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PubMed2003

Ethnic difference in serology of Helicobacter pylori CagA between Japanese and non-Japanese Brazilians for non-cardia gastric cancer.

The usefulness of serology against CagA of Helicobacter pylori as a biomarker to identify high-risk individuals for non-cardia gastric cancer (ncGC) remains unclear among several ethnic populations with a high prevalence of cagA-positive strains. We investigated ethnic differences of CagA serology in two sets of case-control subjects, Japanese-Brazilians (JB) and non-Japanese Brazilians (NJB). We performed a cross-sectional comparison of IgG antibody titers to CagA (CagA-Ab) and the combination of CagA-Ab with conventional surface antigen (Hp-Ab) in 80 JB and 178 NJB ncGC patients and their controls (160 JB and 178 NJB). The level of CagA-Ab titer in cancer cases was significantly higher in NJB than in JB. The strength of the association between CagA-Ab seropositivity (+) (> or = 10 U/ml) and ncGC was almost 2-fold higher in NJB than in JB [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval), 4.5 (2.6-7.8) and 2.1 (1.2-3.6), respectively]. However, in both JB and NJB, the OR was highest in CagA-Ab(+) subjects with low titer (10-29 U/ml), and decreased inversely with elevating CagA-Ab titer. In addition, the serological status of CagA-Ab(+) and Hp-Ab(-) showed a similar close association with ncGC between JB and NJB [5.4 (1.9-15.3) and 5.4 (2.0-15.0), respectively]. These results suggest that although the roles of CagA in the carcinogenic process of ncGC might be different between JB and NJB, the CagA-Ab could be a useful marker for ncGC, independently of ethnicity, particularly in high-risk individuals with the serological status of CagA-Ab(+) with low IgG titer or combined with Hp-Ab(-).

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Application of the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire for evaluating temperament in the Japanese infant: creation of an abridged Japanese version.

The Japanese version of the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire (RITQ) was implemented to re-evaluate factor structure of the temperament scale with the objective of simplification. The questionnaire was conducted on 1099 mothers of Japanese infants visiting health centers for their children's health examinations at 6 or 7 months. As a result, a 57-item abridged version was constructed consisting of the seven subscales: 'fear of strangers and strange situations', 'insensitivity to food', 'regularity of rhythm', 'manageability', 'activity level', 'persistence of attention', and 'insensitivity to touch'. Although the items did not break down into the traditional nine temperament dimensions extracted by Carey et al., a certain commonality was seen in factor structure compared with the results of factor analysis using the RITQ in studies in Japan and abroad.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed2005

Cigarette smoking and the risk of ovarian cancer in the Japanese population: findings from the Japanese Collaborate Cohort study.

AIM: The many studies into the relation between cigarette smoking and the risk of ovarian cancer have produced inconsistent results. Here we investigated this relation using data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, initiated in 1988. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire on smoking habits and other risk factors for cancer was completed by 34 639 Japanese women. After 7.6 years of follow up, 39 cases of ovarian cancer were available for analyses. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to compute relative risks (RR) and to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: Relative to those who had never smoked, the RR of ovarian cancer were 1.63 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.21-12.50) for former smokers and 2.27 (95% CI = 0.85-6.08) for current smokers. Among current smokers, the RR were 1.48 (95% CI = 0.20-10.92), 5.56 (95% CI = 1.68-19.06), and 1.86 (95% CI = 0.25-14.30) among women who smoked <10, 10-19, and at least 20 pack-years ([number of cigarettes smoked per day/20] x number of years subject has smoked), respectively, relative to those who had never smoked. A test for trend was statistically significant (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer in the Japanese population.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between body mass index and the risk of ovarian cancer in the Japanese population: findings from the Japanese Collaborate Cohort (JACC) study.

AIM: The incidence of ovarian cancer in Japan has increased since the 1970s. The many studies that have assessed the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the risk of ovarian cancer have produced contradictory results. Here we investigated this relation using data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for the Evaluation of Cancer Risk, which was initiated in 1988. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits and other risk factors for cancer was completed by 36,456 Japanese women. After 7.6 years of follow up, 38 cases of ovarian cancer were available for analysis. Cox proportional-hazards models were used to compute relative risks and to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: Compared to women with BMI of 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, the relative risk of ovarian cancer was 2.24 (95% CI = 1.10-4.21) for BMI of 25.0-29.9 and 1.78 (95% CI = 0.24-13.34) for BMI of > or = 30 kg/m2. A test for trend revealed that this finding was statistically significant (P = 0.014). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that being overweight is independently associated with a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer in the Japanese population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Establishment of a spinated type of Diplodinium rangiferi by transfaunation of the rumen ciliates of Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon centralis) to the rumen of two Japanese shorthorn calves (Bos taurus taurus).

One liter of rumen fluid containing 4.7 x 10(4) ciliates/ml, representing four genera including nine species of ciliates from a Japanese sika deer was inoculated into two unfaunated Japanese shorthorn calves. Two weeks after inoculation, all species originally present in the inoculum were subsequently detected in the rumen fluid of one or both calves. Ciliate densities ranged from 10(5)-10(6) cells/ml over the remainder of the 33-wk experiment. The inoculum contained Diplodinium rangiferi. which lacks caudal appendages, as is characteristic for the species. However, three weeks later, the rumen fluid of both calves contained D. rangiferi, which possesses caudal appendages varying from a single spine to multiple spines with a complicated furcate appearance. The caudal spines of D. rangiferi did not disappear during the experiment, even when the diet of the calves was switched to the ration of sika deer from which the inoculum was obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence of IgE antibody to crude and purified allergens of Japanese cedar pollen among different troops of Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata).

We measured specific IgE antibodies to the crude allergen as well as two purified allergens (Cry j I and Cry j II) of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica--CJ) pollen in the serum of 276 Japanese monkeys in nine troops. Of 45 monkeys with CJ specific IgE in eight of nine troops, 23 (51%) were found to have IgE to both Cry j I and Cry j II, 21 (47%) only to Cry j I, and one (2.2%) only to Cry j II. The positive rate of specific IgE antibody to each allergen varied among the troops.

Allergens↗
PubMed2001

Dietary fiber showed no preventive effect against colon and rectal cancers in Japanese with low fat intake: an analysis from the results of nutrition surveys from 23 Japanese prefectures.

BACKGROUND: Since Fuchs' report in 1999, the reported protective effect of dietary fiber from colorectal carcinogenesis has led many researchers to question its real benefit. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between diet, especially dietary fiber and fat and colorectal cancer in Japan. METHODS: A multiple regression analysis (using the stepwise variable selection method) was performed using the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of colon and rectal cancer in 23 Japanese prefectures as objective variables and dietary fiber, nutrients and food groups as explanatory variables. RESULTS: As for colon cancer, the standardized partial correlation coefficients were positively significant for fat (1,13, P = 0.000), seaweeds (0.41, P = 0.026) and beans (0.45, P = 0.017) and were negatively significant for vitamin A (-0.63, P = 0.003), vitamin C (-0.42, P = 0.019) and yellow-green vegetables (-0.37, P = 0.046). For rectal cancer, the standardized partial correlation coefficient in fat (0.60, P = 0.002) was positively significant. Dietary fiber was not found to have a significant relationship with either colon or rectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS: This study failed to show any protective effect of dietary fiber in subjects with a low fat intake (Japanese) in this analysis, which supports Fuchs' findings in subjects with a high fat intake (US Americans).

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed2005

Metabolic syndrome and cardiac disease in Japanese men: applicability of the concept of metabolic syndrome defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III to Japanese men--the Tanno and Sobetsu Study.

Results of a 6-year follow-up study were used to determine whether the concept of and the criteria for metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) can be applied to Japanese men for prediction of the occurrence of cardiac disease. The subjects were 808 men who underwent mass health check-ups in 1993 and who were not on medication for hypertension, diabetes or hyperlipidemia. Individuals who had hypertriglyceridemia, hypo-high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterolemia, high blood pressure, and/or high fasting plasma glucose levels were identified on the basis of the NCEP-ATP III criteria. Not in conformity with the NCEP-ATP Ill, however, a cut-off value of 85 cm was used for waist girth as an indicator of abdominal obesity. The subjects who had 3 or more risk factors were judged as having metabolic syndrome. The proportion of subjects having metabolic syndrome was 25.3%. In the 6-year follow-up study, cardiac disease occurred in 11.7% of the subjects in the metabolic syndrome group and in 6.7% of the subjects in the non-metabolic syndrome group. Results of regression analysis using Cox's proportional hazards model showed that subjects in the metabolic syndrome group had a 2.2-times greater risk of developing cardiac disease than did subjects in the non-metabolic syndrome group. The concept of metabolic syndrome as defined in the NCEP-ATP III was therefore considered to be useful for predicting the occurrence of cardiac disease in Japanese men.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Sequence variation of bovine prion protein gene in Japanese cattle (Holstein and Japanese Black).

To assess relationships between nucleotide polymorphisms of the prion protein (PRNP) gene and susceptibility to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), we investigated polymorphisms in the open reading frame (ORF) and 2 upper regions of the PRNP gene from 2 Japanese cattle breeds: 863 healthy Holstein cattle, 6 BSE-affected Holstein cattle, and 186 healthy Japanese Black (JB) cattle. In the ORF, we found single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at nucleotide positions 234 and 576 and found 5 or 6 copies of the octapeptide repeat, but we did not find any amino acid substitutions. In the upper region, we examined 2 sites of insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms: a 23-bp indel in the upper region of exon 1, and a 12-bp indel in the putative promoter region of intron 1. A previous report suggests that the 23-bp indel polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to BSE, but we did not find a difference in allele frequency between healthy and BSE-affected Holstein cattle. There were differences in allele frequency between healthy Holstein and JB cattle at the 23- and 12-bp indels and at the SNPs at nucleotide positions 234 and 576, but there was no difference in allele frequency of the octapeptide repeat. We identified a unique PRNP gene lacking a 288-bp segment (96 amino acids) in DNA samples stocked in our laboratory, but this deletion was not found in any of the 1049 cattle examined in the present study. The present results provide data about variations and distribution of the bovine PRNP gene.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Weight gain in adulthood and risk of developing glucose tolerance disturbance: a study of a Japanese-Brazilian population. Japanese-Brazilian Diabetes Study Group.

We examined the data from 530 subjects enrolled in a survey on the prevalence of diabetes in a Japanese-Brazilian population aged 40-79 years. Past self-reported and current weight values were analysed. Student t test was used to compare anthropometric measures between subjects with and without disturbance of glucose tolerance (DGT), hypertension and dyslipidemia. Point and interval estimates of the weight at 20 years-, age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (OR) were obtained by logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between these diseases and the percent weight gain. Subjects with DGT, hypertension or dyslipidemia tended to have higher BMI during adulthood and to gain more weight in a shorter interval of time. Also, they presented higher waist-to-hip ratio and plasma glucose and worse lipid profile. OR were consistent with associations between chronic diseases and percent weight gain. Trend test of OR indicated that the risk of developing DGT alone or combined with hypertension and abdominal obesity increased 2% and 15% by percent unit of gained weight, respectively, as compared with those subjects with stable weight. Weight gain and the rate by which this occurs during lifetime may confer increased risk of chronic diseases. We suggested that preventive measures against obesity, i.e. the maintenance of healthy body weight lifelong, are necessary to minimize the occurrence of these diseases, also among migrant populations such as the Japanese-Brazilians.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Visceral adiposity and incident coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men. The 10-year follow-up results of the Seattle Japanese-American Community Diabetes Study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for incident coronary heart disease (CHD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 175 Japanese-American men without CHD were followed for up to 10 years. Baseline variables were blood pressure, weight, BMI, fat areas by computed tomography, skinfold thicknesses, abdominal circumference, plasma insulin, C-peptide, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, HDL2 cholesterol, and HDL3 cholesterol, triglycerides, apoproteins A1 and B, and diagnosis of diabetes and hypertension. CHD was diagnosed by electrocardiogram and clinical events. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratio. RESULTS: There were 50 incident cases of CHD. Using univariate logistic regression analysis, significant risk factors were intra-abdominal fat (P = 0.0090), fasting glucose (P = 0.0002), 2-h glucose (P = 0.0008), fasting HDL cholesterol (P = 0.0086), fasting HDL2 cholesterol (P = 0.030), fasting HDL3 cholesterol (P = 0.018), fasting triglycerides (P = 0.013), systolic (P = 0.0007) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.0002), and presence of diabetes (P = 0.0023). Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for BMI and age showed that intra-abdominal fat accounted for the effects of HDL cholesterol or triglycerides. In a multiple logistic regression model that included intra-abdominal fat, all systolic blood pressure and fasting glucose were significant. Substituting diastolic blood pressure for systolic blood pressure and 2-h glucose or diabetes status for fasting glucose produced similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral adiposity, blood pressure, and plasma glucose are important independent risk factors for incident CHD in this population of diabetic and nondiabetic Japanese-American men.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

[The development of modern Japanese pharmaceutical industry (Part 3): from 1886 to 1906, coinciding with the era between the institution and issue of Japanese Pharmacopoeia first edition with third edition (JP I-JP III)].

The history of the developmental outline of the pharmaceutical industry during the Meiji era, is introduced. The main topics or events in the development are as follows: 1. The establishment of Osaka Pharmaceutical Products, Examination Company; 2. National Institute of Hygiene which was originated from Drug Ruling Institute ("Shiyakujo"); 3. Development of the pharmaceutical industries, especially in East and West Japan ("Kanto and Kansai"); 4. The influences of two big wars (Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War) on the private pharmaceutical business. And each of them is considered in order to explain the background of the pharmaceutical business during the middle Meiji era.

Drug Industry↗
PubMed1994

[[Trends in demand and supply factors of marriage in the Japanese never-married population: findings from the Tenth Japanese National Fertility Survey]].

"The purpose of the present paper is to describe findings from a survey on attitudes toward marriage and family among Japanese never-married youth from the point of view of the general framework of the demand and supply system. The survey was conducted as a part of the Tenth Japanese National Fertility Survey on the first of July in 1992.... The results...indicate that never-married people in Japan are in a kind of paradoxical situation in which they complain about such difficulties...as insufficient availability of prospective spouses, while they have weaker motivation to get married.... This situation can possibly be explained by [the] increasing level of expectation for marriage and spouse due to dynamic changes in [the perceived] function of marriage." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Pollen dispersion of Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress in Kagawa Medical University of Kagawa Prefecture].

We installed the Durham sampler on the roof (27.4 m on the ground) of Kagawa Medical University in 1989 to survey pollen dispersion in Kagawa prefecture and have investigated the pollen survey from 1989 to 2001. We examined the correlation between the annual variations in the pollen counts of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Cupressaceae, mainly Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and annual changes in meteorological conditions. The sum of these pollen counts correlated with the highest temperature from 11 July to 10 August in Kagawa prefecture. However, it is difficult to determine the pollen dispersion only based on meteorological factors. Other factors giving influences on the pollen dispersion need to be further analyzed in the future.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1992

Measurement of serum IgE antibodies against Japanese cedar pollen (Cryptomeria japonica) in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with pollinosis.

IgE antibodies against allergens of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, CJ) pollen in the serum of seven Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) with pollinosis were measured by fluorometric indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All of the monkeys were found to have specific IgE to the crude pollen antigen. The specific IgE levels were well correlated with those determined by the Pharmacia CAP system. IgE antibodies were then assayed with two kinds of purified allergens (Cry j I and Cry j II) by the ELISA. We found that five monkeys had specific IgE to both allergens, although the other two had IgE only to Cry j I or Cry j II; there is different immune responsiveness to the two major allergens in the monkeys.

Allergens↗
PubMed1992

Studies of cardiovascular disease and cause-specific mortality trends in Japanese-American men living in Hawaii and risk factor comparisons with other Japanese populations in the Pacific region: a review.

The Honolulu Heart Program (HHP) is a long-term prospective epidemiologic study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in male descendants of Japanese migrants to Hawaii. The article is a review of data from recent and past HHP studies relevant to the Seventeenth Pacific Science Congress symposium "Changes in Disease Patterns in the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia." The Ni-Hon-San Study, which compared CVD rates and risk factors in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii (HHP), and California, showed that coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke mortality rates in Hawaii were intermediate between rates in Japan and California. Gradients in CVD risk factors were similar to the gradients in disease rates. From 1966 to 1984 trends in incidence rates for CHD, stroke, and cause-specific mortality were compared for the 8006 participants and 3130 non-participants in the HHP. CHD and stroke rates declined by about 40% for the total HHP cohort. There was a larger decline for CHD mortality (over 60%) in the nonparticipants. There was also a much greater decline in total mortality and cancer mortality rates in the nonparticipants. The results of the reviewed studies show that the subjects, although sharing a common ethnic background, experience different rates of disease when living in diverse geographic and cultural locales. This finding supports evidence that environmental and behavioral factors influence chronic disease rates and provides a basis for intervention and prevention. The finding that nonparticipants in epidemiologic studies can show different incidence trends suggests that caution should be used in interpreting trends limited only to participants.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

[Environmental and immunological survey of sensitization with Japanese cedar (Cryotomeria japonica) pollen in children. Part 2. The clinical significance of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen specific IgE antibody and IgG4 antibody].

The clinical manifestations and Japanese cedar (sugi in Japanese) pollen specific antibodies were studied in 340 children who had not received specific hyposensitization. Specific IgE antibodies were measured by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) and IgG4 antibody by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There were 52 children (15%) with RAST scores of over 2, and 44 children (13%) with ELISA of over 101 mu/ml. The specific IgG4 level was significantly higher in the RAST positive group than in the negative group. The incidence of pollinosis among children with RAST negative and IgG4 below 100 mu/ml was 13.3%, while combinations of RAST negative and higher ELISA, RAST positive and low ELISA, and RAST positive and higher ELISA were 50.0+-62.5%. There were 5 children with RAST scores of 4, and 6 children with ELISA of over 201 mu/ml. Symptoms of pollinosis manifested in all of them. Since the children with low IgE and high IgG4 antibodies had comparatively more symptoms, the IgG4 antibodies might be reaginic. It was concluded that measurement of sugi specific IgG4 antibodies as well as IgE antibodies could provide useful data on pollinosis in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Do Japanese take more folate from traditional Japanese dish than is conventionally estimated?-Actual folate contents in hospital diets and marketed lunch boxes.

Folic acid deficiency is very rare in Japan. However, recent concerns in relation to causal relationships between cancer and low folic acid levels necessitate information on actual folate intake by Japanese, which has hitherto not been well studied. We therefore evaluated folate contents of a hospital diet for 7 consecutive days and of 16 lunch boxes purchased at convenience stores. Dietary intake was assessed for weighed food items after cooking using our previously published data on folate contents of various foods and also by using Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (STFCJ). Mean daily folate intake from the hospital diet was 723.9 microg/day using our data but only 359.2 microg/day if calculated using the STFCJ. Twenty-nine % of the total daily folate intake was through rice. Mean folate intake through lunch boxes was 491.7 microg/day by our tabulation and 139.5 microg/day with the STFCJ. Folic acid intake of Japanese is far above the levels taken in other countries and over half of this amount is taken from rice. Levels of folic acid contents (especially in rice) listed in the STFCJ are too low and revision is strongly suggested.

Diet↗