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PubMed1986

[Importance of rapid gradient echo sequences for nuclear magnetic tomographic diagnosis of joint diseases].

The possibilities and limitations of rapid echo acquisition methods in various posttraumatic, degenerative and inflammatory diseases of the joints are demonstrated and discussed on the basis of a pilot study. It is evident that specific information important for clarifying effusions and meniscopathies is supplied especially by "water"-like images. Limitations of spatial resolution are at present still a limiting factor.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Causes of pain in degenerative bone and joint disease: a lesson from vertebroplasty.

Pain in degenerative bone and joint disease is usually attributed to sensitized nociceptors in inflamed periarticular soft tissues. Here we draw attention to the potential contribution of intrinsic bone innervation. The structure and innervation of articular bone ends is analogous to that of teeth. Although some dental pain derives from inflamed periodontal soft tissue, a more important source is the dentine and root canal. By analogy, pain on weight bearing in osteoarthritis and related conditions may be due to compressive forces applied to the innervation of subchondral bone exposed by erosion of the overlying cartilage. Pain relief obtained by injecting acrylic cement into the bone interior during percutaneous vertebroplasty is consistent with this concept. The development of a new family of pain relief options based on "marrow canal treatment" may be a realistic possibility.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Intra-articular enzyme administration for joint disease in feline mucopolysaccharidosis VI: enzyme dose and interval.

Degenerative joint changes have been reported in human mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) and are a prominent feature of feline MPS VI. Joint disease has proven refractory to intravenous enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in the MPS VI cat because enzyme is unable to reach cells in cartilage. In this study, enzyme was infused directly into the intraarticular space to determine whether joint tissues are able to respond to replacement enzyme. Clearance of glycosaminoglycans from chondrocytes was observed at a dose of 10 microg recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (rh4S), but greater clearance was observed with higher doses. The chondrocytes at the articular surface were cleared preferentially. Lysosomal vacuolation in cruciate ligament and synovial cells also decreased upon addition of rh4S. One month after injection of rh4S, a slight reaccumulation of storage was observed at the surface of the joint, but extensive reaccumulation was observed 2 mo after injection. These results indicate that by bypassing the synovium using intraarticular ERT, significant reduction in storage material in joint tissues can be achieved. Localized ERT in the joint space provides a mechanism for delivering enzyme directly to the articular cartilage and a potential therapy for joint pathology in MPS VI.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Application of three-dimensional magnetic resonance image registration for monitoring hip joint diseases.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the accuracy of a method in which three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) volume registration is used for monitoring hip joint disease. Data were analyzed using a normalized cross-correlation (NCC) algorithm involving a user-selected 3D box including the proximal femur. Most of the femoral head was not included in the 3D box because it can become deformed during the course of disease. The accuracy of registration around the femoral head was evaluated using five phantoms and clinical MR data of 17 patients with hip joint disease. In the phantom experiment, registration accuracy was evaluated using four fiducial markers attached to the femoral head. In the experiment using clinical data, registration accuracy was evaluated using a landmark in the femoral head. The registration accuracy in the phantom and clinical experiment was 0.43+/-0.18 mm (S.D.) and 1.12+/-0.46 mm (S.D.), respectively. The former is a value less than half the minimum dimension of a voxel (1.25 x 1.25 x 1.0 mm). Although the latter is slightly larger than the minimum dimension of a voxel, actual errors would be smaller because of the uncertainty in landmark localization. In conclusion, the present method based on an NCC algorithm can be used to accurately register serial MR images of the femoral heads with an error on the order of a voxel. We believe that this method is sufficiently accurate for monitoring hip joint diseases.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 are activated in joint diseases.

A study was performed to identify the activation status of the gelatinase MMPs, MMP-2 and -9, in both normal and diseased equine articular tissues. In addition, the production and activation status of equine MMP-2 and -9 by equine articular cells and tissues in response to increasing IL-1beta concentrations was assessed. The study was performed to test the hypothesis that activation of MMPs is a fundamental step in the pathogenesis of joint diseases; and that this activation is mediated by the cytokine IL-1. Using purified equine MMP-2 and -9, the molecular weights of the zymogen and activated form of equine MMP-2 and -9 were identified by a combination of gelatin zymography and a gelatin degradation assay using aminophenylmercuric acetate as a chemical activator of the molecules. Normal equine articular tissues (cartilage and synovial membrane) maintained in short-term tissue culture produced MMP-2 zymogen alone, while similar tissues obtained from a variety of pathological conditions produce both zymogen and active MMP-2, as well as MMP-9 monomer and dimer. Activated MMP-9 was an inconsistent finding. Normal equine synovial fibroblasts in monolayer culture produced zymogen MMP-2 alone under basal conditions. A mild increase in active and zymogen MMP-2 levels occurred with IL-1beta treatment. Equine synovial membrane explants demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in active and zymogen MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels following IL-1beta treatment. Monolayer chondrocyte cell cultures demonstrated a dose-dependent mild increase in active and zymogen MMP-2 following IL-1beta treatment. Explant cartilage cultures demonstrated a dose-dependent mild increase in zymogen MMP-2 alone following IL-1beta treatment. This study supports the hypothesis that activation of MMPs is occurring in joint disease, and that in vitro stimulation of equine articular cells and tissues causes not only an increase in MMP production, but also an increase in amount of activated enzyme released. Further research is required to investigate the role of MMP activation in joint diseases, and to investigate the potential use of therapeutic agents, which inhibit MMP activation, in the treatment and prevention of joint diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The normal ultrasonographic appearance of ovine joints, and the uses of arthrosonography in the evaluation of chronic ovine joint disease.

The ultrasonographic anatomy of the elbow, carpal, fetlock and stifle joints of six clinically normal sheep was determined using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer with stand-off pad. Examination of the joints was performed both prior to and after experimental distension of the joint capsule in four cadavers with up to 10 mL isotonic saline. This distension enabled the joint capsule to be imaged ultrasonographically as a 2 mm thick echogenic line. Isolation of the joint at necropsy enabled definitive identification of the structures seen ultrasonographically. Arthrosonography of five sheep with chronic arthritis/synovitis affecting one or more joints was performed, and the gross pathological changes examined at necropsy. The gross thickening of the joint capsule was visible ultrasonographically as a hyperechoic band up to 20 mm thick. Ultrasonography was a valuable diagnostic aid in the evaluation of chronic ovine joint disease, and has potential value in the prognosis for chronic ovine arthritis/synovitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Pharmacotherapy of degenerative joint diseases in dogs].

The pharmacological treatment of degenerative joint diseases is restricted essentially to the alleviation of acute symptoms of activated arthropathies. Suitable compounds are the non-steroidal and steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, which however do not allow long-term therapy due to their overall catabolic effects on cartilage metabolism. Since causally acting drugs are not available, the progressive course of the disease cannot be prevented so far. Natural components of the cartilage's matrix, being recommended as so-called chondroprotective drugs, do not fulfill the expectation of a remission of the degenerative process. Indeed, regarding the necessity of multiple local applications of these drugs, they are not superior to antiinflammatory drugs. Provided careful dosing and surveillance of untoward gastrointestinal effects, non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents still are the drugs of first choice.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Radiological approaches in the evaluation of joint disease in children.

In summary, the newer technologies in radiology have allowed us to visualize more clearly the manifestation of joint disease in children. The presence of small erosions and cartilage damage can be seen much better with magnetic resonance imaging than with any other modality short of arthrography, a much more invasive examination. Joint effusion, although sometimes visualized with conventional radiography, is probably best recognized with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, although it can be detected with computed tomography as well. For the evaluation of avascular necrosis that can be associated with steroid use in joint disease, bone scintigraphy is a simple, sensitive method. Magnetic resonance may be as or more sensitive and gives additional information as well. In the detection of change with time, conventional radiography probably will remain the standard as it is still the simplest, least expensive examination; however, it has many limitations in specific cases. Bone scintigraphy may be of value in selected cases. Although we have still not had enough experience with magnetic resonance imaging to use it as a way of evaluating progress of joint disease, it promises to be the most sensitive radiologic measure of evaluating progress as small anatomical changes can be detected within the cartilage, which cannot be done easily with other means.

Arthritis, Juvenile↗
PubMed1995

Rheumatoid factor, anti-heat shock protein (65 kDa) antibodies and anti-nuclear antibodies in equine joint diseases.

To consider the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms may contribute to the pathology of equine joint diseases, 3 autoimmune responses were assayed in sera and synovial fluids. IgM-rheumatoid factor and antibodies to heat shock protein 65 kDa were determined by ELISA; anti-nuclear antibodies were assayed by indirect immunofluorescence to whole cell nuclear components. All parameters showed only modest increases, if any and not in a pattern related to disease, although some statistically significant increases were detected. Group analysis showed significantly elevated synovial fluid IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) in horses with OA (P < 0.01), traumatised joints (P < 0.01) and articular fractured bones (P < 0.001). There was no significantly increased IgM-RF in the sera of horses with joint disorders compared to control horses. Significantly raised anti-heat shock protein molecular weight 65 kDa (HSP65) antibodies were only found in the synovial fluids of the horses with traumatised joints (P < 0.001). No correlations were found between the synovial fluid and sera levels of IgM-RF or anti-HSP65 antibodies. Synovial fluid anti-HSP65 antibody and IgM-RF levels positively correlated in the OCD (P < 0.001), fracture (P < 0.01) and synovitis (P < 0.05) groups. As antibodies to HSP65 correlated with IgG concentrations in synovial fluids, it is not possible to draw conclusions on HSP roles in joint disease pathogenesis. No serum anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) were detected by immunofluorescence using rat liver and a human epithelial cell line (HEp-2) as substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The application of sodium hyaluronate in joint diseases].

OBJECTIVE: To review the physiological function of sodium hyaluronate in joints and its clinical applications. METHODS: Many literatures were reviewed and analysed on therapeutic mechanism and the application foreground of sodium hyaluronate. RESULTS: Extrinsic sodium hyaluronate plays an important role in improving synovial fluid and protecting cartilages as well as suppressing inflammation, so it is used in the treatment of joint diseases such as knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or temporomandibular osteoarthritis. CONCLUSION: Sodium hyaluronate possesses a good applied prospect in joint diseases.

Arthritis, Rheumatoid↗
PubMed1985

Labial adhesions in postmenopausal women with hip joint disease.

Two cases of postmenopausal labial adhesions in patients with severe hip joint disease are presented. The aetiology of labial adhesions in the postmenopausal woman is discussed. Hip joint disease is shown to influence the formation of adhesions by interfering with perineal hygiene and decreasing sexual activity.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Quantitative assessment of bone scintigraphy in hip joint disease].

Quantitative assessment of bone scintigraphy was performed in fifty-six patients with hip joint disease including femoral neck fracture, aseptic necrosis of the femoral head, traumatic dislocation of the hip, Perthes disease, and transient synovitis of the hip. In the static study, bone scintigraphy was obtained 3 hours after injection of 99mTc-MDP by gamma camera equipped with a computer and uptake ratios were calculated. In the dynamic study, bone scintigraphy was performed in one, 3 and 5 hours after injection of radionuclide. Femoral head uptake ratio was markedly decreased in osteonecrosis following femoral neck fracture and characteristically increased in aseptic necrosis of the femoral head but prolonged retention of 99mTc-MDP could be observed. Uptake ratios of epiphysis were decreased in Perthes disease but normal in transient synovitis of the hip. Static and dynamic study of bone scintigraphy may be useful for early diagnosis and treatment in the hip joint disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Temporomandibular joint space in children without joint disease.

Bilateral assessment of the temporomandibular joint space in children without joint disease is reported. Twenty-eight children were examined with conventional radiography and 23 with tomography. High prevalence of asymmetric joint spaces with both techniques indicated that great care should be taken when using narrowing or widening of the joint space as a diagnostic criterion in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Other signs, such as restricted translation of the mandibular head, and clinical symptoms should be evaluated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in inflammatory joint diseases and its involvement in the cytokine network of rheumatoid synovium.

Macrophages infiltrated into synovium play an important role in joint destruction in inflammatory joint diseases. In this study we focused on the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), a recently identified monocyte chemotactic protein, by inflammatory synovium. Synovial fluid (SF) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, gout, and traumatic arthritis contained MCP-1. MCP-1 was produced in the synovium of patients with RA and other inflammatory joint disease in in vitro culture systems; differences in the amounts produced were not significant. Synovial MCP-1 production in RA was further investigated. Levels of MCP-1 were significantly correlated with levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8 in the culture supernatants of synovia from RA. Using immunohistochemical techniques, MCP-1 was detected in the lining and sublining cells and in the vascular endothelial cells of rheumatoid synovia. Rheumatoid synovia with active inflammation were stained more intensely by anti-MCP-1 antibody than were those with weak or inactive inflammation. IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha stimulated the expression of MCP-1 mRNA and de novo MCP-1 synthesis by cultured synovial cells. These results suggest the production of MCP-1 by synovium of various inflammatory joint diseases. In rheumatoid synovium, a cytokine network involving MCP-1 and other proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha) contributes to the immunopathogenesis of RA.

Arthritis↗