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At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of condom use among students of the El Mina middle school in Nouakchott in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania].

UNLABELLED: This study, intended to contribute to the fight against HIV/AIDS infection, sought to identify the factors limiting condom use among the pupils of the El Mina middle school in Nouakchott, in the Islamic Republic of Mauritania. METHOD: This investigation, conducted in May 2004, concerned 711 students aged approximately 12-16 years. The dependent variable was condom use, and two categories of independent study variables were examined: socio-demographic and HIV information. The data were entered, verified, and analyzed with Epi info 6.04 software. RESULTS: Overall 40% of the students reported sexual activity; in this group, 41% reported multiple partners and 38% unprotected sexual relations. Condom use was significantly more frequent among boys, married students, students with more than one partner, those who attended educational sessions, those for whom sexuality is a taboo subject, those who knew a source of supply, and those for whom condoms were geographically and financially accessible. DISCUSSION: Condom use among sexually active students is insufficient. This underuse is caused by shortcomings in the distribution system and contributes to the multiplication of sexually-transmitted diseases, including HIV, among the pupils. To provide students with the knowledge necessary for the desired behavioral changes, the following steps are necessary: promoting social marketing of condoms, involving other partners in the fight against STDs and AIDS, using peer educator strategies, and integrating units on HIV/AIDS into secondary education. CONCLUSION: Given the seriousness and the increasing extension of the HIV infection, condom use should be promoted to improve the sexual and reproductive health of students and thus of the entire population of Mauritania.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Couple communication in family planning decision-making in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran.

A qualitative study in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran, used focus group discussions with 120 people in 8 main groups to understand more about couple's decision-making and the role of men in family planning. The study included men and women from Sunni and Shia sects as well as theologians from both sects. Shiites, lay people and theologians, believed that both husband and wife play a major role in decision-making about family planning, while Sunnis believed that men are the main decision-makers. All participants believed that men have an important role in family planning, but also that men do not like attending family planning clinics. Religious tenets were important in couple's decision-making about using contraceptives but there were confusions over different teachings.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medical ethics in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Recent trends in biomedical technologies have been associated with increasing discussion about ethical aspects of the new knowledge in many societies, including the Islamic Republic of Iran. Medical ethics has a long history in our country, and great Iranian physicians laid special emphasis on teaching and practising traditional ethics. In recent decades, great strides have been made in biomedical ethics, especially in the fields of education, research and legislation. We present a brief history of medical ethics in our country. Current activities and topics of future plans are also discussed.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2006

Ethics in the use of new medical technologies for neurosurgery: "Islamic viewpoint".

It is very clear from developments in technology and its global expansion that we cannot survive the 21st century with 20th century ethics. The developments in technology, especially those in the field of medicine have a direct and fast effect on human life expectation and survival. Thus, this issue has to be seen and studied in the context of ethics. In this paper, ethical principles in the application of new medical technologies in neurosurgery from an Islamic viewpoint will be given.

Biomedical Technology↗
PubMed2003

Assisted reproduction--Islamic views on the science of procreation.

The field of assisted reproduction is one of the fastest growing areas in medicine. The development of new and sophisticated techniques all aim to give reproductive technologies and scientists a better understanding of reproductive biology. The development of new techniques may also be able to improve the chances of an infertile couple towards achieving a pregnancy. However the ethics and legality of assisted reproductive technology must not be brushed aside. Islamic scholars whose reference basis resides in the Holy Quran and the Hadith have addressed different issues relating to assisted reproductive technology. Some of the issues remain controversial and need detailed discussion before it can be deemed as appropriate and legible for use as guidelines in the development of the processes involved.

Beginning of Human Life↗
PubMed1997

[AIDS and HIV infection in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comores (1988-1995)].

Since 1991 AIDS and HIV infection in the Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros have been monitored through a network of sentinel sites including predetermined target populations. In all cases seropositivity for HIV was confirmed by western blotting after two ELISA screening tests. AIDS was diagnosed on Bangui clinical criteria and positive western blotting results. As of June 30, 1996, the cumulative number of AIDS cases reported to the World Health Organization was 7 for a prevalence of 1.4 per 100000 inhabitants. The prevalence of HIV antibodies has remained at less than 1% in target populations, i.e. women undergoing prenatal examinations, patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis, blood donors, and patients presenting sexually transmitted diseases (STD). This low stable prevalence rate which is similar to those reported in other Indian Ocean countries is in sharp contrast with the high incidence of syphilis and STD in the region.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

[The Islamic philosophy of life and human health].

Islamic philosophy of life requires full manifestation of personality, as man is a polivalent being. This philosophy prefers harmony of spirit and body, physical and spiritual hygiene. They also consist of spiritual and body balance.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1994

[Role of Culex quinquefasciatus in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis in the Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros (Indian Ocean)].

In October 1988-January 1989, as a part of a malaria and filariasis control programme in Federal Islamic Republic of Comoros an entomological survey was carried out in 19 rural and urban localities of Grande Comore. Anjouan and Moheli Islands. The potential breeding places were examined and pyrethrum spray catches were made to evaluate the indoor resting densities of mosquitos. A total of 14.578 adult mosquitos potential vectors of filariasis was collected: 94.5% Culex quinquefasciatus, 3.5% Anopheles gambiae s. str. 1.9% A. funestus and 0.1% other anopheline species. A. funestus, uniformly spread in Moheli, was present only in the south-west coast of Anjouan and absent in Grande Comore. A. gambiae and Cx quinquefasciatus were present in Grande Comore. A. gambiae and Cx quinquefasciatus were present in the three islands with different densities in the villages. Only Cx quinquefasciatus specimens la maximum of 150 for each locality) were dissected to search filaria larvae being the Anopheles specimens used to evaluate the malaria transmission. The global infection rate (9.4%) and the infectivity rate (0.9%) observed in Cx quinquefasciatus are higher than indices reported in previous surveys. All the larvae in the third development instar (L3) were identified as Wuchereria bancrofti. The results suggest that in FIR of Comoros W. bancrofti is well adopted to local Cx quinquefasciatus population. Because of the presence of high mosquito density this species plays a prominent role in the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in that area. The high transmission levels calls for the implementation of a specific control program.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Caries prevalence and treatment needs of 12-year-old children in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of dental caries and treatment needs of 12-year-old children living in Teheran and a rural area surrounding Esfahan. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,102 pupils were examined clinically for caries according to WHO criteria. One calibrated dentist examined all children. RESULTS: Of the children studied, 63.8% had sound permanent dentition, 9.9% had filled teeth and 26.3% needed treatment. The mean DMFT value found was 0.77 (DFS: 1.19). The D component was 58.7%, the M component 3.4% and the F component 37.9%. The levels of caries experience varied according to the child's residence. The teeth of children living in the rural area (mean DMFT: 0.38) were significantly less affected than those of children living in Teheran (mean DMFT: 1.1). In the capital city of Teheran, considerable differences related to social status were observed. The lowest DMFT values (0.74) were found in southern Teheran where the poorest people live. The highest caries experience was found in the middle-class social stratum. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that caries prevalence among 12-year-old children in the Islamic Republic of Iran is as low as in the developed countries of central Europe.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Insights into neurologic localization by Rhazes, a medieval Islamic physician.

Rhazes was born at Ray near modern Teheran in 864 AD. He wrote over 200 scientific treatises, many of which had a major impact on European medicine. His best known manuscript is Liber Continens, a medical encyclopedia. Herein are described Rhazes's contributions to neurology, focusing on his description of cranial and spinal cord nerves and his clinical case reports, which illustrate his use of neuroanatomy to localize lesions. Relevant passages from facsimiles of the manuscripts Kitab al-Hawi (Liber Continens) and Al-Mansuri Fi At-Tibb (Liber Al Mansoori) were translated, reviewed, and used as references. In addition, Medline, Web, and manuscript searches on Rhazes and the history of medieval and Islamic medicine and neurology were conducted. Rhazes stated that nerves had motor or sensory functions, describing 7 cranial and 31 spinal cord nerves. He assigned a numerical order to the cranial nerves from the optic to the hypoglossal nerves. He classified the spinal nerves into 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 3 sacral, and 3 coccygeal nerves. Rhazes showed an outstanding clinical ability to localize lesions, prognosticate, and describe therapeutic options and reported clinical observations, emphasizing the link between the anatomic location of a lesion and the clinical signs. Rhazes was a pioneer in applied neuroanatomy. He combined a knowledge of cranial and spinal cord nerve anatomy with an insightful use of clinical information to localize lesions in the nervous system.

History, Medieval↗
PubMed1999

Effect of breastfeeding education on the feeding pattern and health of infants in their first 4 months in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Shiraz, the Islamic Republic of Iran, on 120 pairs of mothers and infants in a maternity hospital that had a rooming-in programme. All 59 mothers in the study group received breastfeeding education, face-to-face, after delivery and during follow-up for 4 months in the mother and child health (MCH) centre or in their homes; the remaining 61 mothers comprised the control group. Exclusive breastfeeding rates were significantly higher in the study group (54%) than in the control group (6.5%), but 5% and 18% of infants, respectively, in the study and control groups had stopped breastfeeding by the age of 4 months. The mean number of days of diarrhoea experienced by infants in the study group were significantly lower (P < or = 0.004) than in the control group. At the end of 4 months, the mean weight and length of the infants were significantly higher (both P < 0.05) in the study group than in the control group. The findings indicate that rooming-in is very important for promoting exclusive breastfeeding and that there is a need for continuous breastfeeding education of mothers.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1999

Deaths from unintentional injuries in rural areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Deaths from accidental injury in the rural areas of 13 provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1993 to 1994 were investigated. The crude mortality rate was 4.33 per 1000 and the number of deaths from unintentional injuries was 5213 (10.7% of all deaths). There were more deaths among males than females (65.7 per 100,000 versus 26.1 per 100,000). After the age of 1 year, over 65-year-olds had the highest average of deaths resulting from injuries (111.9 per 100,000). The leading causes of death were traffic accidents (55.0%), drowning (10.1%), falls (9.5%) and burns and scalding (9.5%). Since most injuries are preventable, their reduction should be considered a priority.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a preliminary study.

According to the divergent geographical distribution of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the fact that the virus possesses six major genotypes and more than 90 subtypes, we decided to determine the prevalence of the major HCV genotypes in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Serum samples from 21 HCV infected individuals were tested primarily by second generation of enzyme immunosorbent assay and the two-stage PCR method. For determining the five most common variants, second generation methods for genotype specification were used. The prevalence of specific genotypes in 15 samples is as follows: Type I/1a in seven cases, Type II/1b in three cases and Type V/3a in four patients. One sample disclosed Type 4.

Blood Donors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Active case-finding of communicable diseases in the south of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In the Fars province of the Islamic Republic of Iran, we established the Communicable Diseases Committee which determined 24 priority infectious diseases for active reporting. The Committee chose laboratory criteria for diagnosis of the selected diseases, trained reporters and follow-up staff and invited cooperation from heads of private and government laboratories. Cases were identified by the reporting staff and patients were interviewed by the follow-up staff, who also requested patients to complete an epidemiological questionnaire. Results were returned to the district health care centres and to the Committee for data analysis. Case-findings in 16 out of the 24 selected diseases showed an increase of up to 30 times compared to passive case-finding. This was due more to the greater efficiency of the method than to cohort epidemics.

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1997

[Medical deontology in Islam].

Our knowledge of medical practice in medieval Islam is still scanty. It is mostly derived from normative sources, textbooks and deontological texts, which rather depict an ambitious ideal to be followed than the social reality of the average physician. Moreover, deontological regulations in Arabic medical literature are to a large degree shaped by traditional conceptions. The present article, which is based on three so-called mirrors for physicians dating from the 9th to the 12th century AD, attempts to give a provisional outline of possible Greek sources beyond the well-known Hippocratic writings on medical ethics and deontology and a first assessment of topics which seem to be original with the Arabic authors.

Arab World↗
PubMed1995

[The formation of the child in the womb reproduction and fetal development in medieval Arabic-Islamic medicine].

In the following survey of theories of reproduction and pre-natal development in medieval Arabic medicine, the first part outlines the historical and methodological premises, indicates the major Greek sources (Corpus Hippocraticum, Aristotle, Galen) and introduces the Arabic texts relevant to the subject. In the second part three examples taken from Ibn Sīnās' Canon medicinae are presented to substantiate the supposition that the particular contribution of medieval Islam in the field of reproduction (which continued into the Latin Middle Ages) lay in the merging and harmonisation of data of various origins and concepts developed in different explanatory contexts within the Greek tradition.

Arab World↗
PubMed2000

Primary health care networks in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The progress towards achieving health for all in the Islamic Republic of Iran is reported in this paper with particular reference to primary health care networks. The establishment of the networks is outlined and the vital elements within the system described, such as the community health workers (behvarz) and the health information system. Areas of achievement are reviewed.

Community Health Workers↗