Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Linseed Oil”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Dietary fish oil alters specific and inflammatory immune responses in chicks.

Two experiments were designed to determine the effects of dietary (n-3) fatty acids and grain source on the growth-suppressive effects of the inflammatory response and indices of specific immunity. In Experiment 1, chicks were fed diets containing 0.5, 1, or 2 g/100 g of either corn oil or fish oil. In Experiment 2, chicks were fed diets containing up to 2 g/100 g of either fish oil, linseed oil or corn oil as the source of dietary fat, in either cereal grain- or corn-based diets. In each experiment, subsets of chicks within each dietary treatment were either vaccinated with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine, injected with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS), heat-killed Staphylococcus aureus, or remained noninjected. Increasing dietary fish oil, but not corn oil increased body weight and lessened the growth-suppressing effect of heat-killed S. aureus or S. typhimurium LPS. Increasing the concentration of dietary fish oil decreased febrile response, circulating hemopexin and metallothionein concentrations. Dietary fish oil resulted in decreased release relative to dietary corn oil of interleukin-1 by peritoneal macrophages. Although IBV titers were not significantly affected by dietary oil treatment, phytohemagglutination-induced wattle swelling was greater among chicks fed fish oil. In Experiment 2, the modulating effects of fish oil on the immune system were dependent on the type of grain used in the diet, with fish oil/cereal diets resulting in greater cell-mediated immunity and lower indices of inflammation than fish oil/corn diets. Inclusion of increasing amounts of fish oil in the diet improved performance, decreased indices of the inflammatory response and either improved or did not change indices of the specific immune response of growing chicks.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Docosahexaenoic acid is superior to eicosapentaenoic acid as the essential fatty acid for growth of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus.

Juvenile grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) were fed seven experimental diets, one control diet and one reference diet for 12 wk to determine the dietary requirement of grouper for docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) acids. Each of the seven diets contained 1 g/100 g DHA and EPA in various combinations and 9 g/100 g tristearin. The control diet contained 1 g/100 g trilinolenin and trilinolein (3:1, wt/wt), and no supplemental EPA or DHA. The reference diet contained only natural oils from a mixture of cod liver oil, linseed oil and safflower oil at a ratio of 2:1:1 (wt/wt/wt). Significant differences (P < 0.05) in growth were observed among the dietary treatments but not in survival rate or relative liver weight. Only the diet with the highest DHA/EPA ratio (3:1) promoted significantly greater growth than the control diet. Purified EPA and DHA did not perform better in promoting growth than did the impure EPA and DHA oils. Enhanced growth was observed when the dietary DHA/EPA ratio was greater than 1, indicating that DHA was superior to EPA in promoting fish growth. Neutral lipid (NL) was the predominant lipid fraction (>70%) in both liver and muscle. Tissue NL/polar lipid did not differ among groups except the reference diet group that had a higher ratio (P < 0.05). DHA and EPA levels in the grouper tissues, especially muscle, were highly reflective of dietary levels of DHA and EPA, indicating that direct incorporation was likely. In addition, the 20:1(n-9), concentration in NL fractions seems to be an appropriate indicator of dietary essential fatty acid deficiency in grouper.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on in vivo splenic cytokine mRNA expression in layer chicks immunized with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide.

Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on immune responses in poultry have been reported. However, effects on the underlying mechanisms, such as the role of cytokines, have not been documented because the necessary tools were lacking. Recently, primer sets for chicken interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), myelomonocytic growth factor (MGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 have become available. Therefore, in the present study we first examined the in vivo effects of an inflammatory challenge with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cytokine profiles in growing laying-type chicks. Second, we examined whether dietary fat sources affected the observed cytokine profiles. Two hundred forty chicks were assigned in a 2 x 4 factorial design of treatments, with injection with LPS or saline and dietary fat source as factors. Factors were i.v. injection with S. typhimurium LPS or saline (control) and four dietary fat sources: corn oil, linseed oil, menhaden oil, and tallow. Two hours after injection, birds were killed, and their spleens were removed for RNA extraction. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions with primer sets for chicken IL-1beta, IL-2, IFN-gamma, MGF, TGF-beta2, and beta-actin were performed with RNA samples pooled by pen. The expression of cytokine mRNA was expressed relative to the level of beta-actin mRNA. Interleukin-1 (P < 0.001), MGF (P < 0.0001), IL-2 (P < 0.001), and IFN-gamma (P < 0.001) mRNA expressions were enhanced by challenge with LPS. Immunization treatment had no effect on TGF-beta2 or beta-actin expression. Dietary treatment did not affect mRNA expression of IL-1, MGF, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta2, or beta-actin. Interleukin-2 expression in LPS-injected birds that were fed the fish-oil-enriched diet was enhanced (P = 0.05). The present study indicates that in vivo effects of immune challenge on cytokine mRNA expression can be measured in poultry. The observation that mRNA level of IL-2, but not the mRNA levels of IFN-gamma or MGF, is enhanced by dietary fish oil at 2 h suggests that dietary PUFA at this moment initially affected naïve T lymphocytes.

Actins↗
PubMed1991

Effect of dietary fat source on antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation in chickens.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of fat source on the immune response of chickens. One-day-old pullets were fed corn and soybean meal-based diets containing 7% by weight one of the following fat sources: lard, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil (LO), or fish oil (FO). After being fed experimental diets for 3 wk, humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed. Chicks were injected with SRBC and antibody titers were measured, 7 days later, by hemagglutination. Concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated proliferation of splenocytes was assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Results demonstrated that antibody titers in FO-fed chicks were higher (P less than .005) compared with titers in chicks fed the other fat sources. The proliferative response to Con A and PWM were 30 to 50% lower (P less than .13 and P less than .05, respectively) in chicks fed the oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids, LO and FO. The response to LPS was poor. The effect of dietary fats source on lymphocyte proliferation was completely abrogated when autologous chicken serum was excluded from the culture medium. Fat source also seemed to affect growth and feed intake of the chickens. In conclusion, dietary fat source has a significant impact on the immune response of chickens.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1991

Effect of dietary fats on the fatty acid compositions of serum and immune tissues in chickens.

The purpose of the present study was to measure the effect of dietary fat source on the fatty acid composition of immune cells in chickens. One-day-old female chicks were fed corn and soybean meal-based diets containing 7% of either lard, corn oil, canola oil, linseed oil (LO), or menhaden fish oil (FO). After being fed experimental diets for 3 to 4 wk, samples of serum, thymus glands, bursa of Fabricius glands, and splenocytes were collected. All samples were frozen and stored at -80 C until lipid analysis. Results indicate that the fatty acid composition of the sera and immune tissues of chickens reflected the fat in the diet. The relative content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids varied considerably among immune tissues, with, from greatest to least, spleen, bursa, and thymus. The young chick demonstrated a substantial capacity to elongate and desaturate linoleic (C18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (C18:3n-3). Feeding chicks fats rich in n-3 fatty acids (e.g., LO or FO) decreased significantly (P less than .05) the level of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) present in the serum and immune tissues by 50 to 75%. The levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C20:6n-3) were substantially increased (P less than .05) by FO and LO feeding. However, LO, which is rich in C18:3n-3, was generally only one-half to one-quarter as effective as FO in elevating EPA and DHA levels in immune tissues. The implications for these changes in serum and immune tissue fatty acid profiles are discussed briefly.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Rapid modulation of the n-3 docosahexaenoic acid levels in the brain and retina of the newly hatched chick.

The newly hatched chick obtains its fatty acids almost completely from the lipids of the egg yolk as these are transferred to the developing embryo during its 21-day period of incubation. Since the diet of the laying hen greatly influences the fatty acid composition of the egg lipids, and presumably also the fatty acid composition of the resulting chick, we tested how quickly and to what extent varying the amount of n-3 fatty acids in the diet of the hen would modulate the level of n-3 fatty acids in the brain and retina of the newly hatched chick. White Leghorn hens were fed commercial or semi-purified diets supplemented with 10% fish oil, linseed oil, soy oil, or safflower oil. Eggs, together with the brain, retina, and serum of newly hatched chicks, were then analyzed for fatty acid composition. The fatty acids of egg yolk responded quickly to the hen's diet with most of the change occurring by 4 weeks. There was a linear relationship between the linolenic acid content of the diets and levels of this fatty acid in egg yolk and chick serum. In chicks from hens fed the fish oil diet, the total n-3 fatty acids, including 22:6(n-3), were elevated twofold in the brain and retina and sevenfold in serum relative to commercial diet controls. The safflower oil diet led to a very low n-3 fatty acid content in egg yolks and only 25% of the control n-3 fatty acid content in the brain and retina of chicks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dietary fat analysis--a contribution to the problem of nutrition and aging].

By means of gaschromatographic methodology the fatty acid patterns of 6 plant oils, 8 margarine branchs and 8 animal fats of the commercial assortment were determined. Because of their richness in linoleic and linolenic acid sunflower oil, soyabean oil, linseed oil and the margarine branchs Cama, Soma 40 and Marella are best suited for the prevention and dietetic therapy of lipid disorders and diseases. This holds above all for medium and higher age patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Sera fatty acid effects on cultured rat splenocytes.

Rats were fed either a stock diet or purified diets containing either 10% by weight corn oil or linseed oil for 8 weeks. Splenocytes from rats on the stock ration were cultured for 48 hours in media containing either serum from the rats fed stock diet, corn oil or linseed oil, or fetal bovine serum (FBS). Populations were cultured without stimulation and with stimulation by leucogglutinin (PHA), and the production of prostaglandin F2 alpha by the cells was determined. The serum from the corn oil-fed rats differed markedly in composition from that of the linseed oil-fed rats notably in the higher level of arachidonic acid (20:4 omega 6) and lower level of timnodonic acid (20:5 omega 3). FBS also had a lower level of 20:4 omega 6. These changes were reflected in the fatty acid composition of the spleen choline glycerophosphatide. PGF2 alpha production was significantly depressed in the medium from linseed oil-fed rats compared to the corn oil group. This effect was due to the competition of 20:5 omega 3 for the cyclooxygenase. Viability of cells was better in rat serum than in FBS. The study shows that when studying functions in cultured cells obtained from rats fed different dietary fats the dietary effect will be abrogated or modified by use of FBS in the medium.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Modulation of eicosanoid production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity by dietary alpha-linolenic acid in BALB/c mice.

The effects of dietary alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) on fatty acid composition, eicosanoid production, and cell-mediated cytotoxic activity of immune cells before and after challenge with virus or poly I-C from BALB/c mice were studied. Weanling BALB/c mice were fed purified diets containing either 10%-by-weight corn oil or linseed oil providing a ratio of 18:3n-3 to 18:2n-6 of 1/32 or 2/1, respectively, for 6-10 weeks. Fatty acid analysis of splenocyte phospholipids showed an appreciable increase in the percentage of n-3, and a decrease in n-6, fatty acids in splenocytes from mice fed the linseed oil diet. Splenocyte prostaglandin E and peritoneal exudate cell leukotriene C production was significantly lower in the linseed oil-fed mice. In general, cell-mediated cytotoxic activity was similar for immune cells from linseed oil and corn oil-fed mice. However, 6 days after the viral challenge, splenocyte cell-mediated cytotoxic activity was significantly higher in linseed oil mice. This higher activity was associated with nonspecific cytotoxicity rather than that of viral-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Cell yields from the spleen and peritoneum were frequently significantly higher in linseed oil mice. Interactions between dietary 18:3n-3, eicosanoid production, and immune cell proliferation and/or migration are discussed. In summary, feeding mice a diet rich in 18:3n-3 elevates immune cell n-3 fatty acid content, reduces eicosanoid synthesis and, to a limited extent, enhances the cell-mediated cytotoxic response to a viral challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Dietary control of diacylphosphatidylethanolamine species in brain.

The content and composition of the brain diacylphosphatidylethanolamine species was examined in response to dietary fat intake. Synaptic plasma membrane and microsomal membrane subcellular fractions contain phosphatidylethanolamine species profiles that respond differently to modulation by diet fat. The microsomal content of individual phosphatidylethanolamine species was most responsive to diet treatment and to addition of cholesterol to the diet. Feeding fish oil or linseed oil diets resulted in an increased membrane content of phosphatidylethanolamine species containing six double bonds for both microsomal and synaptic plasma membranes, compared with soya-bean oil- or sunflower oil-fed animals. The 22:5(n - 6) content present in phosphatidylethanolamine species of linseed oil and fish oil-fed animals was also reduced. For microsomal membranes, increase in dietary 18:3(n - 3) resulted in an increased content of phosphatidylethanolamine species containing one double bond. Addition of cholesterol to linseed oil or fish oil diets decreased the microsomal membrane content of phosphatidylethanolamine species containing six double bonds and increased the membrane content of species containing one double bond. For synaptic plasma membrane, addition of cholesterol to linseed oil and fish oil diets increased membrane content of species containing six double bonds. Fish oil-fed animals exhibited a decreased content of species containing a single double bond. The implications of the diet-induced changes in phospholipid species content and composition are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dietary fatty acid profile modifies abdominal fat deposition in broiler chickens.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different dietary fatty acid profiles on abdominal fat deposition in broilers. Diets with four types of fats (tallow, olive oil, sunflower oil, and linseed oil), at two levels of fat inclusion (either 6 or 10%), were administered to males from 21 to 42 d and to females from 21 to 49 d of age. The sexes were studied separately. Performance parameters, abdominal fat, muscle fat and cholesterol, and fatty acid profile of thigh, breast, and abdominal fat were determined. Broilers fed sunflower and linseed oils presented better values of feed efficiency. Abdominal fat and cholesterol content of thigh muscle were significantly lower in animals fed sunflower and linseed oils than in those fed tallow or olive oil (P < 0.001). In females, abdominal fat increased with level of fat inclusion only in birds fed tallow or olive oil, whereas it remained constant in birds fed sunflower or linseed oil. Muscle fat content was lower for birds fed tallow or olive oil but not significantly. The fatty acid profile of the different tissues reflected dietary fatty acid profile. Monounsaturated fatty acids were higher in abdominal fat, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in muscle fat. These results suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids produce lower abdominal fat deposition than saturated or monounsaturated fatty acids.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1991

Conservation of docosahexaenoic acid in rod outer segments of rat retina during n-3 and n-6 fatty acid deficiency.

We investigated the mechanism by which rat retina conserves docosahexaenoic acid during essential fatty acid deficiency. Weanling female albino rats were fed diets containing either 10% by weight hydrogenated coconut oil, safflower oil, or linseed oil for 15 weeks. Plasma and rod outer segment (ROS) membranes were prepared for fatty acid and phospholipid molecular species analysis. In addition, retinas were removed for morphometric analysis. We found the following: (1) Plasma phospholipids and cholesterol esters from coconut oil, safflower oil, and linseed oil diet groups were enriched in 20:3(n-9), 20:4(n-6), and 20:5(n-3), respectively. The levels of these 20-carbon fatty acids in the ROS, however, were only slightly affected by diet. (2) The fatty acids and molecular species of ROS phospholipids from the safflower oil and coconut oil groups showed a selective replacement of 22:6(n-3) with 22:5(n-6), as evidenced by a reduction of the 22:6(n-3)-22:6(n-3) molecular species and an increase in the 22:5(n-6)-22:6(n-3) species. (3) The renewal rate of ROS integral proteins, determined by autoradiography, was 10% per day for each diet group. (4) Morphometric analysis of retinas showed no differences in the outer nuclear layer area or in ROS length between the three groups. We conclude that the conservation of 22:6(n-3) in ROS is not accomplished through reductions in the rate of membrane turnover, the total amount of ROS membranes, or in the number of rod cells. The retina may conserve 22:6(n-3) through recycling within the retina or between the retina and the pigment epithelium, or through the selective uptake of 22-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acids from the circulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of dietary fat sources on lipid metabolism in growing chicks (Gallus domesticus).

The effect of dietary fat sources with different degrees of unsaturation and double bond positioning on lipid metabolism was studied in growing chicks. Four-week-old chicks were given semi-purified diets containing 6% palm oil (PLO), 6% safflower oil (SFO), 3% safflower oil and 3% linseed oil (SFO + LNO), 6% linseed oil (LNO), or 3% linseed oil and 3% fish oil (LNO + FO) with 0.5% cholesterol supplementation. Cholesterol ester content in the liver and serum of chicks fed PLO diet was significantly higher than that of other diet groups. Liver triacylglycerol and free cholesterol contents were significantly decreased in chicks fed a diet containing n-3 fatty acids (i.e., linseed oil or fish oil). Serum triacylglycerol level was also decreased by feeding the LNO or LNO + FO diet. The activity of serum lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase was not affected by dietary treatments. Fecal neutral steroid excretion was significantly increased in the LNO+FO diet group as compared with the SFO + LNO or LNO diet groups. With the increase in linseed oil levels, the levels of C18:2n6 and C20:4n6 fatty acids in tissue lipids decreased, but C18:3n3 and C20:5n3 were gradually increased. The levels of longer chain n-3 fatty acids (i.e., C20:5n3 or C22:6n3) in chicks fed a diet containing fish oil (LNO + FO diet) were significantly increased compared to those fed linseed oil with a corresponding level. These results demonstrated that dietary fat enriched with alpha-linolenic acid and longer chain n-3 fatty acids have stronger effects on lowering serum lipid levels than dietary fat composed of either saturated, or n-6 fatty acids, but both n-3 fatty acids sources show differing effects on the deposition of longer chain n-3 fatty acids into tissue lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Concentrations of cholesterol oxidation products in raw, heat-processed and frozen-stored meat of broiler chickens fed diets differing in the type of fat and vitamin E concentrations.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on concentrations of cholesterol oxidation products (COP) in broiler muscle. A total of 144 1-d-old broiler chicks were fed diets with either palm oil, soyabean oil or linseed oil and vitamin E concentrations of 20, 40 or 200 mg/kg for 35 d. COP concentrations were analysed in raw, heat-processed (180 degrees C, 20 min) and frozen-stored (-20 degrees C, 6 months) breast and thigh muscles. COP concentrations were influenced by dietary vitamin E concentration, dietary fat, treatment and type of muscle (P<0.001). Increasing the dietary vitamin E concentration generally reduced the concentration of COP. This effect was strongest in broilers fed linseed oil and weakest in broilers fed palm oil; the effect of vitamin E was also stronger in heated muscles than in raw or frozen-stored muscles. Moreover, the concentration of COP in thigh muscle was more strongly influenced by dietary vitamin E than that in breast muscle. COP concentrations in muscles were on average highest in broilers fed linseed oil and lowest in broilers fed palm oil, but the effect of the dietary fat also depended on the vitamin E concentration, the treatment and the type of muscle. In conclusion, our study shows that dietary fat and vitamin E influence the concentrations of total COP in broiler muscle. However, the effects of these factors were not only influenced by interactions between each other, but also depended on the treatment of the muscle and the type of muscle.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of dietary fat type on beta-oxidation of brown adipose tissue and Na+ channel density of brain nerve membrane in rats.

Effect of dietary fat type on beta-oxidation of brown adipose tissue and Na+ channel density of brain nerve membrane was studied in rats. Rats were fed an experimental diet containing lard, high oleic safflower oil, safflower oil or linseed oil for 12 weeks. The activities of carnitine palmitoyltransferase and cytochrome oxidase in brown adipose tissue were significantly lower in rats fed the lard diet than in those fed the high-oleic safflower oil diet, safflower oil diet or linseed oil diet. However, the peroxisomal beta-oxidation activity in brown adipose tissue was significantly higher in rats fed the lard diet than in those fed the other diet. The Na+ channel density in brain nerve membrane was not significantly different among the diet groups. These results suggest that intake of the lard diet rich in saturated fatty acids, compared with the vegetable oil diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids decrease mitochondrial beta-oxidation in brown adipose tissue, and that the dietary fat type has a differential effect on mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation in brown adipose tissue.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1984

Dissociation of effects of dietary fatty acids on blood pressure and prostanoid metabolism in Goldblatt hypertensive rats.

To study the influence of dietary modification of prostaglandin synthesis on blood pressure regulation, the effects of dietary enrichment with linoleic acid were compared with standard rat chow in three groups of 24 rats before and after renal artery constriction and contralateral nephrectomy. Dietary supplementation with 40 energy% sunflower seed oil or linseed oil respectively caused incorporation of linoleic or linolenic acids into tissue phospholipids. Relative to the sunflower seed oil, the linseed oil diet led to inhibition of prostanoid synthesis in kidney, serum or aorta in vitro and urine in vivo. Rats on both oil-rich diets had lower blood pressures than rats on a standard diet. Thus, partial suppression of prostaglandin synthesis did not accelerate one-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension, nor did sunflower oil protect against hypertension in a way that could be specifically ascribed to changes in prostaglandin synthesis.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1996

Dietary modulation of phospholipid fatty acid composition and lipoxygenase products in mouse lung homogenates.

This study investigated the potential of dietary fats to modulate the arachidonic acid content of mouse lung phospholipids and the formation of lipoxygenase products from arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Prior to breeding, female mice were fed for five months diets with 10 wt% of either olive oil, safflower oil, fish oil, or linseed oil. The same diets were fed to the females during gestation and to the pups from day 18 to day 42 postpartum. On day 42, the phospholipids were extracted from fresh lung tissue and separated into classes [phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylinositol (PI)] by thin-layer chromatography. Methyl esters of phospholipid fatty acids and unesterified fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. At comparable dietary n-3/n-6 ratios, arachidonic acid was reduced 85 and 75% in lungs from mice fed linseed oil and fish oil, respectively, compared to lungs of safflower oil-fed mice. Dietary fats affected the proportion of arachidonic acid in phospholipids in the order: PE > PC > PS > PI. Following incubation of homogenized lung tissue, the total amount of 12-lipoxygenase products was lowest in lungs from mice fed olive oil, and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was lowest in incubated lungs from mice fed linseed oil. Comparison of the amounts of lipoxygenase substrate fatty acids in the individual phospholipids with the lipoxygenase products suggested that the major substrate pool for the 12-lipoxygenase pathway in mouse lung homogenates was PC.

Animals↗