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PubMed2003

Field energetics of free-living, lactating and non-lactating echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus).

We measured daily energy expenditure (DEE) and water turnover rates in lactating and non-lactating short beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus) using the doubly labelled water technique during the lactation period in spring. Reproductively inactive echidnas were on average significantly heavier (median: 3354 g; range: 2929-3780 g; N=4) than lactating females (median: 2695 g; range: 2690-2715 g; N=3) during the equivalent time period. The median water flux rate of lactating echidnas (152 ml day(-1); range: 120-198 ml day(-1)) did not differ significantly from that of non-lactating females (170 ml day(-1); range: 128-227 ml day(-1)). The median DEE of echidnas that were lactating was 645 kJ day(-1) (range: 581-850 kJ day(-1)), which was not different from the median DEE of non-reproductive control females (763 kJ day(-1); range: 720-766 kJ day(-1)). Lactating females somehow compensate for the energy costs of milk production, resulting in a daily energy budget that is not different from that of non-reproductive females. At least part of their energy minimising strategy could involve the use of moderate heterothermy, allowing a greater proportion of daily energy expenditure to diverted to milk production.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Effects of pituitary-derived bovine growth hormone on production parameters and biokinetics of key metabolites in lactating dairy cows at peak and mid-lactation.

Changes in production parameters and metabolite biokinetics induced by treatment with pituitary-derived bovine growth hormone (bGH) were monitored at peak (c. 40 days) and mid-lactation (c. 130 days) in dairy cows. During treatment with bGH milk production increased by 6 and 14% at peak and mid-lactation respectively. At peak lactation the content of milk fat tended to increase, whereas milk protein tended to decrease and milk lactose decreased significantly. Yield of milk fat increased, but there was no change in the yield of milk protein and lactose. The content of milk fat tended to increase at mid-lactation. Milk protein decreased and there was no change in milk lactose. Yields of milk fat and lactose but not protein increased. Growth hormone exerted metabolic effects which differed with stage of lactation. At peak lactation plasma glucose concentration and its irreversible loss increased, plasma urea and acetate were unchanged and their irreversible losses tended to increase. No change was measured for plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and the irreversible loss of NEFA decreased. At mid-lactation plasma concentrations of glucose and NEFA were increased, plasma urea decreased and acetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate tended to increase. Irreversible losses of NEFA increased, urea tended to decrease and acetate and glucose remained essentially constant. The results show that exogenous pituitary bGH exerts metabolic effects which result in the supply of increased nutrients to support milk synthesis. The metabolic effects differ with the stage of lactation, reflecting differences in physiological and/or nutritional state.

Acetates↗
PubMed1985

Vitamin A during lactation: relationship of maternal diet to milk vitamin A content and to the vitamin A status of lactating rats and their pups.

We have investigated the effects of maternal vitamin A intake during pregnancy and lactation or during lactation alone on the concentration of vitamin A in rat's milk and on vitamin A levels in plasma and liver of dams and their pups. Groups of Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets having either a high vitamin A content [15 retinol equivalents (R.E.)/g diet] or a low vitamin A content (0.6 R.E./g) for 42 d, including 7-8 d prior to pregnancy, pregnancy, and for 14 d of lactation. The concentration of vitamin A in milk on d 14 of lactation was significantly greater on the high vitamin A diets [114 +/- 16 micrograms/dl (mean +/- SEM; n = 8) versus 52 +/- 7.3 micrograms/dl (n = 11), P less than 0.005]. However, milk vitamin A concentration on d 1 of lactation did not vary with maternal vitamin A intake during pregnancy. In a second study in which supplementation with vitamin A (30 R.E./g diet) was begun on d 1 postpartum, the milk vitamin A content increased progressively with duration of lactation. Maternal plasma vitamin A concentrations did not differ between rats fed the higher or lower vitamin A diets. However, liver vitamin A concentrations both of dams and of their 14-d-old pups were significantly higher when dams were fed the higher vitamin A diets during pregnancy and/or lactation. The results of these studies indicate that the transfer of vitamin A from mother to offspring by milk and the vitamin A status of dams and their suckling neonates is influenced by maternal vitamin A intake during lactation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed2004

Homofermentative lactate production cannot sustain anaerobic growth of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae: possible consequence of energy-dependent lactate export.

Due to a growing market for the biodegradable and renewable polymer polylactic acid, the world demand for lactic acid is rapidly increasing. The tolerance of yeasts to low pH can benefit the process economy of lactic acid production by minimizing the need for neutralizing agents. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CEN.PK background) was engineered to a homofermentative lactate-producing yeast via deletion of the three genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and the introduction of a heterologous lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27). Like all pyruvate decarboxylase-negative S. cerevisiae strains, the engineered strain required small amounts of acetate for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A. Exposure of aerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures to excess glucose resulted in the immediate appearance of lactate as the major fermentation product. Ethanol formation was absent. However, the engineered strain could not grow anaerobically, and lactate production was strongly stimulated by oxygen. In addition, under all conditions examined, lactate production by the engineered strain was slower than alcoholic fermentation by the wild type. Despite the equivalence of alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation with respect to redox balance and ATP generation, studies on oxygen-limited chemostat cultures showed that lactate production does not contribute to the ATP economy of the engineered yeast. This absence of net ATP production is probably due to a metabolic energy requirement (directly or indirectly in the form of ATP) for lactate export.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1978

Lactate release in relation to tissue lactate in human skeletal muscle during exercise.

In four healthy volunteers, muscle lactate concentration and the release of lactate from the leg were determined at rest and at 4 and 12 min of sitting bicycle exercise at four intensities (30, 50, 70, and 90% of maximal oxygen uptake). The muscle biopsies were obtained by needle biopsy technique from m. vastus lateralis. The rate of lactate release was calculated from the femoral venous-arterial differences of lactate and the leg blood flow was determined by constant rate dye infusion. Both leg blood flow and leg oxygen consumption increased linearly with work intensity. The release of lactate rose approximately linearly with the muscle lactate concentration up to about 4-5 mmol/min but then the relationship revealed a clear leveling off. These results indicate a maximal level for the lactate release from the exercising muscles with a translocation hindrance for lactate within the muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Urinary free deoxypyridinoline excretion in lactating and non-lactating Arabic women of the United Arab Emirates.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to measure urinary free deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) excretion in non-lactating and lactating Arabic women of the United Arab Emirates. METHODS: Morning urine specimens were obtained from 679 non-pregnant, non-lactating women and 268 lactating women. Commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay kits were used for urinary free Dpd determinations. RESULTS: For the non-lactating women, the mean urinary free Dpd excretion was 9.20 nmol/mmol creatinine (95% confidence interval: 8.82-9.59). This result was significantly higher than those reported elsewhere. There was a trend towards lower Dpd excretion with increasing age (ANOVA test of linearity P<0.05). Urinary free Dpd in lactating women was 9.92 (9.33-10.5); this was not significantly different from that of non-lactating women (P=0.052). Dpd excretion was higher in the first month post-partum, with a significant trend towards diminishing levels thereafter, returning to non-lactating levels by 9 months post-partum (ANOVA test for linearity P<0.005). CONCLUSION: Dpd excretion in UAE Arabic women aged 20-44 years was higher than in other groups. This could be due to ethnicity or vitamin D status.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Properties of insulin and glucagon receptors on sheep hepatocytes: a comparison of hormone binding and plasma hormones and metabolites in lactating and non-lactating ewes.

A method is described for the isolation of viable hepatocytes from sheep liver. The characteristics of insulin and glucagon binding to the cells were investigated by the use of mono-iodinated hormone, and from these data the optimum in-vitro incubation conditions for hormone-receptor binding were established. Glucagon and insulin receptors were examined in relation to plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites in non-mated, and 20- and 50-day-lactating ewes (six animals/group). Measurements of insulin, growth hormone and non-esterified fatty acids in the circulation, together with a fall in body weight, suggested that a peak lactation (20 days) the ewes were in energy-deficit and were mobilizing body tissue. The percentage binding of insulin was higher in hepatocytes after 50 days of lactation when compared with that in both the unmated (P less than 0.05) and 20 day-lactating animals. No changes in insulin binding were found between the unmated and 20-day-lactating groups. Glucagon binding was reduced in the 20- (P less than 0.02) and increased in the 50-day-lactating group (P less than 0.001) when compared with the unmated control animals. The binding of glucagon was higher at 50 days as compared with 20 days of lactation (P less than 0.001). The changes in insulin binding resulted primarily from altered receptor numbers whereas changes in the binding of glucagon were due to alterations in both receptor numbers and affinity. Our results indicated that the binding of insulin and glucagon to isolated hepatocytes was altered during lactation in sheep and that these changes might modulate the sensitivity of the cells to the actions of the hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Lactation performance of sows fed a bulky diet during gestation and receiving growth hormone-releasing factor during lactation.

Forty-eight crossbred gilts were used in an experiment with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatments were control or bulky diet during gestation (4.1 vs 15.3% crude fiber), number of meals served daily in lactation (2 vs 4), and three daily s.c. injections of saline or of 1 mg of a human growth hormone-releasing factor analog (GRF-AN) from d 3 to 29 of lactation. Weights of pigs were recorded weekly until weaning on d 33. On d 29 of lactation, milk yield was estimated and a milk sample was obtained the next day. Jugular blood samples were collected from the sows on d 3 and 28 of lactation. Feed and water intake of sows were recorded throughout the study. Feeding the bulky diet decreased water intake in gestation (P < .001) and increased feed intake in lactation (P < .03). The number of meals served daily had no effect on feed intake during lactation (P > .1). Injections of GRF-AN increased IGF-I concentrations in blood (P < .01) and in milk (P < .001) and decreased backfat thickness (P < .001) and feed intake (P < .001) of sows during lactation. Pigs from sows injected with GRF-AN weighed more on d 14 (P < .05) and had a tendency to weigh more on d 7 (P = .09) and d 21 (P = .06). The incidence of sows showing estrus within 10 d of weaning was reduced with exogenous GRF (P < .01). The use of exogenous GRF in lactating sows may therefore have beneficial effects on growth of the pigs, yet the optimal nutritional and hormonal conditions needed for GRF to exert its full potential still need to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Lactational and subsequent reproductive responses of lactating sows to dietary lysine (protein) concentration.

Gilts (n = 208) were used to evaluate the effect of lysine (protein) intake over three parities on lactation and subsequent reproductive performance. Sows were assigned randomly to one of five experimental diets at each farrowing. The five corn-soybean mealbased lactation diets contained increasing concentrations of total lysine (.60, .85, 1.10, 1.35, and 1.60%) and CP (14.67, 18.15, 21.60, 25.26, and 28.82%). Other amino acids were provided at a minimum of 105% of the NRC (1988) ratio to the lysine requirement. Sows had ad libitum access to their assigned diets from parturition until weaning (19.5+/-.2 d postpartum). All sows were fed a common gestation diet (14% CP and .68% lysine) from weaning to next farrowing. Litter size was standardized by d 3 postpartum to 10 pigs in parity 1 and 11 pigs in parity 2 and 3. Increasing dietary lysine (protein) linearly decreased (P<.05) voluntary feed intake of parity 1 (from 5.4 to 4.6 kg/d), 2 (from 6.5 to 5.8 kg/d), and 3 sows (from 6.8 to 6.2 kg/d). With the increase of dietary lysine (protein) concentration during lactation, litter weight gain responded quadratically (P<.05) in all three parities. Maximal litter ADG was 2.06, 2.36, and 2.49 kg/d in parities 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which occurred at about 44, 55, and 56 g/d of lysine intake for parity 1, 2, and 3 sows, respectively. Increasing dietary lysine (protein) had no effect (P>.1) on sow weight change, weaning-to-estrus interval, and farrowing rate in all three parities and no effect on backfat change in parity 2 and 3, but tended to increase backfat loss linearly (P<.1) in parity 1. A linear decrease of second litter size (total born, from 11.7 to 10.1, P<.1; born alive, from 11.0 to 8.9, P<.01) was observed when dietary lysine (protein) increased during the first lactation. Lysine (protein) intake during the second lactation had a quadratic effect on third litter size (P<.05; total born: 13.3, 11.2, 11.6, 11.9, and 13.6; born alive: 11.8, 10.1, 10.3, 11.2, and 12.4). However, fourth litter size was not influenced by lysine (protein) intake during the third lactation. These results suggest that the lysine (protein) requirement for subsequent reproduction is not higher than that for milk production. Parity influences the lysine (protein) requirement for lactating sows and the response of subsequent litter size to previous lactation lysine (protein) intake.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Parturition body size and body protein loss during lactation influence performance during lactation and ovarian function at weaning in first-parity sows.

We investigated the effect of body protein mass at parturition and different degrees of body protein loss in lactation on sow performance. In a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, 77 Genex gilts were fed to achieve either a standard or high body mass at parturition and to lose either a moderate (MPL) or high (HPL) amount of protein in lactation. Pregnant gilts were fed either 24.4 MJ of ME, 266 g of CP, and 11 g of lysine/d or 34.0 MJ of ME, 436 g of CP, and 20 g of lysine/d resulting in divergent (P < 0.01) live weights (165 vs. 193 kg) and calculated protein masses (24.3 vs. 30.0 kg) and slightly different backfat depths (20.0 vs. 22.8 mm; P < 0.05) at parturition. Diets fed during lactation were formulated to deliver 731 g of CP and 37 g of lysine/d or 416 g of CP and 22 g of lysine/d to induce differential body protein mobilization. Sows were slaughtered at weaning (d 26), and the weight of the organs and the lean, fat, and bone in five primal cuts was measured. The external diameter of the eight largest follicles on each ovary was recorded, and the follicular fluid from these follicles was collected, weighed, and analyzed for estradiol. Losses in lactational live weight (26 vs. 20 kg; P < 0.01) and calculated protein mass (17.8 vs. 10.7%; P < 0.001) were greater, and the carcass lean mass at weaning was 10% lighter (P < 0.05) in HPL sows. Backfat (5.1 +/- 0.8 mm; P = 0.29) and calculated fat mass (25.8 +/- 1.5%; P = 0.84) losses did not differ between treatments. Both sow body mass (P < 0.05) and lactation protein loss (P < 0.01) affected litter growth rate. Litter growth rate decreased (P < 0.05) at the end of lactation in HPL sows once these sows had lost 10 to 12% of their calculated protein mass. Ovarian follicular development was most advanced in high body mass sows that lost the least protein; these sows had the heaviest (P < 0.05) uterine weight and highest (P < 0.05) follicular fluid estradiol concentration. Follicular development was least advanced in standard body mass sows that lost the most protein. These sows had the lowest (P < 0.05) muscle:bone ratio at weaning and likely lost the largest proportion of their muscle mass compared with the other treatments. In conclusion, ovarian function at weaning and litter performance was higher in high body mass sows and in sows that lost the least protein in lactation, suggesting that a larger lean mass may delay the onset of a decrease in performance in sows that lose protein in lactation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter.

Two experiments in two seasons evaluated fertilization rate and embryonic development in dairy cattle. Experiment 1 (summer) compared lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 97.3 +/- 4.1 d postpartum [dppl; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/d) to nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo old). Experiment 2 (winter) compared lactating cows (n = 27; 46.4 +/- 1.6 dpp; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) to dry cows (n = 26). Inseminations based on estrus included combined semen from four high-fertility bulls. Embryos and oocytes recovered 5 d after ovulation were evaluated for fertilization, embryo quality (1 = excellent to 5 = degenerate), nuclei/embryo, and accessory sperm. In experiment 1, 21 embryos and 17 unfertilized oocytes (UFO) were recovered from lactating cows versus 32 embryos and no UFO from heifers (55% vs. 100% fertilization). Embryos from lactating cows had inferior quality scores (3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), fewer nuclei/embryo (19.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 3.0) but more accessory sperm (37.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 22.4 +/- 5.5/embryo) than embryos from heifers. Sperm were attached to 80% of UFO (17.8 +/- 12.1 sperm/UFO). In experiment 2, lactating cows yielded 36 embryos and 5 UFO versus 34 embryos and 4 UFO from dry cows (87.8 vs. 89.5% fertilization). Embryo quality from lactating cows was inferior to dry cows (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), but embryos had similar numbers of nuclei (27.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 2.1) and accessory sperm (42.0 +/- 9.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 6.3). From 53% of the flushings from lactating cows and 28% from dry cows, only nonviable embryos were collected. Thus, embryos of lactating dairy cows were detectably inferior to embryos from nonlactating females as early as 5 d after ovulation, with a surprisingly high percentage of nonviable embryos. In addition, fertilization rate was reduced only in summer, apparently due to an effect of heat stress on the oocyte.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Modifying the lactation curve to improve lactation milk and persistency.

Daily, stage and lactation estimated breeding values (EBV) and the shape of the lactation curve for each cow are controlled by a unique set of random (genetic) regression coefficients under a test day model, thus providing a basis for genetic improvement of these characteristics. Three selection procedures were developed for simultaneous improvement of total lactation milk and persistency: 1) index selection based on daily EBV, 2) index selection based on stage EBV, and 3) index selection based on random regression (RR) coefficients. A numerical example was given to demonstrate the computation of indexes based on stage EBV and based on RR coefficients. A conversion equation was derived to convert between genetic changes in EBV and RR coefficients. Index selection based on daily EBV would require the finding of 305 weighting factors for a lactation period of 305 d, making it impractical to determine the weighting factors on a daily basis. Alternatively, a lactation period was partitioned into a few stages to facilitate the construction of index selection based on stage EBV and index selection based on RR coefficients. These selection procedures make use of the annual genetic gains routinely computed in national genetic evaluations to restrict the genetic gains between different lactation stages to achieve the desired curve. When there is no prior knowledge of annual genetic gains, the proportional restriction of genetic gains between stages may be used. In summary, this study provides a simple means of modifying the lactation curve by manipulating genetic changes in different lactation stages at a pre-specified rate.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Prediction of annualized lactation yield from partial lactations.

Extension factors for annualized lactation yields [365 (total lactation yield)/-days between calvings] were computed by generating 747,904 partial lactations from complete lactation records of 105,379 Israeli-Holstein cows with one to three lactations. Factors included in the model were last test yield, days pregnant, days in milk, farm type, calving season, and days remaining in the lactation. Both linear and quadratic effects were assumed for the first three factors. Primiparous and multiparous cows were analyzed separately for milk, fat, and economically fat-corrected milk [.67 (milk) + 10 (fat)] yields. Adjusted coefficients of determination computed for this model were .04 higher for fat and .01 higher for milk and economically fat-corrected milk than for an alternate model in which remaining yield was predicted as a linear function of last test yield and remaining days in milk. Correlations between actual and predicted lactations for partial lactations of less than 4 mo in milk computed by the first model were .03 higher for fat but were nearly identical to those computed by the second model for milk. Although last test yields was the most important factor in predicting annualized yields, inclusion of other factors increased accuracy of annualized fat yield prediction.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Modeling of energy balance in early lactation and the effect of energy deficits in early lactation on first detected estrus postpartum in dairy cows.

The general pattern of energy balance in early lactation was modeled. For this purpose, several lactation curves were investigated. The best fitting curve was fit in a random regression model that provided predicted energy balance curves for all lactations. By use of these curves, total energy deficit per lactation, postpartum interval of return to positive energy balance, and nadir of energy balance was determined. In predicted energy balances, nadir of energy balance was present, but variation in postpartum interval to nadir was small. First lactation cows had a smaller energy deficit in early lactation than did older cows. Differences among cows in nadir and total energy deficits in early lactation were large. Both were related to the postpartum interval to first detected estrus with a larger energy deficit and a smaller nadir corresponding to a larger postpartum interval to first detected estrus. From this study, it can be concluded that large energy deficits in early lactation delay first detected estrus.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Development of automated lactate analyzer with continuous blood sampling for monitoring blood lactate and its application for the testing of physical exercise].

The anaerobic threshold is useful for estimating the intensity of physical exercise. It is shown as either an increase in blood concentrations of lactate or a disproportionate increase in ventilation. We developed a lactate analyzer based on an electroenzymatic method with a continuous blood sampling system through a double-lumen catheter. Ascorbic acid, bilirubin, hemoglobin, creatinine, uric acid, and glucose did not interfere the results. The lactate concentrations in blood samples from healthy subjects during physical exercise correlated well (r = 0.993) with results measured by the conventional enzymatic method. We measured the concentrations of blood lactate with a use of this lactate analyzer to see the anaerobic threshold in nine healthy volunteers during exercise on a treadmill with an increasing workload. The point at which lactate concentrations started to increase was detected easily. The anaerobic threshold identified as a disproportionate increase in ventilation was seen at almost the same time. We conclude that the lactate analyzer, with a continuous blood sampling system, can measure precisely concentrations of lactate in blood and can detect the anaerobic threshold during physical exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Postprandial thermogenesis in lactating and non-lactating women from The Gambia.

Postprandial thermogenesis was assessed by indirect calorimetry in 32 Gambian women classified into three groups as follows: 12 non-pregnant non-lactating and 10 lactating women studied during the dry season and 10 lactating women studied during the rainy season. The test meal consisted of a typical Gambian breakfast and its energy content corresponded to 30% of the individual's resting metabolic rate (RMR)/24 h. During the dry season, the postprandial thermogenesis of the lactating women averaged 6.0 +/- 0.4% of the test meal energy content and was similar to that observed in the non-pregnant non-lactating women studied during the same season (5.8 +/- 0.3%). In contrast, the postprandial thermogenesis of lactating women studied during the rainy, nutritionally unfavourable season was found to be significantly lower (4.9 +/- 0.5%). There was no significant difference in the pre- and postprandial respiratory quotients among groups. This leads to the conclusion that lactation does not alter the thermogenic response to food and that the reduction in postprandial thermogenesis observed in lactating women during the wet season constitutes an adaptive response to energy deficit allowing a saving of energy in periods of food restriction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and lactate dehydrogenase by human peritoneal mesothelial cells in solutions with lactate or bicarbonate or both.

In patients on long-term continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, the efficiency of dialysis declines because of peritoneal neovascularization and loss of peritoneal mesothelial cells. In this study, we investigated the influence of lactate and bicarbonate in peritoneal dialysis fluid on such changes of the peritoneum. We studied the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which induce peritoneal neovascularization, by human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) cultured with lactate or bicarbonate or both. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was also measured to assess cell necrosis. Levels of VEGF, bFGF, and LDH in the culture supernatant showed a significant decrease after incubation of HPMCs with 15 mEq/L lactate plus 25 mEq/L bicarbonate, or with 40 mEq/L bicarbonate, as compared with incubation with 40 mEq/L lactate. Levels of VEGF and bFGF showed a concentration-dependent decrease when the cells were incubated with lactate or bicarbonate; a concentration-dependent increase of LDH was simultaneously observed. These results suggest that dialysis fluid containing 40 mEq/L bicarbonate is superior to fluid containing 40 mEq/L lactate with regard to its influence on the production of VEGF and bFGF although lactate and bicarbonate are both toxic for HPMCs.

Bicarbonates↗
PubMed1977

[Clinical picture of lactate acidosis. 4: Clinical significance of lactate acidosis].

The diagnosis of lactate acidosis is complicated by the fact that lactate determination is not a routine method in clinical chemistry. In fact, lactate analysis is performed only in special laboratories. Even in greater clinics this method is not routinely performed in differential diagnosis of acidotic states. Various diseases are accompanied by a lactate emia or even by lactate acidosis. Anaerobic synthesis of lactate is an emergency reaction to supply minimum energy to tissues with insufficient oxygen supply. The main diseases complicated by increased blood lactate concentrations are shock, circulatory collapse, cardiac failure and peripheral circularoty disturbance. Additionally diabetes mellitus, septical infections, and-the most prominent situation-biguanide intoxications are complicated by an increase in blood lactate concentration.

Acidosis↗