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PubMed1985

The frontier of modern Western medicine in Nepal.

Using the concepts frontier and interface the introduction and spreading of modern Western medicine in Nepal and its relations to other medical systems are described and analyzed. Medical systems do not prevail in the same degree in all places; we may call the geographic areas of concentration the core areas or center(s) of medical systems and the remaining areas their periphery. The frontier of a medical system is defined as that part of the periphery where the presence of the system is increasing. The place of the frontier, its width and the forms in which a medical system appears at its frontier are determined by both internal dynamics and contextual factors. In non-socialist countries like Nepal the dynamics of modern Western medicine are characterized by three tendencies: centralization, expansiveness and a commercial and capitalist character. Some important contextual factors which have been shaping the frontier in Nepal are: migration, including tourism, labor-migration and trade; the role of foreign aid and geographical conditions. The situation at the frontier has an important influence on the nature of the interface between modern Western medicine and other medical systems. In the article Faith-healing, Ayurvedic medicine, Homeopathy and Tibetan medicine are described briefly and the interface between them and modern Western medicine is looked into.

China↗
PubMed1991

Sequential migration theory and evidence from Peru.

"The standard human capital model of labor migration has been successful in explaining several empirical regularities of the migration process. However, there are a number of empirical facts that have not yet been explained or empirically tested; among them, that migrants usually perform more than one move in their lifetime; return migration accounts for a very important share of total migration rates; and there is a high positive correlation between in- and out-migration rates in the more advantageous regions. This paper presents both a simple model explaining these facts and an empirical analysis using data from Peru."

Americas↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Legal international migration across the northern frontier of Mexico].

The impact of the Simpson-Rodino Law of 1986, which increased legal commuting labor migration across the Mexican-U.S. border, is examined using data from surveys undertaken in 1986 and 1990. "Using these data and LOGIT regression models which include variables related to individuals as well as their household members and their context, statistical evidence is generated in support of the propositions that, i) an expansion occurred of the spectrum of social strata incurring in this type of migration; ii) the selectivity characteristics of new entrants into this migration group show a reproduction strategy oriented toward upward mobility; and iii) contextual factors led to a geographic redistribution of the commuter migrant group in the state of Baja California." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Migration and market wage risk.

The author presents an approach to the analysis of labor migration that incorporates the role of market wage variability as a source of information in individual migration decisions. "The focus...is on quantifying the effects of the origin market acting through amenities and the share of market-specific wage variability as it affects forecasts of alternative wages and forecast precision. A subsample of employed males...from the [U.S.] National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLS) age 16 to 22 years is used for estimation. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretically predicted relationship between migration propensities and regional differences in the information content of wages. In addition, the results provide evidence that risk aversion deters migration given uncertainty, measured by forecast precision, about alternative market wage levels."

Americas↗
PubMed1989

International factor mobility and production technology.

This paper systematically investigates the pattern and effect of international factor mobility caused by international differences of production technology in an endogenous-population-growth and overlapping-generations model. It is shown here that if the autarkic steady state in each country is characterized by under-investment relative to the Golden Rule, international labor migration will take place to the country with a more capital-saving or neutrally superior technology, and then the capital-labor ratio and the demand for children per family in that country will be lower. On the other hand, international capital will move to the country with a more labor-saving or a neutrally superior technology and will decrease the per worker domestic capital stock in that country.

Demography↗
PubMed1984

Haitian emigration in the early twentieth century.

"Standard migration theories see receiving countries as the dynamic agent [pulling] migrants to them. These theories, while useful for explaining many cases, appear inadequate for the case of labor migration from Haiti to Cuba and the Dominican Republic in the early twentieth century. This article examines this history and offers an alternative theoretical framework for explaining this migration flow. It is argued that the prime cause of migration from Haiti is factors in the sending country."

Americas↗
PubMed1990

Recruitment of labor migrants for the Middle East: the Sri Lankan case.

"This article deals with the social, economic and demographic aspects of labor migration from Sri Lanka to the Middle East. The findings are based on a survey covering 891 return migrants and 866 family members of current migrants, as well as a total of 407 nonmigrants who were interviewed as a control group. Although the elasticity of the demand for female domestic personnel is much smaller than that for male migrants, it was found that recruitment for female labor migrants has increased considerably in recent years. The enormous demand for foreign employment has led to a thriving recruitment sector and to numerous illegal activities also among authorized employment agents. Currently, prospective labor migrants have to incur huge debts to finance migration."

Africa↗
PubMed1994

The movement of people in Asia: internal, intra-regional and international migration.

"The comprehensive overview of Asian-Pacific migration summarizes early population movements during the colonial period and describes the major types of contemporary Asian population movements: (1) environmental refugees, (2) political refugees, (3) internal population movements, (4) contract labor migration, (5) migration of permanent settlers, (6) business related movements and tourism. Projections of net international migration are given. Population growth, employment absorption and emigration pressures are likely to contribute to a large mobility potential for Asia, with significant implications for Australia."

Asia↗
PubMed1982

Benefits of migration as a personal strategy in Nazare, Portugal.

"This article analyzes the causes, patterns and results of involvement in international wage labor migration for Nazare, a Portuguese fishing village and tourist resort. Some migrate permanently, others return to invest locally, and yet others only work abroad part of each year. Data indicate that international migration is a successful strategy for coping with a restrictive local opportunity structure. International migrants have more income, savings, capital goods, consumer goods and automobiles than non-migrants or those who only migrate within Portugal."

Demography↗
PubMed1993

Socio-economic determinants of labour mobility in Pakistan.

"With the availability of Population, Labour Force, and Migration (PLM) Survey data, this paper attempts to develop a model of internal [labor] migration in Pakistan.... Keeping in line with the literature, three types of variables have been identified as the possible determinants of migration. These variables relate to the possession of human capital, commitment to job and place of residence, and cost-related factors. After controlling for other variables, it was observed that, in general, migrants were selective especially in terms of age, education, and choice of occupation. These findings are consistent with the evidence from other developing countries."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Taikongs and Calos: the role of middlemen and brokers in Javanese international migration.

"This article discusses international migration from Java in the past and present and the role brokers have played in stimulating this movement. It describes legal and clandestine labor migration to Singapore, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia, the influence of employment brokers on the process, and the organization of the recruitment networks. The involvement of brokers is crucial but not always beneficial for the migrants. Migrants are dependent on the brokers and risk exploitation. In the case of movement to Saudi Arabia, there is a linkage with religious institutions and the Islamic pilgrimage."

Asia↗
PubMed1998

Use of immigration policy to manage nursing shortages.

PURPOSE: To examine long-term implications of using temporary, nonimmigrant nurse programs to manage fluctuations in the demand for registered nurses. ORGANIZING FRAMEWORK: This discussion is located in the full context of migration--reviewing theories and concepts of labor migration--referring to experience with guest-worker programs worldwide, outlining recent nursing shortages in the United States, describing the Immigration Nursing Relief Act (INRA), and raising questions for nurses in the United States and in the global marketplace. SOURCES: Review of scholarly literature on international migration, existing studies on nurse migration to the United States, and original research, conducted between 1992 and 1994, for the Immigration Nursing Relief Advisory Committee (INRAC) Report. METHODS: Policy analysis of theories, concepts, and perspectives related to nurse migration. FINDINGS: In the United States, highly skilled foreign nurses tend to complement rather than displace local labor. Yet recruiting foreign-educated nurses for entry-level jobs perpetuates patterns of dependency in the sending country and delays creative solutions to staff development in the host country. Nonimmigrant status creates a vulnerable workforce. There may be a disparity between the ideal of nurse migration as collaborative exchange and the reality of institutionalized occupational migration networks. CONCLUSIONS: While foreign nurse recruitment might solve short-term needs, repetitive temporary nurse migration programs create long-term consequences that are not in the best interests of the profession. The absence of consistent policy creates an opportunity for nursing to take an active role in developing the rules and direction of future nurse migration.

Emigration and Immigration↗
PubMed1990

International contract migration and the reintegration of return migrants: the experience of Sri Lanka.

"This article attempts to shed light on the issue of how far the labor exporting countries can monitor the process of reinsertion of return migrants in the domestic economy, with a view to maximizing net gains from international labor migration, drawing upon the experience of Sri Lanka. It begins with an examination of the socioeconomic characteristics of migrant workers with special emphasis on their post-migration activity status and the pattern of remittance utilization. Then it proceeds to evaluate critically the self-employment scheme that has been introduced by the Sri Lankan labor administration to advise and train return migrants in establishing themselves in business. The findings point to the danger of expecting too much from policy initiatives in this sphere."

Asia↗
PubMed1990

Labour migration and the work permit system in the United Kingdom.

"The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of the work permit today [in the United Kingdom], using official data. It first reviews the operation of the [labor migration] system and describes the main schemes incorporated. Then, it uses data for 1984-88 to describe the general characteristics of labor immigration through the schemes. Finally, by means of a small random sample of applications and issues, it presents details on particular aspects of the immigration. It demonstrates that current labour immigration through the system is selective: most of those entering with long-term permits are highly skilled, well paid, and moving within the internal labor markets of large transnational corporations." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)

Demography↗
PubMed1987

Asian labour mobility: new dimensions and implications for development.

The author "argues that the rise of organized labour migration has introduced a new structural feature in the international labour market.... This new factor....contributes to making labour supply highly elastic during upswings in demand for expatriate labour....[and] makes for inelasticity during periods of weakening demand because of its 'stockpiling effect' on labour supply." The impacts on migrants' wages and on the labor forces of labor-exporting countries are considered. The focus is on Asian labor migration to the Middle East. Separate comments by M. Irfan and Nadeem A. Burney are included (pp. 378-81).

Africa↗
PubMed1998

Urbanization patterns: European versus less developed countries.

This paper develops a model in which the interaction between transport costs, increasing returns to scale, and labor migration across sectors and regions creates a tendency for urban agglomeration. Demand from rural areas favors urban dispersion. European urbanization took place mainly in the 19th century, with higher costs of spatial interaction, weaker economies of scale, and a less-elastic supply of labor to the urban sector than in less developed countries (LDCs) today. These factors could help explain why primate cities dominate in LDCs, whereas a comparatively small share of urban population lives in Europe's largest cities.

Demography↗
PubMed1989

Contemporary immigration: theoretical perspectives on its determinants and modes of incorporation.

This article reviews conventional theories about different aspects of labor migration: its origins, stability over time, and patterns of migrant settlement. For each of these aspects, the authors provide alternative explanatory hypotheses derived from the notions of increasing articulation of the international system and the social embeddedness of its various subprocesses, including labor flows. A typology of sources and outcomes of contemporary immigration is presented as a heuristic device to organize the diversity of such movements as described in the empirical literature.

Acculturation↗