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PubMed2005

Friction force measurements relevant to de-inking by means of atomic force microscope.

In the pulping step of the de-inking process, the ink detaches from the fibers due to shear and physical chemical interaction. In order to get a better understanding of the forces involved between cellulose and ink, the atomic force microscope and the colloidal probe technique have been used in the presence of a model chemical dispersant (hexa-ethyleneglycol mono n-dodecyl ether, C12E6). A cellulose bead was used as the colloidal probe and three different lower surfaces have been used, an alkyd resin, mica and a cellulose sphere. The normal and lateral forces have been measured at a range of nonionic concentrations. It was found that the lateral sliding friction forces deceased with increasing surfactant concentration for both the alkyd resin and mica while no differences were observed for the cellulose surface. In addition, only a very small change in normal force could be detected for the alkyd surface as the concentration changed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Long-term safety of India ink tattoos in the colon.

BACKGROUND: When the India ink tattoo is used as a guide for follow-up examinations, the tattoo may remain in the colon for the remainder of that patient's life. This raises the question of the long-term safety of India ink tattoos. The long-term clinical and histologic consequences of the tattoo have not been studied in a large group of patients. METHODS: Biopsy specimens were taken from all tattoo marks encountered during postpolypectomy surveillance colonoscopy in 55 patients. Seventeen of these patients were followed serially with two biopsies in 16 patients and three biopsies in 1 patient. A total of 74 biopsy specimens were obtained from tattoos that had been placed an average of 36 months prior to biopsy (range 1.5 to 117 months). RESULTS: There were no clinical complications such as infection, fever, or abdominal pain in any of the 55 patients. There were no endoscopic abnormalities on or adjacent to the tattoos. There were no histologic changes seen at the tattoo sites in 48 patients, mild chronic inflammation in 6 patients, and hyperplastic change in 1 patient. There were no neoplastic changes of the mucosa overlying the tattoo. CONCLUSIONS: Small-volume India ink tattooing of the colon appears to remain endoscopically identifiable over a long term and to be safe based on histologic analysis of sequential biopsies.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

India ink tattooing in the esophagus.

BACKGROUND: Precise endoscopic measurement of esophageal landmarks is difficult and inaccurate because of the ability of the esophagus to lengthen and foreshorten. METHODS: Nineteen patients enrolled to date in a study of Barrett's esophagus had an India ink tattoo placed at the most proximal level of the squamocolumnar junction and were examined endoscopically at 3, 9, 15, 24, and 36 months. RESULTS: Eighteen of nineteen patients (94.7%) were judged to have a good to excellent tattoo persistence at 3 months. One of the 19 patients (5.3%) had poor tattoo persistence and was retattooed at the 3-month interval. Eventually, 15 of the 15 patients (100%) who remained in the study had a good or excellent tattoo persistence at 36 months. There were no complications related to India ink tattooing including chest pain, bleeding, or perforation. At follow-up endoscopy, no ulcers, inflammation, break in the mucosa, or pain were noted. CONCLUSION: India ink tattooing in the esophagus is safe and persistent and may be used as an effective method for longitudinal follow-up of lesions in the esophagus.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Distribution and effects of a single intramuscular injection of India ink in mice.

Our goal has been to study the distribution and effects following a single intramuscular injection of a substance using India ink as a tracer. We injected 30 microl India ink in the gastrocnemius muscle group of C57Bl10 mice. Hematoxylin-Eosin, Trichrome stains and polyclonal anti-laminin, anti-collagen-IV and anti-dystrophin were used. The liquid spreads in all directions mainly following the perimysial and epimysial septae. The collagen bundles act as physical barriers preventing passage of the ink particles. In the area of the injection site, necrosis of the fibres is associated with disruption of the basement membrane. In the zones adjacent and distal to the injection site, the liquid progresses by pushing the muscle fibres apart with preservation of the basement membrane. Research based on intramuscular injection of substances should take the following into consideration: a) anatomy of the muscle group injected, b) routes of distribution of the substance, c) types of lesions produced with relation to the site of injection of the liquid, and d) size of the particles of the injected substance.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Bacterial printing press that regenerates its ink: contact-printing bacteria using hydrogel stamps.

This paper describes the use of micropatterned agarose stamps prepared by molding against PDMS masters to print patterns of bacteria on agar plates. Topographically patterned agarose stamps were inked with suspensions of bacteria; these stamps generated patterns of bacteria with features as small as 200 microm over areas as large as 50 cm2. Stamps with many small features (>200 microm) were used to study patterns of bacteria growing on media containing gradients of small molecules; stamps with larger features (>750 microm) were used to print different strains of bacteria simultaneously. The stamp transfers only a small percentage of cells that are on its surface to the agar at a time; it is thus possible to replica-pattern hundreds of times with a single inking. The use of soft stamps provides other useful functions. Stamps are easily customized to provide a range of patterns. When culture media is included in the agarose stamp, cells divide and thrive on the surface. The resulting "living stamp" regenerates its "ink" and can be used to pattern surfaces repetitively for a month. This method is rapid, reproducible, convenient, and can be used to control the pattern, spacing, and orientation between colonies of different bacteria.

Aliivibrio fischeri↗
PubMed2005

Phase behavior and rheological properties of polyelectrolyte inks for direct-write assembly.

Three-dimensional (3-D) structures with micron-sized features have been fabricated via the direct-write assembly of polyelectrolyte inks. By mixing oppositely charged species under solution conditions that promote polyelectrolyte exchange reactions, we have created concentrated fluids capable of flowing through microscale deposition nozzles. Ink deposition into an alcohol/water coagulation reservoir yielded polyelectrolyte filaments that rapidly solidify to enable three-dimensional patterning of microperiodic structures with self-supporting features. The influence of ink and reservoir chemistry on the phase behavior, rheological properties, and assembly of concentrated polyelectrolyte complexes is reported with an emphasis on the optimal conditions for 3-D writing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Hydrophilic elastomers for microcontact printing of polar inks.

A moderately hydrophilic, thermoplastic elastomer (poly(ether-ester)) was investigated as a stamp material for microcontact printing of a polar ink: pentaerythritol-tetrakis-(3-mercaptopropionate). Stamps with a relief structure were produced from this polymer by hot embossing, and a comparison was made with conventional poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and oxygen-plasma-treated PDMS. It is shown that the hydrophilic stamps can be used for the repetitive printing (without re-inking) of at least 10 consecutive patterns, which preserve their etch resistance, and this in rather sharp contrast to conventional and oxygen plasma-treated PDMS stamps. It is argued that these enhanced printing characteristics of the hydrophilic stamps originate from an improved wetting and solubility of polar inks in the hydrophilic stamp.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Ink dependence of poly(dimethylsiloxane) contamination in microcontact printing.

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is the most widely used stamp material in microcontact printing. It has excellent properties with respect to versatility, chemical inertness, and mechanical stability. However, it has an inclination to contaminate printed substrates with low molecular weight siloxane fragments. In this study, it is shown, by a combination of lateral force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, that the extent of the PDMS-induced contamination is dependent on the nature of the ink used. The highest degree of contamination was found for relatively polar inks, whereas apolar alkanethiol inks were found to shield the substrate from contamination. This is interpreted in terms of the contaminating species being polar in nature.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Expression profiling using microarrays fabricated by an ink-jet oligonucleotide synthesizer.

We describe a flexible system for gene expression profiling using arrays of tens of thousands of oligonucleotides synthesized in situ by an ink-jet printing method employing standard phosphoramidite chemistry. We have characterized the dependence of hybridization specificity and sensitivity on parameters including oligonucleotide length, hybridization stringency, sequence identity, sample abundance, and sample preparation method. We find that 60-mer oligonucleotides reliably detect transcript ratios at one copy per cell in complex biological samples, and that ink-jet arrays are compatible with several different sample amplification and labeling techniques. Furthermore, results using only a single carefully selected oligonucleotide per gene correlate closely with those obtained using complementary DNA (cDNA) arrays. Most of the genes for which measurements differ are members of gene families that can only be distinguished by oligonucleotides. Because different oligonucleotide sequences can be specified for each array, we anticipate that ink-jet oligonucleotide array technology will be useful in a wide variety of DNA microarray applications.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1998

The use of India ink and 51Cr-labeled microspheres in examining the function of the yolk stalk as a passageway between the yolk sac and intestine in posthatch broiler chicks.

India ink and radioactive 51Cr-labeled microspheres were used in separate trials to examine the role of the yolk stalk lumen as a distinct pathway between the yolk sac and gut through the first 5 d of posthatch growth in broiler chicks. Throughout this period, India ink was able to pass from the yolk sac through the yolk stalk and into the intestine, but was not able to pass from the intestine into the yolk stalk or yolk sac. Furthermore, labeled microspheres moved from the yolk sac via the yolk stalk into the gut; which caused the total counts per minute of the intestine, yolk stalk, and excreta to progressively increase. It was concluded that India ink and 51Cr-labeled microspheres were useful materials in establishing that the yolk stalk provides a direct one-way passage by which material in the yolk sac may move into the intestine of broiler chicks during the first 5 d after hatching.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The limited use of digital ink in the private-sector primary care physician's office.

Two of the greatest obstacles to the implementation of the standardized electronic medical record are physician and staff acceptance and the development of a complete standardized medical vocabulary. Physicians have found the familiar desktop computer environment cumbersome in the examination room and the coding and hierarchic structure of existing vocabulary inadequate. The author recommends the use of digital ink, the graphic form of the pen computer, in telephone messaging and as a supplement in the examination room encounter note. A key concept in this paper is that the development of a standard electronic medical record cannot occur without the thorough evaluation of the office environment and physicians' concerns. This approach reveals a role for digital ink in telephone messaging and as a supplement to the encounter note. It is hoped that the utilization of digital ink will foster greater physician participation in the development of the electronic medical record.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1980

Analysis of ionic conductance mechanisms in motor cells mediating inking behavior in Aplysia californica.

1. The release of ink in response to a noxious stimulus is a relatively stereotyped behavior produced by strong and long-lasting stimuli. The purpose of this series of papers is to determine the quantitative extent to which the known voltage- and time-dependent ionic conductance mechanisms and synaptic influences can account for the ink gland motor neurons' firing pattern and, thus, the features of the behavior. 2. Four voltage- and time-dependent ionic currents have been analyzed. These include a fast transiet Na+-mediated inward current, a slower Ca2+-mediated inward current, a fast transient K+-mediated outward current, and a slower delayed outward current also mediated by K+ ions. 3. The current-voltage (I-V) relationships, equilibrium potentials, and steady-state activation and inactivation characteristics appear qualitatively similar to comparable currents observed in other gastropod neurons. 4. The recovery from inactivation of the delayed outward current has two time constants, one comparable to the inactivation time constant and the other more than an order of magnitude larger. The fast transient K+ current also appears to have a similar slow recovery from inactivation. 5. The synaptic current contributing to the firing pattern of the ink motor cells is a complex function of time. Initially, the synaptic conductance is high and the equilibrium potential near 0 mV. But, with time there is a gradual decrease in synaptic conductance and shift in the equilibrium potential to more depolarized levels.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Experimental study on the fine structure of chicken liver parenchyme with special references to extrasinusoidal macrophages and sinusoidal blood cells. Part 1. Sinusoidal cells and macrophages in the normal and India ink-perfused livers.

The chicken livers were electron microscopically observed under a normal condition and after an intravenous India ink perfusion. Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells commenced to endocytose India ink particles in the earliest stages (15 min) after perfusion. The attachment of the particles to the cell surface occurred only in the Kupffer cells, which actively took up the particles with coated caveolae. In the endothelial cells the particles were ingested by pinocytosis in the perikaryon and deposited in the macropinocytic vacuoles of Wisse. In Kupffer and endothelial cells, the particles were stored most abundantly at 30 min and 4 hr after perfusion, respectively. At 48 hr, the vacuoles containing the particles were decreased in number and size, while mitotic figures were revealed in the Kupffer cells. Ito cells occasionally ingested in later stages (4 and 48 hr) a few carbon particles; they underwent no mitotic division. Extrasinusoidal macrophages scattered in the parenchyme and phagocytic reticular cells (macrophages) in the lymphoid tissues exhibited phagocytic activity only in later stages (1-4 hr). In 48 hr after the perfusion both cells began to store amounts of the particles in their vacuoles. This delayed phagocytic activity may be ascribed to the location of the cells separated from the sinusoid by the endothelium. Some solitary macrophages projecting a long process into the sinusoid took up the particles at earlier stages. At 48 hr, several mitotic divisions took place in the phagocytic reticular cells of the lymphoid tissue, while no mitotic divisions were found in the solitary macrophages in the parenchyme. After the ink perfusion, migration of solitary macrophages into the sinusoid was accelerated and images indicating their transformation into Kupffer cells were frequently detected. It was concluded that the Kupffer cells maintain their necessary number not only by their self-proliferation but also by replenishment from the extrasinusoidal solitary macrophages scattered in the hepatic parenchyme, which in turn are replenished from the phagocytic reticular cells in the lymphoid tissue capable of mitotic proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Absence of Kupffer cells in carcinogen induced liver hyperplastic nodules: demonstration by intravenous injection of indian ink.

Absence of Kupffer cells in rat liver hyperplastic nodules induced by a chemical carcinogen was demonstrated by intravenous injection of indian ink. Hyperplastic nodules appeared 4 weeks after diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was administered, and the nodules continued growing and became eosinophilic hyperplastic nodules after 5 to 6 weeks. After intravenous injection of indian ink, hyperplastic nodules were observed as carbon-free white nodules, which were macroscopically distinguishable from the black surrounding tissue. As observed by light microscopy, Kupffer cells were absent in hyperplastic nodules in contrast to being present in the surrounding tissue. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed these findings and furthermore revealed that the sinusoidal endothelium of hyperplastic nodules had no fenestrae. Injection of indian ink is a useful method for delineation and enucleation of hyperplastic nodules in the study of morphological and chemical changes of nodules.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Growth factor array fabrication using a color ink jet printer.

We have developed a novel method for growth factor analysis using a commercial color ink jet printer to fabricate substrata patterned with growth factors. We prepared substrata with insulin printed in a simple pattern or containing multiple areas of varying quantities of printed insulin. When we cultured the mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12, on the insulin-patterned substrata, the cells were grown in the same pattern with the insulin-printed pattern. Cell culture with the latter substrata demonstrated that quantity control of insulin deposition by a color ink jet printer is possible. For further applications, we developed substrata with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) spotted in 16 different areas in varying combinations and concentrations (growth factor array). With this growth factor array, C2C12 cells were cultured, and the onset of muscle cell differentiation was monitored for the expression of the myogenic regulator myogenin. The ratio of cells expressing myogenin varied with the doses of IGF-I and bFGF in the sections, demonstrating a feasibility of growth factor array fabrication by a color ink jet printer. Since a printer manipulates several colors, this method can be easily applied to multivariate analyses of growth factors and attachment factors affecting cell growth and differentiation. This method may provide a powerful tool for cell biology and tissue engineering, especially for stem cell research in investigating unknown conditions for differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Development of a surface-reaction system in a nanoliter droplet made by an ink-jet microchip.

A surface-reaction system in a nanoliter water pool using an ink-jet microchip was developed. The reaction system in the nanodroplets formed on a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coated glass slide increased the diffusion-controlled reaction without using a nano-pump, specialized connector or highly sensitive detector. When nanoliter droplets were placed on the PDMS surface with a distance of 100 microm between them by the ink-jet microchip, the repeatabilities of the fluorescence intensity were 2.9% RSD (n = 7). The used ink-jet microchip had 4 different injection ports, and the distance between the ports was 0.995 mm. It was necessary to correct the distance in order to mix or dilute samples in a small droplet. The correction was successfully performed by moving the X-Y stage using inhouse-made software. A linear relationship was obtained between the Resorufin concentrations and the fluorescence intensity. We applied this system to an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin A (IgA), and observed a difference in the fluorescence intensity derived from the amount of IgA (blank, 6.25 ng/mL, 12.5 ng/mL). These results show the usefulness of the open-type micro-analytical systems proposed by us.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

The gray-scale ink-jet printer: value in making hard copies of digital images.

Referring physicians often are supplied with copies of images to illustrate a report of the findings of a radiologic study or so that the radiologist can retain the original images. The increasing costs of production, film, and recovery of chemicals have enhanced the requirement for a clean, low-cost dry printing process. An ink-jet gray-scale paper printer (Unitone, Scitex Medical Systems, Bedford, MA) can print high-quality (300 dots per inch [dpi]) images with an effective 10-bit gray scale range by using the Hertz continuous ink-jet method [1-3], which does not require the use of a darkroom or hazardous chemicals. Several types of media (matte paper, glossy paper, transparency film) with a printing area of 26.9 x 43.7 cm (10.6 x 17.4 inches) may be used. The consumables are approximately 50-70% less expensive than the cost of silver halide film, providing a cost advantage over film for referral and archival copies. The results of an initial evaluation of the ink-jet printer at our institution are reported here.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed2003

The distribution and morphology of lymphatic vessels on the peritoneal surface of the adult human diaphragm, as revealed by an ink-absorption method.

Application of india ink to the peritoneal and pleural surfaces of the adult human diaphragm allowed visualization of the distribution and morphology of the lymphatic vessels by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The diaphragms examined had been fixed and stored in 10% formalin. Numerous lymphatic vessels were stained black with india ink, presenting reticular, radial-meshwork, ladder-like and lacy patterns. They were distributed throughout the entire sternocostal part. Analysis by light and scanning electron microscopy of the areas indicated by india ink revealed the presence of primary lymphatic vessels that formed lymphatic lacunae and stomatal openings to the peritoneal cavity. A layer of secondary collecting lymphatic vessels was located cranially with respect to the layer of primary lymphatic vessels. Thus, the peritoneum had at least two layers of lymphatic vessels. These lymphatic vessels were not tubular vessels but resembled flat cisternae, as has been suggested in the case of the mouse diaphragm. The pleura lacked lymphatic stomata and had no such double-layered lymphatic organization. This is the first report that showed distribution and morphology of the lymphatic vessels in the diaphragmatic peritoneum of the formalin-fixed, adult human diaphragm. The method and results in the present study may contribute to morphological analysis of the lymphatic system in the wall of the human body cavity.

Adsorption↗