha adrenergic activity and maneuvers that augment intrathoracic pressure improve vital organ perfusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Carotid sinus massage in pacemaker patients with heart rates about the pacemaker frequency].

UNLABELLED: The delivery of pacing impulses is inhibited in patients with VVI(R) pacemakers whose intrinsic heart rate is above pacing rate. Efficacy of the pacing impulse can be evaluated on surface ECG by application of a magnet on the pacemaker which temporarily induces asynchronous pacing. Carotid sinus massage can alternatively lower intrinsic heart rate below pacing rate. The study investigates in how many patients carotid sinus massage lowers heart rate below pacing rate during follow-up, and whether the efficacy is reduced in the presence of a pacing rate programmed below the nominal setting. Patients with pacing rates 61-72 ppm (group I) were compared to patients whose pacemakers were programmed to 51-60 ppm (group II) and 40-50 ppm (group III). A right- and leftsided carotid sinus massage was performed in 119 consecutive patients. Right-sided carotid sinus massage was positive in 64 and left-sided in 53 patients. The second, left-sided carotid sinus massage induced pacing in additional 11 patients. In general, carotid sinus massage lowered heart rate below pacing rate in 75 (70%) patients. Induction of pacing was significantly lower (p < 0.02) in group III (n = 31/57; 54%) compared to group I (n = 17/20; 85%). No differences were detected between group II (n = 27/42; 64%) and group I. CONCLUSION: Carotid sinus massage is a useful method for induction of pacing in patients whose intrinsic heart rate is above pacing rate.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Are peripheral lymphatics damaged by high pressure manual massage?

Massage of the foot in men and the hindpaw in dogs was performed by applying external pressures of 70-100 mmHg for a period of one, three, five, and ten minutes with a frequency of 25 strokes per minute. This protocol was performed on individuals without edema, on dogs with experimental lymphedema and men with post-thrombotic venous edema. After ten minutes of forceful massage, focal damage of lymphatics was present. In a group of dogs with lymphedema and men with post-thrombotic venous edema, the alteration of lymphatics was greater than in normal individuals and evident only after 3 to 5 minutes of massage. At first, the forceful massage affected the endothelial lining of the initial lymphatics. Alterations of lymphatic collectors were visible later. The fluid in lymphedema was translocated by massage using high pressure from the interstitium into the lumen of lymphatics by means of the open junctions and by artificial cracks that develop from injury to the lymphatic wall. Vigorous massage in lymphedema also produces loosening of subcutaneous connective tissue, formation of large tissue channels and release of lipid droplets that enter the lymphatics. By this mechanism, massage helps reduce the amount of fat cells in the lymphedematous leg.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Inhibitory influence of soleus massage onto the medial gastrocnemius H-reflex.

It has previously been reported that the soleus Hoffmann (H-)reflex is diminished in amplitude during a massage of the ipsilateral triceps surae. A question arises as to the origin of this decrease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether massage does indeed diminish motoneuronal excitability or whether the decrease is an artefact associated with the experimental procedures, i.e. saturation of the transmission capacity of the afferent pathway. H-reflexes and the corresponding muscle (m-)responses were recorded from the medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle during a 3-minute massage of the ipsilateral soleus muscle in 12 neurologically healthy adults during 4 control conditions (C1, C2, C4, C5) and 1 experimental (C3-massage) condition. Peak-to-peak mean amplitudes of the MG H-reflex obtained during massage were significantly reduced in comparison to all control values recorded while the subjects were at rest. These results suggest that massage does indeed diminish motoneuronal excitability, since these effects were not restricted to the homonymous motoneurone pool, but could also be demonstrated for a close synergistic muscle, uninvolved in the massage.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Carotid sinus massage. Its diagnostic and therapeutic value in arrhythmias.

Carotid sinus massage is a simple bedside maneuver that helps to clarify the type and sometimes also the mechanism of different rhythm disturbances. The major indication for carotid sinus massage is the diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias in which the atrial activity is either absent or intermittently present. Carotid sinus massage is also useful in some patients with normal heart rates; increased vagal tone may normalize a bundle branch block or localize the site of type I second-degree atrioventricular block and can be used for evaluation of the sensing function of permanent pacemakers. Carotid sinus massage is also an important diagnostic procedure in patients with suspected hypersensitivity of the carotid sinus. Massage of the carotid sinus is contraindicated in patients with diseased carotid arteries because of the risk of cerebrovascular accident. In rare instances, carotid sinus massage may initiate ventricular tachycardia.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

H-reflex modulation during manual muscle massage of human triceps surae.

An investigation of the effect of a six-minute manual muscle massage on the excitability of the spinal reflex pathway in 20 able-bodied subjects was undertaken. H-reflex recordings were obtained from the right soleus muscle, which was the site being massaged. Skin temperature and antagonist activity were monitored in an attempt to explain the changes observed in a previous study. The experimental paradigm chosen was an A-B-A interrupted-time series design consisting of two pretreatment, two treatment (massage), and two posttreatment conditions. H-reflex amplitudes recorded during both massage conditions (.76 +/- .58 mV, .76 +/- .61 mV) were significantly reduced (F5,90 = 69.04, p less than .01) in comparison to all other (before and after) conditions (2.58 +/- .75 mV, 2.56 +/- .71 mV, 2.82 +/- 1.14 mV, and 2.89 +/- .82 mV, respectively). This decrease could not be explained conclusively by changes in skin temperature, nerve conduction velocity, or antagonist recruitment, thus indicating a decrease in spinal reflex excitability attributed to massage. These findings also support our earlier report, which stated that H-reflex amplitudes are reduced only during the period of tissue manipulation, regardless of the duration of the massage.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Ice massage and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: comparison of treatment for low-back pain.

It has recently been shown that ice massage of the web between the thumb and index finger produces significantly greater relief of dental pain than a placebo control procedure. These results indicate that ice massage may be comparable to transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) and acupuncture, and may be mediated by similar neural mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effectiveness of ice massage and TES for the relief of low-back pain. Patients suffering chronic low-back pain were treated with both ice massage and TES. The order of treatments was balanced, and changes in the intensity of pain were measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). The results show that both methods are equally effective: based on the Pain Rating Index of the MPQ, 67-69% of patients obtained pain relief greater than 33% with each method. The results indicate that ice massage is an effective therapeutic tool, and appears to be more effective than TES for some patients. It may also serve as an additional sensory-modulation method to alternate with TES to overcome adaptation effects. Evidence that cold signals are transmitted to the spinal cord exclusively by A-delta fibers and not by C fibers suggests that ice massage provides a potential method for differentiating among the multiple feedback systems that mediate analgesia produced by different forms of intense sensory input.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Massage therapy for skin conditions in young children.

Two studies are reviewed that highlight the positive effects of massage therapy on skin conditions in young children. In the first study children being treated on a burn trauma unit received 30-minute massages before debridement or dressing change. The children who received massage therapy were more relaxed during the procedure. In the study on children with eczema, those who were massaged during the application of their skin medication showed less anxiety after the massage sessions. Across the massage period the children also showed an improved clinical condition including less redness, lichenification, scaling, excoriation, and pruritus.

Burns↗
PubMed2000

Randomized trial of perineal massage during pregnancy: perineal symptoms three months after delivery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of perineal massage performed during pregnancy on perineal symptoms 3 months after delivery. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women from 5 hospitals in the province of Quebec, Canada, participated in this single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. All participants received oral and written information on the prevention of perineal trauma. Women in the experimental group were taught the perineal massage technique and were asked to perform a 10-minute perineal massage daily from the 34th through 35th weeks of pregnancy until delivery. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on perineal pain, dyspareunia, sexual satisfaction, and incontinence of urine, flatus, and stool at the time of enrollment and 3 months after delivery. RESULTS: Among participants without a previous vaginal birth there were no differences between the massage (n = 283) and the control (n = 289) groups with respect to perineal pain, dyspareunia, sexual satisfaction, and incontinence of urine, gas, or stool 3 months post partum. Among women with a previous vaginal birth more women in the massage group (n = 187) than in the control group (n = 190) were free of perineal pain (93.6% vs 85.8%; P =.01) but the frequencies of dyspareunia and incontinence of urine, gas, or stool were similar in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Perineal massage during pregnancy neither impairs nor substantially protects perineal function at 3 months post partum.

Delivery, Obstetric↗
PubMed1999

Randomized controlled trial of prevention of perineal trauma by perineal massage during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of perineal massage during pregnancy for the prevention of perineal trauma at birth. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnant women with (n = 493) and without (n = 1034) a previous vaginal birth from 5 hospitals in the province of Québec, Canada, participated in this single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. All participants received oral and written information on the prevention of perineal trauma. Women in the experimental groups were requested to perform a 10-minute perineal massage daily from the 34th or 35th week of pregnancy until delivery. RESULTS: Among participants without a previous vaginal birth, 24.3% (100/411) from the perineal massage group and 15.1% (63/417) from the control group were delivered vaginally with an intact perineum, for a 9.2% absolute difference (95% confidence interval 3.8%-14.6%). The incidence of delivery with an intact perineum increased with compliance with regular practice of perineal massage (chi2 for trend 13.2, P = 0.0003). Among women with a previous vaginal birth, 34.9% (82/235) and 32.4% (78/241) in the massage and control groups, respectively, were delivered with an intact perineum, for an absolute difference of 2.5% (95% confidence interval -6.0% to 11.0%). There were no differences between the groups in the frequency of sutured vulvar and vaginal tears, women's sense of control, and satisfaction with the delivery experience. CONCLUSION: Perineal massage is an effective approach to increasing the chance of delivery with an intact perineum for women with a first vaginal delivery but not for women with a previous vaginal birth.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Children with asthma have improved pulmonary functions after massage therapy.

Thirty-two children with asthma (16 4- to 8-year-olds and 16 9- to 14-year-olds) were randomly assigned to receive either massage therapy or relaxation therapy. The children's parents were taught to provide one therapy or the other for 20 minutes before bedtime each night for 30 days. The younger children who received massage therapy showed an immediate decrease in behavioral anxiety and cortisol levels after massage. Also, their attitude toward asthma and their peak air flow and other pulmonary functions improved over the course of the study. The older children who received massage therapy reported lower anxiety after the massage. Their attitude toward asthma also improved over the study, but only one measure of pulmonary function (forced expiratory flow 25% to 75%) improved. The reason for the smaller therapeutic benefit in the older children is unknown; however, it appears that daily massage improves airway caliber and control of asthma.

Adolescent↗