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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Bacteriological studies of blood, tissue fluid, lymph and lymph nodes in patients with acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (DLA) in course of 'filarial' lymphedema.

Filarial lymphedema is complicated by frequent episodes of dermatolymphangioadenitis (DLA). Severe systemic symptoms during attacks of DLA resemble those of septicemia. The question we asked was whether bacterial isolates can be found in the peripheral blood of patients during the episodes of DLA. Out of 100 patients referred to us with 'filarial' lymphedema 14 displayed acute and five subacute symptoms of DLA. All were on admission blood microfilariae negative but had a positive test in the past. Blood bacterial isolates were found in nine cases, four acute (21%) and five subacute (26%). In 10 acute cases blood cultures were found negative. Six blood isolates belonged to Bacilli, four to Cocci and one was Sarcina. To identify the sites of origin of bacterial dissemination, swabs taken from the calf skin biopsy wounds and tissue fluid, lymph and lymph node specimens were cultured. Swabs from the calf skin biopsy wound contained isolates in nine (47%) cases. They were Bacilli in nine, Cocci in three, Acinetobacter and Erwinia in two cases. Tissue fluid was collected from 10 patients and contained Bacilli in four (40%) and Staphylococci in three (30%). Lymph was drained in four patients and contained isolates in all samples (100%). They were Staphylococcus epidermis, xylosus and aureus, Acinetobacter, Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina. Three lymph nodes were biopsied and contained Staphylococcus chromogenes, xylosus, Enterococcus and Bacillus cereus. In six cases the same phenotypically defined species of bacteria were found in blood and limb tissues or fluids. In the 'control' group of patients with lymphedema without acute or subacute changes all blood cultures were negative. Interestingly, swabs from biopsy wound of these patients contained isolates in 80%, tissue fluid in 68%, lymph in 70% and lymph nodes in 58% of cases. In healthy controls, tissue fluid did not contain bacteria, and lymph isolates were found only in 12% of cases. This study demonstrates that patients with acute episodes of DLA reveal bacteremia in a high percentage of cases. Diversity of blood and tissue bacterial isolates in these patients points to a breakdown of the skin immune barrier in lymphedema and subsequently indiscriminate bacterial colonization of deep tissues and spread to an blood circulation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep: cellular phenotypes in lymph and lymph nodes associated with skin reactions.

Intradermal inoculation of sheep with culture-derived metacyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense resulted in the development of localized skin reactions (chancres) and enlargement of the draining lymph nodes 7 days after infection. Changes in the expression of surface antigens of lymphocytes in lymph leaving the affected skin reactions and in the associated lymph nodes were monitored by cannulating the afferent and efferent lymphatic ducts. Trypanosomes appeared in afferent and efferent lymph 3 to 5 days after infection and persisted even as the chancres regressed. The cellular output in both afferent and efferent lymph increased markedly after the onset of parasitosis. Sequential analysis of the phenotypes of lymphocytes by immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry revealed that in afferent lymph draining the chancre there was an early response which was due to an increase in T cells, particularly CD4+ and CD8+ cells; however, as the chancres-regressed there was an increase in lymphoblasts and surface immunoglobulin-bearing cells. In contrast, in the efferent lymph, the increase in lymphocytes was due predominantly to a higher number of cells bearing surface immunoglobulins.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Detection of atypical site of "sentinel lymph nodes" by lymph drainage scintigraphy in patients with breast carcinoma].

OBJECTIVE: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) localization in breast cancer allows biopsy of directly tumor drained lymph nodes. The objective was to study the association of tumor and SLN localization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: SLN was identified in 39 (81%) of 48 patients with histologically proven breast cancer, clinically and sonographically unsuspected axillary lymph nodes after peritumoral application of 40-50 Mbq 99mTc-Nanocolloid. Patients age, tumor size and localization, histology and localization of the SLN as well as removed axillary lymph nodes were analyzed. RESULTS: Axillary lymph node metastases were found in 11 (28%) of 39 patients. Involvement of the SLN was confirmed by intraoperative frozen sections (n = 9) and paraffin embedded histology (n = 1). One (9%) patient with a positive node revealed a false-negative SLN. In 24 patients with a tumor in the lateral hemisphere of the breast the SLN were identified in the ipsilateral axilla. In 6 (40%) of 15 patients with a central or medial localized tumor the SLN was observed infraclavicular (n = 3), parasternal (n = 2) or in the contralateral axilla (n = 1). In the latter one the SLN of the contralateral axilla showed metastases, whereas the simultaneous SLN and all removed lymph nodes of the ipsilateral axilla were not involved. More than one SLN were found in 12 (31%) of the 39 cases. CONCLUSION: A correlation between tumor localization and localization of the SLN is suggested, but the lymph drainage seems more variable in cases of medial tumor size. Using blue dye for map of extraaxillary SLN seems inappropriate. Currently the diagnostic and therapeutic impact of the detection of extraaxillary SLN is still unclear.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Lymph-borne chemokines and other low molecular weight molecules reach high endothelial venules via specialized conduits while a functional barrier limits access to the lymphocyte microenvironments in lymph node cortex.

Lymph-borne, soluble factors (e.g., chemokines and others) influence lymphocyte recirculation and endothelial phenotype at high endothelial venules (HEVs) in lymph node cortex. Yet the route lymph-borne soluble molecules travel from the subcapsular sinus to the HEVs is unclear. Therefore, we injected subcutaneously into mice and rats a wide variety of fluorophore-labeled, soluble molecules and examined their distribution in the draining lymph nodes. Rather than percolating throughout the draining lymph node, all molecules, including microbial lipopolysaccharide, were very visible in the subcapsular and medullary sinuses but were largely excluded from the cortical lymphocyte microenvironments. Exclusion prevailed even during the acute lymph node enlargement accompanying viral infection. However, low molecular mass (MW) molecules, including chemokines, did gain entry into the cortex, but in a very defined manner. Low MW, fluorophore-labeled molecules highlighted the subcapsular sinus, the reticular fibers, and the abluminal and luminal surfaces of the associated HEVs. These low MW molecules were in the fibers of the reticular network, a meshwork of collagen fibers ensheathed by fibroblastic reticular cells that connects the subcapsular sinus floor and the HEVs by intertwining with their basement membranes. Thus, low MW, lymph-borne molecules, including chemokines, traveled rapidly from the subcapsular sinus to the HEVs using the reticular network as a conduit.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Sentinel lymph node detection by combined dye-isotope technique and its predictive value for cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with lingual carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical value of combined dye-isotope technique in detecting sentinel lymph node (SLN) and to examine whether the characteristics of SLN accurately predict cervical lymph node metastasis in lingual carcinoma. METHODS: Thirty patients with lingual carcinoma without lymph metastasis were injected with a dose of about 18.5 MBq of (99m)Tc-SC (sulfur colloid), around the tumor tissues before surgery, and lymphoscintigraphy was performed 5, 10, 30, 60 minutes, and 6 hours after injection. In the following day, all patients were injected with isosulfan blue dye around the primary tumor during surgery to trace SLN and underwent standard cervical lymph node dissection after SLN dissection. The pathological results of SLN were compared with standard lymph node dissection for their ability to accurately predict the final pathological status of the cervical lymph nodes. RESULTS: SLN was successfully identified in 100% of the patients. Both positive and negative predictive values of SLN were 100%. The accuracy rate was 100%, and there were no false negatives. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of SLN using combined dye-isotope technique could accurately predict cervical lymph node metastasis in lingual carcinoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Studies of lymph modification by lymph nodes.

This paper will focus on physiological evidence for a lymph node concentrating-diluting mechanism. The mechanism is based on the finding that the protein concentration of efferent lymph leaving the node will change in the direction required to establish equilibrium of the Starling forces acting across the blood-lymph barrier of the lymph node. Therefore, the lymph proteins may become concentrated or diluted during nodal transit, depending on the direction of net fluid transfer between the lymph and blood vascular compartments; if the Starling forces are balanced perfectly, the lymph will not be altered.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Metastases to the regional lymph nodes, lymph node recurrence, and distant metastases in nonadvanced papillary thyroid carcinoma.

To investigate the biological characteristics of papillary thyroid carcinoma from the perspectives of lymph node metastasis, lymph node recurrence, and distant metastasis, 746 patients with nonadvanced papillary thyroid carcinoma were retrospectively studied. There were 76 men and 670 women with a mean age of 42.7 years. The rate of lymph node metastasis was significantly higher in young patients (aged less than 30 years). Lymph node recurrence was observed in 80 patients and distant metastasis in 13, being seen with significant frequency in the young and elderly (aged over 50 years) patients and in the men. The frequency of distant metastasis was significantly greater in the elderly patients and in those with lymph node recurrence. These findings indicate that the role of regional lymph nodes and the clinical meaning of lymph node recurrence differ between young and elderly patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Immunomorphologic study of regional lymph nodes in cancer: response of regional lymph node cells from gastric and colorectal cancer to PHA stimulation.

To obtain information regarding the immunologic capacity of uninvolved regional lymph nodes (RLNs) draining tumor, the in vitro response of regional lymph node cells (RLNCs) to PHA was investigated in lymph nodes from 55 patients with gastric or colorectal cancer, and gastric ulcer. Evaluation of data relative to cancer progress demonstrated that, in gastric cancer patients, the response of stimulated RLNCs from patients with middle stage carcinoma was significantly higher compared with those of cells from patients with early or late stage carcinoma, such being similar to the response of RLNCs from control patients with gastric ulcer. The results from colorectal cancer patients were also similar to those from patients with gastric cancer. Our results suggest that RLNs without metastasis contain cells capable of responding to PHA despite the presence of growing tumors in these cancer patients. In the results of PHA stimulation in relation to the lymph node morphology, we observed in both groups of patients with gastric or colorectal cancer that, regardless of the extent of the cancer lymph nodes with lymphocyte predominance there was a high PHA response while lymph nodes with lymphocyte depletion and unstimulated nodes exhibited a low PHA response. These results show a close relationship between this lymph node morphology and immunologic status of nodes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Rgs1 and Gnai2 regulate the entrance of B lymphocytes into lymph nodes and B cell motility within lymph node follicles.

Signaling by G protein-coupled receptors coupled to Galpha(i) assists in triggering lymphocyte movement into and out of lymph nodes. Here, we show that modulating the signaling output from these receptors dramatically alters B cell trafficking. Intravital microscopy of adoptively transferred B cells from wild-type and Rgs1-/- mice revealed that Rgs1-/- B cells stick better to lymph node high endothelial venules, home better to lymph nodes, and move more rapidly within lymph node follicles than do wild-type B cells. In contrast, B cells from Gnai2-/- mice enter lymph nodes poorly and move more slowly than do wild-type B cells. The Gnai2-/- mice often lack multiple peripheral lymph nodes, and their B cells respond poorly to chemokines, indicating that Galpha(i1) and Galpha(i3) poorly compensate for the loss of Galpha(i2). These results demonstrate opposing roles for Rgs1 and Gnai2 in B cell trafficking into and within lymph nodes.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A modified murine local lymph node assay for the differentiation of contact photoallergy from phototoxicity by analysis of cytokine expression in skin-draining lymph node cells.

Since predictive differentiation of photoallergenic from phototoxic reactions, induced by low molecular weight compounds, represents a current problem, we tried to improve the differentiation between the two reactions by using a modified protocol of the local lymph node assay (LLNA). Briefly, groups of female BALB/c mice received compound solution or vehicle alone on the dorsum of both ears on 3 consecutive days. Immediately after compound application indicated groups of mice were exposed to a UVA light-dose of 10 J/cm2. Auricular lymph nodes draining the ear tissue were excised 24 h following the last exposure. Evaluation consisted of assessing lymph node weights and cell counts to monitor organ hyperplasia and in vivo-proliferative events following substance application. Furthermore, we analysed cytokine gene transcription in freshly prepared lymph node cells (LNC) and the cytokine release in vitro by restimulated CD4+ T-cells and antigen presenting cells (APC), both purified from the skin-draining lymph nodes. Both contact (photo) allergenic (oxazolone and tetrachlorosalicylanilide) and phototoxic substances (8-methoxypsoralen and acridine) caused a dose dependent increase in lymph node weights and cell counts pointing to an inflammatory process in the lymph nodes. Analysis of cytokine gene transcription ex vivo and cytokine release in vitro revealed that during the induction phase of contact (photo) allergy CD4+ T-cells produced IL-2 and IFN-gamma as well as IL-4 and IL-10, whereas IL-6 was derived from APC. In contrast, phototoxic reactions caused only an upregulation of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the release of IL-4 and IL-10 by CD4+ T-cells was clearly increased, whereas IL-6 and IFN-gamma expression was reduced or not changed following a challenge with contact (photo) allergens revealing an allergy-indicative shift in cytokine expression. In conclusion, our results show that contact photoallergenic reactions could be differentiated from phototoxic events by analysis of LNC cytokine expression patterns.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Molecular staging of prostatic cancer with RT-PCR assay for prostate-specific antigen in peripheral blood and lymph nodes: comparison with standard histological staging and immunohistochemical assessment of occult regional lymph node metastases.

BACKGROUND: About 30-40% of men with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy will have cancer recurrence. It is estimated that one third recur locally and two thirds develop distant metastases with or without local recurrence. METHODS: In the present study we investigate the detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA in peripheral blood samples (n=200 patients) and pelvic lymph nodes (n=154 patients) by PSA reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and compare these results to standard histological and immunohistochemical staging. RESULTS: We have observed a statistically significant correlation of lymph node PSA RT-PCR with standard pathologic risk factors, such as Gleason score (p=0.011), the presence of Gleason patterns 4 or 5 (p=0.005), lymph node metastasis (p<0.001) and a nearly significant correlation with the pT category (p=0.087). 39.5% (57/145) of the pN0 patients had PSA mRNA detectable in their lymph nodes. Blood PSA RT-PCR showed no correlation with the aforementioned factors and was even inversely correlated with preoperative serum PSA and lymph node status. Immunohistochemistry did not detect unsuspected prostate micrometastases in any pN0 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Lymph node PSA RT-PCR correlates with the Gleason score and the presence of Gleason patterns 4 or 5. Further clinical follow-up and correlation of RT-PCR status with overall outcome is required to allow validation of lymph node RT-PCR as a predictor of distant disease recurrence.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2003

The risk of regional lymph node metastases in patients with melanoma less than 1.0 mm thick: recommendations for sentinel lymph node biopsy.

BACKGROUND: Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy can upstage patients with intermediate thickness (1.0 to 4.0 mm) melanoma. Currently, there are no strict guidelines for sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with melanoma <1.0 mm thick. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of our patient database (598 patients treated at two institutions in Baltimore, MD, between January 1970 and June 2002) was performed to identify patients with primary cutaneous melanoma <1.0 mm thick who developed recurrent disease. This cohort of patients with > or =5 years of followup from the date of diagnosis was compared with patients with primary melanoma of similar thickness and similar followup intervals without recurrent disease. RESULTS: A total of 114 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma <1.0 mm thick were identified, 17 of whom developed disease recurrence. In 13 patients, the site of first recurrence was the regional lymph nodes and in 4 patients disease recurred with distant metastases. The median time to lymph node recurrence was 55 months (range 2 to 112) months. Patients with regional lymph node recurrences had a significant (p = 0.02) difference in median primary tumor thickness of 0.80 mm versus 0.45 mm in patients without recurrent disease; there was no association of Clark level of invasion to recurrence (p = 0.42). In all, 35% of patients (7 of 20) presenting with melanoma 0.80 to 0.99 mm thick developed lymph node recurrence a median of 41 months (range 8 to 112 months) after surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be justified for patients with melanoma > or =0.8 mm thick provided that the technique would detect metastatic disease years before it becomes clinically evident.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

An analysis of cervical lymph nodes metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Relationship between grade of histopathological malignancy and lymph nodes metastasis.

Cervical lymph nodes metastasis is well known to be an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with oral cancer. This study was considered 38 patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma who were treated at our department from 1993 to 1997. Histological malignancy of initial biopsy in the pretreatment period was evaluated by Anneroth's classification. The relationship of degree of histological malignancy with cervical lymph nodes metastasis were analysed in this study. Metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes was histologically confirmed in 17 out of 38 cases (44.7%). The metastasis located predominantly in the submandibular nodes and superior internal jugular nodes. According to T classification, the rate of metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes in T1 and T2 cases was around 30%, while the rate in T3 and T4 cases tended to be as high as around 60%. However, there was no significant difference. A significant relation was evident between the degree of histological malignancy and metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes (P< 0.01), indicating that the histological malignancy could be served as a predictor for metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes. Among the six parameters, a significant difference was observed only in the degree of keratinization and the mode of invasion (P< 0.05). When the sum of the degree of histological malignancy exceeds 15, metastasis in the cervical lymph nodes should be considered.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed2005

Occurrence of salmonella in the ileum, ileocolic lymph nodes, tonsils, mandibular lymph nodes and carcasses of pigs slaughtered for consumption.

This study evaluates the occurrence of Salmonella in pork carcasses and in some risk tissues (ileum, ileocolic and mandibular lymph nodes and tonsils), that can be involved in Salmonella contamination during slaughter. Salmonella was identified in 27 (26.7%) pigs and in 13 (12.9%) carcasses. From these positive carcasses, 69.2% presented the same serotype as that identified in the corresponding pig, which emphasize the pigs importance as a source of Salmonella during the slaughter, suggesting that measures should be taken at the level of pig production in order to reduce the slaughtering of Salmonella-positive animals. The highest value of Salmonella occurrence was reached in the ileocolic lymph nodes (18.8%) and in the ileum (13.9%), representing Salmonella potential faecal source during pork processing at the abattoir. In these samples, a high level of Salmonella was observed in the ileocolic lymph nodes in comparison with the ileum. The mandibular lymph nodes (12.9%) also presented a higher occurrence in comparison with the tonsils (9.9%). These results indicate that the lymph nodes analysis could be more sensitive in the detection of Salmonella than the closer drainage tissue. Otherwise, the presence of Salmonella in the lymph nodes indicates lymphatic spread of the organism, which reflects an increased risk of pork contamination. These results also indicate that, in order to achieve a better control of Salmonella contamination during the slaughter process, it is important to consider the improvement of the evisceration practices and the tonsils as well the extraction of mandibular lymph nodes after slaughter.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1990

Hyaluronan in prenodal lymph from skin: changes with lymph flow.

Hyaluronan, an important structural component of the interstitial matrix in skin, is found in lymph to be subsequently degraded in lymph nodes and liver. Hyaluronan concentration and flux were measured in prenodal lymph from the hindpaw in six pentobarbital-anesthetized mongrel dogs at normal and increased transvascular fluid flux. Lymph flow and hyaluronan concentration in control averaged 16.3 +/- 15.0 (SD) microliters/min (range 6.3-46.5) and 6.16 +/- 3.78 micrograms/ml, respectively. Lymph flow was increased stepwise by raising venous pressure, and measurements were performed at each step after three consecutive and identical measurements of lymph flow and protein concentration taken 15 min apart. Hyaluronan concentration was unchanged until venous pressure was raised above 20 mmHg and then gradually fell to an average of 4.8 +/- 2.67 micrograms/ml at venous pressures around 40 mmHg. The lymphatic hyaluronan flux averaged 0.085 +/- 0.034 micrograms/min in control and 0.28 +/- 0.14 micrograms/min at the highest flows (4.3 times control), draining 2% and 10% of the total interstitial hyaluronan in the tissue in 24 h, respectively. The results suggest that at least part of the hyaluronan in skin is loosely bound and easily removed via lymph.

Animals↗
PubMed1972

The transport of exogenous cholesterol in the rabbit. I. Role of cholesterol ester of lymph chylomicra and lymph very low density lipoproteins in absorption.

Thoracic lymph duct cannulations were performed shortly after a meal in rabbits trained to ingest a moderate fat, low cholesterol diet. A tracer dose of cholesterol-(3)H was administered to label exogenous (dietary) cholesterol during absorption. Sequential lymph samples were collected up to 24 hr postprandially, after which ultracentrifugal fractionation of lymph lipoproteins was carried out. The d < 1.006 lipoproteins were separated into two classes, chylomicra and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).A comparison was made between chylomicra and VLDL of lymph in the transport of exogenous cholesterol after ingestion of a single meal. The per cent of exogenous cholesterol present in VLDL of sequential lymph collections progressively increased with time after a meal and by 18 hr had reached a value of 80% or greater. In chylomicra the per cent of exogenous cholesterol of sequential lymph collections progressively decreased. Therefore, exogenous cholesterol was preferentially transported in VLDL compared with chylomicra. Cholesterol ester specific activity (CESA) of lymph chylomicra and VLDL increased at a more rapid rate than free cholesterol specific activity (FCSA). CESA of VLDL was three times higher than FCSA at the maximum. Exogenous cholesterol which appeared in both chylomicra and VLDL was consistently 80% esterified. while the per cent of total cholesterol esterified decreased with time and was significantly lower than that for exogenous cholesterol from 6 to 24 hr postprandially. These results demonstrate preferential esterification of exogenous cholesterol during absorption and indicate that a mechanism exists within the intestinal mucosal cell to maintain both free and esterified exogenous cholesterol in a chemically distinct pool from endogenous cholesterol during incorporation into both chylomicra and VLDL.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Lymph node infarction associated with infectious mononucleosis: report of a case resembling lymph node infarction associated with malignant lymphoma.

A completely infarcted lymph node should alert the pathologist to the high possibility of malignant lymphoma. The lymph node lesion of infectious mononucleosis (IM) shows marked histologic diversity and occasionally may be confused with malignant lymphoma. We report a rare case of IM showing extensive lymph node infarction whose lymph node lesion was similar to lymph node infarction associated with malignant lymphoma. This case describes a 32-year-old Japanese man who had signs and symptoms consistent with IM, which he was later proven serologically to have, but whose cervical lymph node showed extensive lymph node infarction with a thin area of granulation tissue beneath the capsule. The infarcted tissue contained numerous eosinophilic ghosts of large lymphoid cells. The thin granulation tissue was composed of numerous small lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, in addition to large lymphoid cells including immunoblasts and granulocytes. CD20, CD3, and CD45RO immunostains revealed the mixed B- and T-cell nature of the ghosts of large lymphoid cells in the infarcted tissue as well as viable large cells in the granulation tissue. The patient was free from disease after 50 months' follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Posterior lymph heart pressure and rate and lymph flow in the toad Bufo marinus in response to hydrated and dehydrated conditions.

Posterior lymph heart pressure, rate and flow were measured in chronically cannulated Bufo marinus during normal hydrated and dehydrated conditions. A new surgical technique was developed which allowed direct and constant measurement of the functioning of the posterior lymph hearts with minimal disruption to normal lymph drainage. The mean intra-lymph-heart systolic pressure was 2.29 +/- 0.12 kPa for hydrated animals at rest, decreasing to 1.01 +/- 0.10 kPa after 24 h of dehydration. Similarly, lymph heart rate, which was 48.2 +/- 1.7 beats min-1 under hydrated conditions, decreased to 31.8 +/- 4.6 beats min-1 after 18 h of dehydration. Lymph flow decreased almost to zero during dehydration from a hydrated rate of 1.11 +/- 0.04 ml h-1 100 g-1. This is the first study to measure directly and to correlate these variables in an amphibian and to show specifically that pressure, rate and lymph flow are significantly reduced during periods of dehydration.

Animals↗