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PubMed1983

Bibliographic control of medical illustrations--a case study in the development of a library subsystem: I. Project planning.

The need to provide bibliographic access to a collection of original medical illustrations led the Library of the University of California, San Francisco, to search for a bibliographic control system and, not finding a satisfactory one, to develop one of its own, Part 1 of the report details the planning for such a development, including the need for bibliographic control of illustrations, the goals of the proposed system, design decisions and changes required, the type of system chosen, special subjects indexing needs, the required output, and staffing and budgetary needs.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1993

Citation patterns in the health sciences: implications for serials/monographic fund allocation.

This study sought to determine optimal serial-to-monograph ratios for collection development by comparing citation frequency with current library practice. Internal medicine literature cited an average of 88% serial references and 12% monographs. In an observational study, teaching physicians on internal medicine rounds cited 89.5% serials and 10.5% monographs to student teams. By contrast, health sciences libraries included in the Houston statistics spend an average of 79% of acquisitions budgets for serials and 21% for monographs. An 88:12 acquisitions budget ratio would be more appropriate, reflecting actual use of serials and monographs in the health sciences.

Budgets↗
PubMed1990

Book availability as a performance measure of a library: an analysis of the effectiveness of a health sciences library.

User satisfaction as a measure of library effectiveness has been studied by using Kantor's branching technique. Cleveland Health Sciences Library, Cleveland, Ohio, was used as the center of this study. The study measured independently the user bibliographic information performance, collection development policy performance, acquisition policy performance, user catalog performance, circulation performance, library operation/functioning performance, and the user search performance. Each of these categories represented one or more of the factors of library performance that could account for the possibility of users' failure. The sample size consisted of 1000 requests for book titles. The book availability rates were 59.60% without the help of the librarian and 63.50% with the help of the librarian. The results indicate that a dynamic study of library policies at regular intervals by using the Kantor's method, which is easily reproducible, can maximize library resources for the most effective fulfillment of user demand.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1994

Random peptide libraries.

Over the past year, great strides have been made in the design of peptide libraries, and new approaches have been developed for identifying peptide ligands. The libraries comprise large collections of peptides, ranging from 1 million to 1 billion different sequences, which can be screened using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, receptors, enzymes or other target molecules. The power of this technology stems from the chemical diversity of the amino acids coupled with the large number of sequences in a library. As such, peptide libraries may be useful for finding ligands that can serve as leads for pharmaceutical development and other purposes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1968

Development of methodologic tools for planning and managing library services. I. Project goals and approach.

In July 1966, the Institute for Advancement of Medical Communication began work on a project aimed at developing methods for collecting objective data suitable for planning and guiding local, regional, and national programs to improve biomedical libraries and the biomedical information complex. This article constitutes an introduction to a series of reports on the methodologic tools that have been developed. It describes the overall purpose and initial goals of the project, gives the general plan of the work, and presents five basic concepts that underlie the project's approach and structure the entire effort.

Information Services↗
PubMed2002

New measures for new roles: defining and measuring the current practices of health sciences librarians.

The roles of academic health sciences librarians are continually evolving as librarians initiate new programs and services in response to developments in computer technology and user demands. However, statistics currently collected by libraries do not accurately reflect or measure these new roles. It is essential for librarians to document, measure, and evaluate these new activities to continue to meet the needs of users and to ensure the viability of their professional role. To determine what new measures should be compiled, the authors examined current statistics, user demands, professional literature, and current activities of librarians as reported in abstracts of poster sessions at Medical Library Association annual meetings. Three new categories of services to be measured are proposed. The first, consultation, groups activities such as quality filtering and individual point-of-need instruction. The second, outreach, includes activities such as working as liaisons, participating in grand rounds or morning report, and providing continuing education. The third area, Web authoring, encompasses activities such as designing Web pages, creating online tutorials, and developing new products. Adding these three measures to those already being collected will provide a more accurate and complete depiction of the services offered by academic health sciences librarians.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1981

Selective medical libraries and library networks for developing countries.

The growth and rising cost of bibliographic materials require that attempts to make all medical libraries comprehensive and self-contained be replaced by the provision of selective collections devoted to the most used and useful materials, particularly in developing countries with limited resources. Journals constitute the most important and expensive component of a biomedical collection. While use data are important, a method is presented to guide selection in the absence of this information. The method identifies 35 nucleus journals and uses citation analysis to generate a list of 92 journals, partitioned into 31 medical specialty classes. Local expert consensus can guide selection of important local or regional literature not in the international archives. Careful selection results in efficient collections. Access to less used materials can be provided to individual libraries through resource sharing networks with affiliations to major comprehensive international libraries.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1991

Multiple mechanisms participate in the generation of diversity of human H chain CDR3 regions.

The area of highest variability in the antibody-combining site is the third complementarity determining region or CDR3. Based on our preliminary observation of the tremendous variability of this region in the human system we have studied the potential of CDR3 regions for generating diversity in the human B cell repertoire. To this end we generated CDR3-specific cDNA libraries from tissues collected at several stages of human development. Detailed computer analysis of more than 500 sequences reveals that human CDR3 region have the potential to generate more than 10(14) different peptides. The mechanisms responsible for this diversity include rearrangement by inversion, D-D fusion, gene conversion and the frequent utilization of the recently described DIR genes. The specific recombination mechanisms which may explain aberrant rearrangements as well as differences between fetal and adult repertoires are discussed in detail.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Electronic reserves: copyright and permissions.

Electronic reserves present a new service option for libraries to provide needed materials during hours that the library is not open and to user groups located some distance from library collections. Possible changes to current copyright law and publishers permissions policies have delayed the development of electronic reserves in many libraries. This paper reviews the current state of electronic reserves materials in the publishing and library communities and presents the results of a survey of publishers to determine permissions policies for electronic materials. Issues of concern to both libraries and publishers are discussed.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1980

A simple objective method for determining a dynamic journal collection.

In order to determine the content of a journal collection responsive to both user needs and space and dollar constraints, quantitative measures of the use of a 647-title collection have been related to space and cost requirements to develop objective criteria for a dynamic collection for the Treadwell Library at the Massachusetts General Hospital, a large medical research center. Data were collected for one calendar year (1977) and stored with the elements for each title's profile in a computerized file. To account for the effect of the bulk of the journal runs on the number of uses, raw use data have been adjusted using linear shelf space required for each title to produce a factor called density of use. Titles have been ranked by raw use and by density of use with space and cost requirements for each. Data have also been analyzed for five special categories of use. Given automated means of collecting and storing data, use measures should be collected continuously. Using raw use frequency ranking to relate use to space and costs seems sensible since a decision point cutoff can be chosen in terms of the potential interlibrary loans generated. But it places new titles at risk while protecting titles with long, little used runs. Basing decisions on density of use frequency ranking seems to produce a larger yield of titles with fewer potential interlibrary loans and to identify titles with overlong runs which may be pruned or converted to microform. The method developed is simple and practical. Its design will be improved to apply to data collected in 1980 for a continuous study of journal use. The problem addressed is essentially one of inventory control. Viewed as such it makes good financial sense to measure use as part of the routine operation of the library to provide information for effective management decisions.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

The development of a semi-preparatory scale supercritical-fluid chromatograph for high-throughput purification of 'combi-chem' libraries.

A unique separator was developed which allowed automatic separation and peak collection using semi-preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). A peak detector switched the effluent between waste and special collection cassettes. Up to 50 mg of various solutes were injected onto a 21-mm I.D. Cyano column. The entire flow path was contained and no aerosols were generated. Collection efficiency was as high as 95%. Peak purity was often greater than 99. 9%. Typical run times were less than 10 min. An analytical SFC was used to screen the performance of a wide range of mobile and stationary phases for the elution of more than 60 miscellaneous small drug compounds. The best 'universal' gradient employed 0.4% isobutyl or isopropylamine dissolved in methanol, then mixed from 5 to 55% into carbon dioxide at 10%/min. Flow rate was 50 ml/min. The analytical SFC was shown to be a good predictor of the semi-prep instrumental performance.

4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
PubMed1990

Teaching reprint file management: a hands-on approach.

The development of user-friendly search systems has enabled physicians to perform their own MEDLINE searches These physicians are recognizing a need to learn how to organize their growing reprint collections. Librarians at the University of Michigan, Alfred Taubman Medical Library have developed a unique course that presents a variety of techniques to meet the needs of a wide audience. For some users, such as students or house officers who have limited funds or lack support devices, a variety of manual methods are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of using manual versus computerized systems are discussed. Following the illustration of the manual methods, users are introduced to a simple computerized method using a utility type database management package, PC-FILE. Hands-on training under the direction of librarians allows students to develop and use a practice database while having experts available to answer questions. Users are encouraged to take a copy of PC-FILE (shareware) with them to experiment with before committing themselves to a more expensive database management software package. Before the class ends, those interested in a more sophisticated package with specialized report formats and downloading/uploading capabilities are given a brief demonstration of PRO-CITE. Evaluations have shown that there is interest in all three methods.

Computer User Training↗
PubMed1993

The Houston Academy of Medicine--Texas Medical Center Library management information system.

A management information system (MIS) provides a means for collecting, reporting, and analyzing data from all segments of an organization. Such systems are common in business but rare in libraries. The Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library developed an MIS that operates on a system of networked IBM PCs and Paradox, a commercial database software package. The data collected in the system include monthly reports, client profile information, and data collected at the time of service requests. The MIS assists with enforcement of library policies, ensures that correct information is recorded, and provides reports for library managers. It also can be used to help answer a variety of ad hoc questions. Future plans call for the development of an MIS that could be adapted to other libraries' needs, and a decision-support interface that would facilitate access to the data contained in the MIS databases.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed1996

Information-seeking behavior of health professionals in Hong Kong: a survey of thirty-seven hospitals.

Shortly after the establishment of Hong Kong's Hospital Authority (HA) in 1990, ten library service networks supported by the Library Information Systems (HALIS) were established to pool resources. A survey was undertaken to investigate the information-seeking behavior of health professionals working in thirty-seven public hospitals, examine their information needs, assess user satisfaction with and the impact of library services (including HALIS), and examine why hospital libraries sometimes fail to meet user needs. The findings revealed disparate use patterns among different groups of health professionals and confirmed that medical staff were most satisfied with the library collections and services. The nurses and hospital executives were found to be underserved. They needed information not only for work-related reasons but also to support self-study and development. The new HALIS service was neither well known nor widely used, especially among nurses. The findings provided valuable measures of performance for comparing different hospitals and assessing changes over time. Survey results also highlighted areas in which improvements are needed, such as collection enhancement, promotion and user training, and assessment of the impact of library service on patient care. Subsequent developments in these directions have led to increased awareness and use of library services and confirmed the direction of strategic plans for growth.

CD-ROM↗
PubMed1968

Medical collections in public libraries of the United States: a brief historical study.

During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was not unusual for a public library in the United States to include a collection of medical books among its resources. The origin and development of these collections, the growth of the movement, and the factors which contributed to the eventual withdrawal of these collections from the public library are recounted here.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed1978

Management data for collection analysis and development.

Sound management data are needed to evaluate the collections of health sciences libraries. This study reports the utilization of computer data bases to compare the libary collections of The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. The University of Texas Medical Branch, and the National Library of Medicine's CATLINE data base. The imprint dates of the records of two libraries are compared to measure acquisitions rates. Subject profiles for the Q and W classes demonstrate the similarity of the collections. Reasons for the variances are considered.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Characterization of the KNOX class homeobox genes Oskn2 and Oskn3 identified in a collection of cDNA libraries covering the early stages of rice embryogenesis.

For identification of genes involved in embryogenesis in the model cereal rice, we have constructed a collection of cDNA libraries of well-defined stages of embryo development before, during and after organ differentiation. Here, we focus on the possible role of KNOX (maize Knotted1-like) class homeobox genes in regulation of rice embryogenesis. Three types of KNOX clones were identified in libraries of early zygotic embryos. Two of these, Oskn2 and Oskn3, encode newly described KNOX genes, whereas the third (Oskn1) corresponds to the previously described OSH1 gene. In situ hybridizations showed that during the early stages of embryo development, all three KNOX genes are expressed in the region where the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is organizing, suggesting that these genes are involved in regulating SAM formation. Whereas OSH1 was previously proposed to function also in SAM maintenance, Oskn3 may be involved in patterning organ positions, as its expression was found to mark the boundaries of different embryonic organs following SAM formation. The expression pattern of Oskn2 suggested an additional role in scutellum and epiblast development. Transgenic expression of Oskn2 and Oskn3 in tobacco further supported their involvement in cell fate determination, like previously reported for Knotted1 and OSH1 ectopic expression. Whereas Oskn3 transformants showed the most pronounced phenotypic effects during vegetative development, Oskn2 transformants showed relatively mild alterations in the vegetative phase but a more severely affected flower morphology. The observation that the KNOX genes produce similar though distinct phenotypic reponses in tobacco, indicates that their gene products act on overlapping but different sets of target genes, or that cell-type specific factors determine their precise action.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1999

Evidence-based paradigms and opinions in clinical management and cancer research.

Clinical management involves values, the recognition of a patient's unique circumstances, and information. Given strong biases in the way we all process experience, clinical decision making must acknowledge the results of formal research. Evidence-based clinical management requires that we take account of the whole body of available evidence, not a potentially biased "biopsy" of it. Systematic literature review is therefore a central element. Such an approach is time consuming and requires skills in literature search and data evaluation, which physicians frequently have not been taught. Computing and library facilities are an important aid, as is the development of evidence-based resources such as the Cochrane Library Collection. Practice guidelines can prove useful and acceptable to clinicians if they are both evidence- and practice-based. The largest single obstacle to evidence-based clinical management is the bias against the reporting of studies with negative findings. This can be overcome by compulsory trial registration.

Decision Making↗